Amount Of Daily Physical Activity Research Articles

Possíveis conseqüências de não se atingir a mínima atividade física diária recomendada em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva cronica estável

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo investigou se pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) atingem a mínima atividade física recomendada pelos guidelines do American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), assim como as consequências da não-aderência a esses guidelines. MÉTODOS: Atividade física na vida diária (DynaPort activity monitor), função pulmonar, força muscular, capacidade de exercício, qualidade de vida, estado funcional e diferentes índices de severidade (GOLD, BODE, MRC) foram avaliados em 23 pacientes (61[59-69] anos; VEF1 39[34-53]%predito; IMC 24[21-27]kg/m²; mediana [intervalo interquartílico 25-75%]). RESULTADOS: De acordo com a aderência aos guidelines (andar no mínimo 30 minutos todo dia), 12 pacientes foram considerados "fisicamente ativos", e 11 "fisicamente inativos". Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos em termos de idade, sexo, composição corporal, força muscular, reserva ventilatória, hiperinsuflação e qualidade de vida. O grupo inativo tinha pior função pulmonar, capacidade de exercício, MRC e BODE (p<0.05). Além disso, na vida diária, o grupo inativo andou menos tempo e numa velocidade menor (p<0.05). O BODE e a MRC foram superiores ao GOLD na predição de aderência aos guidelines (especificidade 0.83 para BODE e MRC e 0.50 para o GOLD). O BODE aumentou significativamente para cada dia de inatividade física. CONCLUSÃO: Grande parte dos pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica não andam mais de 30 minutos por dia, e portanto não atingem a mínima atividade física recomendada pelos guidelines do American College of Sports Medicine. Inatividade está relacionada com maior taxa de mortalidade. O BODE e a MRC mostraram-se superiores ao GOLD para predizer pacientes fisicamente inativos na vida diária.

Contribution of Youth Sport to Daily Physical Activity

Participation in youth sport provides an outlet for increasing daily physical activity levels among children. However, the contribution of youth sport to overall daily physical activity is largely unknown. PURPOSE: To determine the contribution of youth sport (flag-football, soccer, and basketball) to daily physical activity among 6–12 yr olds. METHODS: An MTI accelerometer was programmed to record daily physical activity in 30-second intervals among 78 boys and 21 girls during a day in which they participated in an organized youth sport. A sub-sample wore the accelerometer on a non-sport day to examine day-to-day differences in physical activity. Total daily physical activity and physical activity during youth sport, recess, and physical education were estimated using a physical activity cut-point of >1500 counts/30 sec. The contribution of youth sport, recess, and physical education was determined by dividing the amount of physical activity from each activity by the total daily amount of physical activity. RESULTS: During a weekday involving youth sport, boys and girls accumulated 63±21 and 60±17 minutes of physical activity (>1500 counts), respectively. Youth sport contributed 26 and 28% of the daily minutes of activity for boys and girls, respectively. Recess accounted for 18 and 23% of the daily minutes of activity while physical education accounted for less than 5% for boys and girls. During a day without youth sport, boys and girls accumulated 51±25 and 41±14 minutes of physical activity (>1500 counts), respectively. Recess accounted for 26 and 19% of the daily minutes of activity while physical education accounted for 8–9% for boys and girls. During a youth sport day during the weekend, boys and girls accumulated 68±43 and 64±28 minutes of physical activity (>1500 counts), respectively. Youth sport contributed 41 and 28% of the daily minutes of activity for boys and girls, respectively. During a weekend day without youth sport, boys and girls accumulated nearly 38 minutes of physical activity. CONCLUSION: Youth sport contributes a significant amount to the daily levels of physical activity among boys and girls. Importantly, youth sport plays an intricate part in reducing sedentary behavior commonly observed after school or during the weekend. Supported by National Football League (NFL) Charities Pediatric Research Grant from the American College of Sports Medicine Foundation.

