Amount Of Daily Physical Activity Research Articles

Gardening Intervention for Physical and Psychological Health Benefits in Elderly Women at Community Centers

The present study aimed to assess the physical and psychological health benefits of a 15-session gardening intervention in elderly women and to investigate satisfaction of the gardening intervention. Fifty elderly women (age >70 years) at two senior community centers located in Seoul, South Korea, were selected to participate in this study. Twenty-four elderly women at senior community center “A” participated in a twice-weekly gardening intervention (≈50 minutes per session) during the period Sept. to Nov. 2015; 26 elderly women at senior community center “B” comprised a control group. At the completion of the 15-session gardening intervention, physical health parameters such as body composition, physical functional ability, and hand function ability were assessed in both groups. Additionally, psychological health conditions, such as cognitive ability, depression, and sociality, were assessed. The elderly women also answered a questionnaire to assess the amount of physical activity experienced during daily life. Elderly women in the gardening intervention group exhibited significantly improved muscle mass, aerobic endurance, hand dexterity, cognitive ability, and decreased waist circumference (P < 0.05). In contrast, significantly decreased muscle mass and agility and increased depression were observed in the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, elderly women in the gardening intervention group reported a significantly higher amount of daily physical activity compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, 95.8% of elderly women in the gardening intervention group reported of being very satisfied with the gardening intervention. In conclusion, the gardening intervention maintained and improved the physical and psychological health of elderly women at a senior community center, whereas elderly women in the control group experienced age-related reduced physical and psychological health conditions. More studies are needed to evaluate the effects of a gardening intervention in a larger population of elderly women; in addition, a longer intervention period would provide a better measure of health in elderly women.

Longitudinal Associations Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Development of Executive Functioning Across the Transition to First Grade.

The current study investigates how children's amount of daily physical activity relates to subcomponents of executive functions, the cognitive processes needed for goal-directed behavior. Previous studies rarely determined this association at the subcomponent level and did not explicitly examine the period when children make the transition to first grade, despite its importance for the development of executive functions. In a sample of 54 children, working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility were thoroughly measured at the subcomponent level at the end of kindergarten and first grade. In the middle of first grade, children wore a pedometer for 7 consecutive days. Regression analyses showed that performance on a measure of the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and fluency was predicted by children's amount of daily physical activity after controlling for initial task performance. The development of the visuospatial sketchpad (working memory), the central executive (working memory), and fluency (cognitive flexibility) might be improved by increasing the amount of time being physically active. However, as other subcomponents of executive functioning were not affected, the role of other aspects of physical activity, such as intensity and content, in the development of executive functions should be further investigated.

Behaviour-change intervention in a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled COPD study: methodological considerations and implementation

IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease is generally progressive and associated with reduced physical activity. Both pharmacological therapy and exercise training can improve exercise capacity; however, these are often not sufficient to...

It’s Not Me, It’s You: The Disconnect of Physical Education Teachers to Physical Activity in the Gym

American adults and an increasing number of children, are not meeting the recommended amounts of daily physical activity. Research has documented the effects of low activity on health and increasingly new research has shown that low activity levels now impact academic achievement. Physical education (PE) can play an important role if the children participating are obtaining enough physical activity while in class and the PE program has not been targeted with cutbacks. The purpose of this study was to identify the amount and intensity of activity in PE classes. The results indicate that on average students at all levels are not meeting the activity requirements. In addition, PE teachers’ perceptions of physical activity in their own class does not match actual activity levels. PE teachers must do a better job of increasing activity levels in their classrooms. Mounting research indicates students perform better academically if they are physically active. PE is the only subject where teachers can organize activities that meet both activity and intensity requirements.