Quantifying physical activity in daily life with questionnaires and motion sensors in COPD

Accurate assessment of the amount and intensity of physical activity in daily life is considered very important due to the close relationship between physical activity level, health, disability and mortality. For this reason, assessment of physical activity in daily life has gained interest in recent years, especially in sedentary populations, such as patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present article aims to compare and discuss the two kinds of instruments more commonly used to quantify the amount of physical activity performed by COPD patients in daily life: subjective methods (questionnaires, diaries) and motion sensors (electronic or mechanical methods). Their characteristics are summarised and evidence of their validity, reliability and sensitivity is discussed, when available. Subjective methods have practical value mainly in providing the patients' view on their performance in activities of daily living and functional status. However, care must be taken when using subjective methods to accurately quantify the amount of daily physical activity performed. More accurate information is likely to be available with motion sensors rather than questionnaires. The selection of which motion sensor to use for quantification of physical activity in daily life should depend mainly on the purpose of its use.

Effect of Daily Physical Activity on Systemic Arterial Compliance in Middle-aged and Elderly Humans: Special References in Amount and Intensity of Physical Activity

In our previous study, we demonstrated that an increase in the amount of daily physical activity might produce beneficial effects on aging-induced reduction of systemic arterial compliance. Regular physical activity, especially vigorous activity levels, inhibits age-related decrease in sytemic or central arterial compliance. However, the effect of mild to moderate intensity of physical activity has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate which intensity level of physical activity would be effective to improve systemic arterial compliance. We examined the relationship between systemic arterial compliance and intensity levels of daily physical activity (activity time corresponding to 6 METs [high]) in 413 middle-aged and elderly subjects (46∼85 y). Multiple regression analysis detected age and time of mild-moderate intensity of daily physical activity as significant independent determinants of systemic arterial compliance. The time of mild-moderate intensity of daily physical activity was significantly related to age and amount of daily physical activity. After age and amount of daily physical activity were taken into account (analysis of covariance), systemic arterial compliance was significantly higher in people who had ≥30min/day of the mild-moderate daily physical activity compared with those who had <30min/day of mild-moderate daily physical activity. These findings suggest that increases not only in the amount of total daily physical activity but also in time of daily physical activity of mild-moderate intensity could improve age-induced reduction of systemic arterial compliance.

Effects of physical education homework on the amount of daily physical activity and the health-related fitness of university freshmen

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of physical education [PE] homework on the amount of daily physical activity and the health-related fitness of university freshmen. Two hundred and eighty four Japanese university freshmen were allocated to either homework group (N=133) or control group (N=151). The tasks for homework group were daily life (out of class) self-monitoring of physical activity to promote daily physical activity, as well as fitness tests and sports activity during the class. The tasks for control group were health-related fitness tests and sports activity during the class. The Physical Activity Assessment Scale (PAAS; Wakui & Suzuki, 1997), which consists of three subscales, was used to evaluate physical activity patterns of the participants. The three subscales were 1) Exercise/Sports: measures exercise/sports-related physical activities with more than moderate intensity, 2) Time Management: measures the ability of time management in being occupied and having little time for exercise/sports participation, and 3) Daily Activity: measures relatively light physical activities in daily life. Health-related fitness (cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength/endurance, flexibility, and body fat) was also measured. As the result of ANOVA, PE homework in daily life was found to increase; 1) the amount of physical activity widely with light to moderate intensity, 2) some healthrelated fitness related to practical homework. These results suggest that PE homework can contribute to promoting daily physical activity required for fitness program emphasized today.

Exercise therapy after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized comparison of a high and low frequency exercise therapy program

Background Postoperative exercise therapy aims at recovering, as soon as possible, independence in the basic physical activities; but the type, intensity, and therefore the costs of the programs, vary widely. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a low frequency (once daily, not in the weekend) program with a high frequency (twice daily, including the weekend) one and to assess whether the latter would yield sufficient benefit for the patient to justify higher costs in material and personnel (physiotherapists) after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods Two-hundred and forty-six patients were randomly allocated to either a low or high frequency exercise program. Endpoints were the functional level as measured by the achievement of five activity milestones, the patient's independence (functional independence measures [FIM]) as assessed by a structured interview, the amount of daily physical activity (activity monitor), and patient satisfaction (questionnaire). Except for patient satisfaction, all measurements were done in the first week after surgery. Results Patients with the high frequency exercise program achieved functional milestones faster than patients with the low frequency exercise program ( p = 0.007). The frequency of the exercise program had no influence on functional independence as measured with the FIM or quantity of physical activity. The satisfaction degree was greater in the high frequency group ( p = 0.032), although the low frequency group was not dissatisfied. Conclusions A high frequency exercise program leads to earlier performance of functional milestones and yields more satisfaction after uncomplicated CABG surgery and this should lead to an earlier discharge. On the other hand, if the shortage of physiotherapists remains unchanged or even increases, the low frequency program also yields excellent functional results, albeit at the cost of a somewhat longer hospital stay: but it would allow a sensible redistribution of the physiotherapists activity towards complicated and, therefore, more demanding patients.

Combating obesity: challenges and choices.

Combating obesity: challenges and choices.

中高年者における日常の身体活動量の相違が酸化ストレスに及ぼす影響

The effect of daily physical activity on oxidative stress is still an unknown issue, especially in middle-aged and elderly individuals. In this study, we examined the relationships of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity with daily physical activity, taking into consideration the dietary antioxidant vitamin intake (vitamin B2, C and E) of middle-aged and elderly people (66.0±7.0 years, n= 21; 10 males and 11 females, including 5 male trained runners) . Daily physical activity was measured using both a calorie counter and a questionnaire over a period of two weeks. The plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance ( [TBARS] ) and both oxidized and reduced glutathione concentrations ( [GSSG] and [GSH] ) in whole blood were determined in blood samples obtained at rest and immediately after two periods of acute exercise: maximal cycle ergometric exercise and steady state cycle exercise at 80% of ventilatory threshold (VT) for 30 minutes. At a given statistically controlled dietary antioxidant vitamin intake level (vitamin B2, C and E), the amount of daily physical activity was associated with neither [TBARS], [GSH] and the ratio of [GSSG] / [GSH] at rest, nor changes in levels of these substances after both exercise tests. These data suggest that the amount of daily physical activity may have little influence on oxidative stress or antioxidant capacity at rest and after acute cycle ergometric exercise. Further investigation would be necessary to clarify how much volume or intensity of physical activity induces increased oxidative stress, from the aspect of habitual physical training and nutrition.

EXERCISE TRAINING INCREASES DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN JAPANESE OLDER PEOPLE. (RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL)

Recent cohort studies show that those who maintain higher level of physical activity have lower risk of all-cause motality and cardiovascular disease, and vice versa for the sedentary. Exercise intervention programs in older people would improve and maintain their physical fitness. But, there are few evidences that an exercise intervention leads to an increase in the amount of daily physical activity in Japanese older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine both the direct effect immediately after and the remote effect 6 month after the end of a 6-month exercise-intervention program on the amount of daily physical activity of Japanese older people. In 1998. We examined the effect of 6-month exercise training for Japanese healthy men and women aged 60 years or more by a randomized controlled design. Sixty-five subjects, aged from 60 to 81 years, were randomly allocated to an exercise group (n = 32) or a control group (n = 33). The subjects in the exercise group were asked to attend training classes at the Sendal Silver Center at least twice a week for 6 months. Each training class was mainly comprised of an endurance session with a bicycle ergometer and a resistance training session using rubber films. The subjects in the control group were asked to attend recreational classes at the Center twice a month. Each subject was asked to complete a physical-activity diary for three consecutive days before and after the intervention period and after a 6-month follow-up period. In the diary subjects were asked to record their activity every 15 minutes when awake. We estimated the intensity of physical activities using METS values and calculated the amount of daily physical activity. We also assigned all physical activities into either of the following three categories: light(METSüà3.0) moderate (3.0üà5.0) and heavy (5.0üáMETS) activity to analyze the change in energy expenditure of each category. The total daily physical activity and the moderate physical activity in the exercise group increased significantly from 40.8 to 43.5kcal/kg/day and from 8.6 to 11.3kcal/kg/day, respectively, while those in the control group showed no change. The net gain in the total daily physical activity and the moderate physical activity by 6-month training were 2.5kcal/kg/day and 2.6kcal/kg/day, respectively. The daily physical activity in the exercise group after 6-month follow-up was still well maintained compared to the baseline. Thus, it is concluded that exercise training aiming improvement of physical fitness could increase the amount of daily physical activity, which could be maintained for a certain period of time over 6 month in Japanese older people.

Vertebral deformities and low bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis: a cross-sectional study.