The influence of club football on children’s daily physical activity

Studies on the effects of organized club sports on children’s total amount of physical activity (PA) show varying results. This may be partly due to different sports having different activity levels, but also different possibilities for being played outside club settings. This study investigates how playing football as a club sport is associated to the total amount of daily PA among children and how increased school recess activity impacts on this. Using accelerometers, the average daily amount of children’s PA as well the activity levels in specific contexts, such as during club-sports and school recess, was measured on a sample of 518 Danish children aged 9–10. The study found that children playing club football had higher total daily amounts of PA than both children taking part in other club-sports and children not taking part in club-sports at all. About half of the difference in total PA could be explained by higher activity levels during school recess. The association between club football and total PA, and the mediating effect of school recess PA, can be interpreted as the result of two main factors: the high activity levels during club football, and that Danish school grounds have football facilities which allow able and interested children to play football for many hours each week during school recess. On a more general level, the results indicate that the influence leisure-time club sport participation has on PA may differ due to how well the sport can be transferred to and played in other daily contexts for children’s self-organized PA, such as school recess.

The Effect of Korean Dance Program on Fitness and Daily Amount of Physical Activity in Women Over Sixty Years Old

The Effect of Korean Dance Program on Fitness and Daily Amount of Physical Activity in Women Over Sixty Years Old

BREAK IT UP

LEARNING OBJECTIVE & SUMMARY STATEMENT Sedentary behavior will be defined and differentiated from physical inactivity. The reader will learn about the negative health implications associated with sedentary behavior and how to break up continuous bouts of sedentary activities with physical movement. Excessive periods of sedentary behavior can be detrimental to one’s health, independent of achieving recommended amounts of daily physical activity. Simply reducing sedentary time by incorporating multiple short breaks of physical movement at least every 60 minutes during continuous bouts of sedentary behavior may reduce the risk for disease.

Impacts of public transit improvements on ridership, and implications for physical activity, in a low-density Canadian city.

Public transit ridership offers valuable opportunities for modest amounts of daily physical activity (PA). Transit is a more feasible option for most Canadian commuters who live too far from work to walk or cycle, yet public transit usage in midsized Canadian cities has historically remained low due to inefficient transit service.The objectives of this longitudinal study were threefold: to assess whether the introduction of express transit service in the low-density city of Kingston, Ontario, has translated to greater transit use among a targeted employee group; to document the characteristics of those employees that have shifted to transit; and to examine the PA levels of employees using transit compared to other commute modes.An online survey was administered in October 2013 and October 2014 to all non-student employees at Queen's University. 1356 employees completed the survey in 2013, and 1123 in 2014; 656 of these employees completed the survey both years, constituting our longitudinal sample.Year-round transit ridership increased from 5.5% in 2013 to 8.5% in 2014 (p < 0.001). Employees who shifted to transit had fewer household-level opportunities to drive to work and more positive attitudes toward transit. Transit commuters accrued an average of 80 minutes/week of commute-related PA, and 50 minutes/week more total PA than those that commuted entirely passively.Kingston Transit's express service has stimulated an increase in transit ridership among one of their target employers, Queen's University. The findings from this study suggest that shifting to transit from entirely passive commuting can generate higher overall PA levels.

Effectiveness of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Exercise Program for Healthy Employees

Psychological distress has a negative impact on employee health and work performance. However, there is a paucity of studies examining the effects of exercise on the psychological well-being of workers in the field of occupational health. In this study, we evaluated the benefits of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based exercise program in reducing psychological distress among employees. A 10-week single-group study was conducted with employees aged 20 to 65 years who had no present or past serious medical illness. Eighty-one subjects participated in a 30-minute health education class instructed by a health-exercise teacher and psychologist, and subsequently completed a 10-week CBT-based exercise program developed by the authors. Post-intervention improvement of psychological distress on the Kessler psychological distress scale (K6) was the primary outcome. Forty-four subjects (54.3%) completed the program. For the subjects who completed the program, the mean total score on K6 significantly reduced from 4.39 to 3.53, with a mean change of 0.86 (p = 0.044). In addition, the total amount of weekly physical exercise significantly increased (p = 0.043) and daily amount of time spent sitting significantly decreased (p = 0.023). These findings suggest that a CBT-based exercise program may reduce the level of psychological distress and increase the amount of daily physical activity of healthy employees. In addition, self-help CBT-based exercise programs may have the potential to cause both positive mental and physical effects among non-clinical samples. Future studies including a control group and with higher completion rate among participants should be performed.

The Level of Strength and Endurance-Strength Abilities of the Female Early Education Teachers as Examined by the Medicine Ball Forward Throw and the 3 Min. Burpee Test: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract Aim: The aim of the study is to assess strength and endurance-strength abilities of selected female early education teachers (EET) against classification norms, and subsequently compare the level of these abilities to that of pre-school and early school children and female university students. Methods: The research comprised: 700 pre-school children, 1306 early school children, 303 female university students and 217 EET. In order to determine the research participants’ level of motor abilities, two motor tests, i.e. the medicine ball forward throw and the 3-min. Burpee Test were applied. Results: Based on the classification norms, the EET obtained an average level of strength and endurance-strength abilities. Moreover, in the medicine ball (2 and 4kg) forward throw trial, the EET achieved significantly worse results than the 1st year female university students (p = 0.0000), yet significantly better results than the examined pre-school and early school children (p = 0.0000). On the other hand, in the 3 min. Burpee Test, the EET gained significantly worse results than the 2nd (p = 0.0000) and 3rd (p = 0.0000) year girls and boys and the 1st year female university students (p = 0.0000), but significantly better results than the pre-school children (girls: p = 0.0000, boys: p = 0.0166) and the 1st year boys (p = 0.0000). Conclusions: Since motor fitness is important in EET’s everyday work, it is worrisome that the teachers under study attained an average level of strength and endurance – strength abilities. There were also many teachers who were exempted from any form of physical exercise for health reasons, which may be a consequence of their poor eating habits or/and an insufficient amount of daily physical activity. It seems to be reasonable, thus, to design and implement new enrollment criteria for admission to early education studies including fitness tests, and to expand the curriculum of early education studies by increasing the number of practical P.E. classes.

Which activity monitor to use? Validity, reproducibility and user friendliness of three activity monitors.

BackgroundHealth is associated with amount of daily physical activity. Recently, the identification of sedentary time as an independent factor, has gained interest. A valid and easy to use activity monitor is needed to objectively investigate the relationship between physical activity, sedentary time and health. We compared validity and reproducibility of physical activity measurement and posture identification of three activity monitors, as well as user friendliness.MethodsHealthy volunteers wore three activity monitors simultaneously: ActivPAL3, ActiGraphGT3X and CAM. Data were acquired under both controlled (n = 5) and free-living conditions (n = 9). The controlled laboratory measurement, that included standardized walking intensity and posture allocation, was performed twice. User friendliness was evaluated with a questionnaire. Posture classification was compared with direct observation (controlled measurement) and with diaries (free living). Accelerometer intensity accuracy was tested by correlations with walking speed. User friendliness was compared between activity monitors.ResultsReproducibility was at least substantial in all monitors. The difference between the two CAM measurements increased with walking intensity. Amount of correct posture classification by ActivPAL3 was 100.0% (kappa 0.98), 33.9% by ActiGraphGT3X (kappa 0.29) and 100.0% by CAM (kappa 0.99). Correlations between accelerometer intensity and walking speed were 0.98 for ActivPAL3, 1.00 for ActiGraphGT3X and 0.98 for CAM. ICCs between activity monitors and diary were 0.98 in ActivPAL3, 0.59 and 0.96 in ActiGraphGT3X and 0.98 in CAM. ActivPAL3 and ActiGraphGT3X had higher user friendliness scores than the CAM.ConclusionsThe ActivPAL3 is valid, reproducible and user friendly. The posture classification by the ActiGraphGT3X is not valid, but reflection of walking intensity and user friendliness are good. The CAM is valid; however, reproducibility at higher walking intensity and user friendliness might cause problems. Further validity studies in free living are recommended.

Summertime Physical Activity Opportunities for Youths with Visual Impairments and Their Families