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have low bone mineral density (BMD). The clinical relevance of this is not clearly established. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of low BMD and vertebral deformities in CF adults with varied disease severity. One hundred and seven patients (58 men) aged 18-60 years underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning of the lumbar spine and hip, radiology of the spine and biochemical studies. Thirty-eight percent had a Z-score of < -1, with 13% having Z-scores < -2. Seventeen percent had evidence of vertebral deformity on radiography, mostly in the thoracic spine. Thirty-five percent reported past fractures, of which 9% were rib fractures. Percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and the amount of daily physical activity were positively related to BMD. The number of intravenous antibiotic courses in the previous 5 years was negatively related to BMD. Patients with a history of rib fracture and CF-related diabetes had significantly lower femoral neck BMD (p < 0.02). The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 28 nmol/l, with 36% of patients having levels below 25 nmol/l despite vitamin D supplementation. Forty-four percent had raised levels of urinary pyridinium crosslinks (NTx). In conclusion, fragility fractures and hypovitaminosis D occur commonly in adult patients with CF. Low BMD occurs in patients with more severe disease and significantly relates to FEV1, infective exacerbations and daily energy expended in physical activity.

Effect of Physical Education Class on Amount of Daily Physical Activity at School Children

It is reported that physical fitness in Japanese children has been decreasing. It is generally admitted that the amount of daily physical activity has a high influence on physical fitness.To evaluate the effect of physical education class on the amount of daily physical activity of elementary children, the amount of physical activity in a day and in physical education class were measured using a pedometer. Ninety-five healthy children aged 10 and 12 were the subjects.The results were as follows:1) According to the pedometer, children took 1, 936±653 (mean±s.d.) steps during the physical education class.2) Total pedometer recordings of 13, 867±5, 009 steps were obtained on a day with a physical education class and 12, 079±4, 148 steps on a day without physical education class. The amount of daily physical activity with physical education class was significantly greater than that without physical education class.3) Steps taken during daily physical activity increased linearly as steps in physical education class increased.4) Sedentary children whose pedometer steps per day were less than 10, 000 steps accounted for 23.7%. In sedentary children, 21.9% of daily physical activity was performed in physical education class.These results indicate that physical education class comprises a large part of the daily physical activity of sedentary children.

Physical activity in a multiethnic population of third graders in four states.

This research assessed the amount of daily physical activity in a multiethnic sample of US third-grade students. Physical activity interviews were conducted with 2410 third graders from 96 schools in four states. Blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index, timed run for distance, physical-activity self-efficacy, and perceived support for physical activity were also assessed. Students reported a daily average of 89.9 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, 34.7 minutes of vigorous activity, and 120.4 minutes of sedentary behavior; however, 36.6% obtained less than 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily, and 12.8% reported less than 30 minutes. Boys reported more physical and sedentary activity than girls; White children reported more activity than Black or Hispanic children; California children reported the most activity and Louisiana children the least. Geographic location, male gender, lower cholesterol, higher perceived efficacy in physical activity, and higher social support were associated with more physical activity. Average reported activity met the Year 2000 objectives; however, many students reported less than recommended amounts of activity. These findings support the need for health promotion programs that increase the number of physically active children.

ENERGY EXPENDITURE ON AMBULATION IN PARAPLEGICS

Oxygen uptake and energy expenditure in ambulation were studied in patients with spinal cord injury.In addition to basal metabolic rate (BMR), O2 consumption and CO2 production were studied at rest and ambulation periods using the “breath analyser”. BMR of paraplegics was lower by 15 to 20% than that of normal individuals. During the wheelchair propelling, RMR (relative metabolic rate) of paraplegic patients was 0.3 to 1.0.A linear relationship appeared to exist between the RMR and the speed at wheelchair propelling. The RMR in patients with thoracic lesions during swing through gait, with speed of 11m/min., was 4.83 on an average.The RMR in patients with lumber lesions was 4.62 at swing through gait and 4.02 at four point gait. Speed was 30m/min. at swing through gait and 11m/min. at four point gait.Certainly RMR of thoracic paraplegics in ambulation was higher than that of lumbar paraplegics.RMR, above 4.0 was seem a heavy work for paraplegic patients, and ambulation at this RMR was considered not to be functional, whereas patients with distal segment lesions were considered as functional ambulators.In conclusion, walking with crutches for paraplegics was not functional. On the other hand, wheelchair propelling required less energy.Since inadequate amount of daily physical activity causes loss of physical strength, it is important to encourage the patient to walk with braces and crutches.