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) recommends that children and adolescents participate in at least one hour of physical activity per day. Now that the school year has finished and school-based physical activity opportunities have come to a halt, it becomes essential for families to provide opportunities for children to be physically active. This commentary will discuss sports camps for individuals with visual impairments and physical activities for families as options to engage children and adolescents with visual impairments in the recommended amount of daily physical activity. SUMMER CAMPS THAT ENCOURAGE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Summer sports camps are a way of life for many school-aged individuals in the developed world. This seasonal tradition is no different for school-aged individuals with visual impairments, since the availability of sport-related camp experiences designed specifically for individuals with visual impairments has increased substantially over the past 20 years. For example, Camp Abilities, a one week developmental sports camp for children with visual impairments, has grown to encompass more than 2,000 children and teenagers in over 22 locations in the United States and Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Finland, and Ireland over the past 18 years (Lieberman, Lepore, & Haegele, in press). Other sports camps (for example, sports education camps) are also spread across the United States and contribute to the physical activity education of students with visual impairments during the summer months. There are numerous benefits to participating in summer sports camps for individuals with visual impairments. They provide physical activity opportunities by introducing sports specifically designed for individuals with visual impairments (goalball and beep baseball, for example), modified sports, and recreational opportunities. In addition, such camps provide students the tools they need to be more involved in physical activities during the school year. Prior to attending summer sports camps, many students with visual impairments are unsure of their ability to participate in physical activities. This sentiment tends to change, however, as they gain experience with a variety of sports, learn about modifications that can be applied to various sports, and participate in discussions about how to advocate for themselves. Many athletes with visual impairments leave summer sports camps with information about afterschool and community-based sports and recreation activities that they can participate in throughout the year. The knowledge students gain about advocacy methods and modifications for physical activities allow them to participate more effectively and be successfully included in sports. In addition, many of the advocacy tools and modification strategies can be applied during the school year in physical education classes, furthering the ability of students to advocate for themselves. Sports camps teach students with visual impairments what they can achieve in the areas of sports and recreation as evidenced by the fact that many former Camp Abilities participants have joined afterschool, community-based, and collegiate sports teams after completing several summers at camp. For more information on sports camps, please visit the following website: . More information on Camp Abilities, including contact information for each location around the globe, can also be found online: . PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES FOR FAMILIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECC There are many physical activities that families of children with visual impairments can participate in together during summertime. In addition to providing opportunities to be physically active, some of the activities we will describe can also contribute to aspects of the overall education of children with visual impairments. Recently, scholars identified the ways in which the nine components of the expanded core curriculum (ECC) can be met in physical education classes with proper planning (Lieberman, Haegele, Columna, & Conroy, 2014). …

Barriers for recess physical activity: a gender specific qualitative focus group exploration.

BackgroundMany children, in particular girls, do not reach the recommended amount of daily physical activity. School recess provides an opportunity for both boys and girls to be physically active, but barriers to recess physical activity are not well understood. This study explores gender differences in children’s perceptions of barriers to recess physical activity. Based on the socio-ecological model four types of environmental barriers were distinguished: natural, social, physical and organizational environment.MethodsData were collected through 17 focus groups (at 17 different schools) with in total 111 children (53 boys) from fourth grade, with a mean age of 10.4 years. The focus groups included an open group discussion, go-along group interviews, and a gender segregated post-it note activity. A content analysis of the post-it notes was used to rank the children’s perceived barriers. This was verified by a thematic analysis of transcripts from the open discussions and go-along interviews.ResultsThe most frequently identified barriers for both boys and girls were weather, conflicts, lack of space, lack of play facilities and a newly-found barrier, use of electronic devices. While boys and girls identified the same barriers, there were both inter- and intra-gender differences in the perception of these barriers. Weather was a barrier for all children, apart from the most active boys. Conflicts were perceived as a barrier particularly by those boys who played ballgames. Girls said they would like to have more secluded areas added to the school playground, even in large schoolyards where lack of space was not a barrier. This aligned with girls’ requests for more “hanging-out” facilities, whereas boys primarily wanted activity promoting facilities.ConclusionBased on the results from this study, we recommend promoting recess physical activity through a combination of actions, addressing barriers within the natural, social, physical and organizational environment.

Metabolic syndrome risk score and time expended in moderate to vigorous physical activity in adolescents

BackgroundThe clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors is inversely related to the amount of physical activity. However, the question remains as to how much daily physical activity is enough to prevent the onset of metabolic disorders in adolescents? Therefore, the objectives of this study were to associate the metabolic risk score with the moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and to identify the amount of daily physical activity to prevent the onset of the metabolic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents.MethodsThe study involved 391 participants aged 10 to 18 years. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry. The counts obtained in the different activities were transformed into metabolic equivalents and classified as light (≥ 1.5 but < 3.0 METs), moderate (≥ 3.0 but < 6.0 METs) and vigorous (≥ 6.0 METs) activities. The continuous risk score for metabolic syndrome was calculated using the following risk factors: waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, HDL-C and triglycerides.ResultsTime spent in MVPA was inversely associated with the continuous risk score for metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05). Analysis of the ROC curve suggests that these adolescents must perform at least 88 minutes per day of MVPA.ConclusionsThese findings reinforce previous evidence that physical activity relates to metabolic syndrome in adolescents. This population should be encouraged to gradually replace part of their sedentary time with physical activities.

Eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors of Jordanian adolescents' residents of Amman

The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Jordanian adolescents and to assess their lifestyle patterns including eating habits, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. The study was carried out as part of the Arab Teens Lifestyle Study. The sample consisted of 735 high school students aged 14-20 years (52.5% males and 47.5% females). Students were randomly selected from the city of Amman, Jordan, using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary habits (breakfast consumption, intakes of vegetables, fruit, milk and milk products, sugar-sweetened drinks, fast food, sweets and energy drinks), physical activity and screen time were assessed. Students' body weight and height were measured. The prevalence of overweight was 16.1% and 12.6% among males and females, respectively. Obesity prevalence was higher among males (9.6%) than females (4.3%). There were significant age and gender effects for some of the selected eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. Less than one third of the adolescents ate breakfast, vegetables, fruits, and drink milk daily. Consumption of unhealthy foods was high. About 95% of the adolescents spent more than 2 hours in screen time. In addition, more males than females met the recommended amount of daily physical activity. In conclusion, a considerable proportion of Jordanian adolescents have undesirable lifestyle habits. Such behaviors increase adolescents' risks for chronic non-communicable diseases later in life. The findings have important implications for health promotion and disease prevention programs directed towards adolescent population.

B-12 短時間歩行における酸素摂取量推定法(サイクリング2ほか)

Amount of daily physical activity is strongly associated with the prevalence of lifestyle-associated diseases, and thus maintaining a certain level of physical activity is recommended. Amount of physical activity, namely energy expenditure, is commonly estimated from linear regression analysis of oxygen uptake during steady-state exercise of different intensities. Short-duration exercise, mainly walking lasting less than 3 minutes, has been reported to account for over 90% of the daily energy expenditure of healthy adults. In a rodent study that measured the oxygen consumption of rodents running for different durations, the energy cost of exercise was shown to decrease as exercise duration increased, so that the oxygen consumption level asymptotically converged at a steady-state level. Wearable accelerometer-based activity counters have widely been used for physical activity assessment. The estimation of energy expenditure by these devices, however, is based on steady-state exercise of more than 5 minutes, and energy consumption of shorter duration exercise is not commonly considered. Oxygen consumption remains elevated for some period of time after exercise. Then, the estimation of energy expenditure for short duration exercise must include excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The amount of EPOC change in duration exercise. Therefore, we attempted to elucidate the energy expenditure for VO_2 kinetics. Healthy men (age 20-40) walked for 1, 3 and 5 minutes on a treadmill at constant speed. Oxygen consumption during and post-exercise was measured using a portable gas analyzer in breath-by-breath mode. A best-fit exponential equation to estimate oxygen consumption from exercise duration and walking speed was generated. The measured data of 3 subjects not used in generating the formula were assessed for systematic error. Cross-validation of estimated oxygen consumption revealed 3.86(ml/kg/min) RMS, and the results of the Bland-Altman analysis revealed neither fixed nor proportional bias. An equation for the estimation of energy expenditure at shorter durations of exercise was successfully generated. Accumulation of additional data may further improve the equation.

Effects of home exercise on physical function and activity in home care patients with Parkinson's disease.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of guidance in home exercise on physical function and the amount of activity in home care patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). [Subjects and Methods] A 2-month home exercise intervention consisting of self-administered exercise by patients (self-exercise) and home visit exercise therapy guided by a physical therapist (home visit exercise) was conducted in 10 home care patients with PD to compare changes in physical function, activities of daily living, and postural status between before and after the intervention. [Results] A decreased number of chief complaints and alleviation of fear of falling were observed after the intervention. In terms of physical function, a significant increase in flexibility and muscle strength were observed, although no significant changes were found in activities of daily living, gait, and balance. Although there was no significant change in the total amount of daily physical activity, the analysis of daily posture changes revealed a significant reduction in the percentage of time spent lying down and a significant increase in the percentage of time spent sitting after the intervention. [Conclusion] Guidance in home exercise in home care patients with PD can be effective in making self-exercise a habit, improving range of motion and muscle strength, and reducing the time spent in a supine position.

Exercise as a prescription therapy for breast and colon cancer survivors

BackgroundBreast and colon tumors are the most common types of cancer in the general population. As a result of improved diagnosis and treatment, more people are now surviving cancer. Lifestyle has been identified as one of the potential risk factors for cancer, and it has been demonstrated recently that physical activity reduces the physiological and psychological symptoms and side effects of chemotherapy. Muscular atrophy, weight changes, decreased aerobic capacity, fatigue, and depression are the most common symptoms in cancer patients. The exact amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity needed to overcome these effects has not yet been established, but an individualized and variable exercise program as prescription therapy could be considered a helpful tool for improving quality of life. This paper proposes a model of lifestyle analysis and dedicated individualized exercise programs for the treatment of cancer patients. The program starts with a preliminary evaluation of the patient’s lifestyle using a questionnaire and accelerometer, which provides information on the amount of daily physical activity and number of steps taken, as well as an assessment of aerobic capacity, cardiovascular response, muscle strength, and resistance. Two different levels of aerobic exercise, ie, low-to-moderate (40% of maximal heart rate) to moderate (60% of maximal heart rate) can be prescribed. This model of exercise prescription in patients with cancer offers a flexible program for assisting in the management of this complex disease. It is projected to ensure easier management of medical problems related to cancer, and to attract a greater number of participants over time.

Abstract P176: Pedometer Feedback - Superior for Increasing Daily Physical Activity in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients

Introduction: Although cardiac patients obtain favorable cardiovascular outcomes and reduced risk of mortality when participating in cardiac rehabilitation (CR), it is well established that most do not typically achieve recommended amounts of daily physical activity (PA) solely through participation in CR. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of three different individually tailored interventions designed to increase PA in cardiac patients attending CR. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that cardiac patients attending long-term CR who receive pedometer feedback (PF) or motivational messaging (MM) will achieve higher levels of PA than patients who receive usual care (UC) recommendations. Methods: A total of 99 (77 men and 22 women, 61.5±10.6 years, BMI 30.6 ± 5.1 kg/m2) patients entering a long-term CR program completed a 12-week PA intervention. Patients were randomized to: UC (time-based recommendation), PF, MM, or PF with individualized MM (PF+MM). Both PF groups were given a goal of increasing step counts/day by 10% of the individual’s baseline value each week. If the goal for the week was not reached, the same goal was used for the next week. PA was assessed for 7 days with Kenz Lifecorder PLUS monitors (Suzukan, Co, LTD, Nagoya, Japan) prior to beginning CR and on the 12 th week of the intervention. Criteria for acceptable PA data were daily wear time &gt; 10 hours on a minimum of 4 days (including at least 1 weekend day) with daily PA &gt; 1000 steps. Results: A two-way ANOVA for change in PA from baseline to 12 th week of the intervention for the 4 groups revealed a significant time and group interaction. Post-hoc testing showed significant increases for both PF and PF+MM, however, no significant change for UC or MM. Conclusion: The findings from this study demonstrate that using PF feedback is superior to the usual time-based recommendations patients are given in CR. CR programs can assist patients in increasing their daily PA by encouraging pedometer use with individualized step goals.

Injury and Disease in Former Collegiate Athletes

Athletes undergo vigorous training in order to be successful in their sport. They must participate in more than the recommended amount of daily physical activity to reach a high level of competition. High levels of training can lead to high risk of injury in specific sports, which may lead to future disability and potential risk of chronic disease. The purpose of this review was to examine the incidence of injury in athletes in specific sports. There have been several studies that have tried to establish a link between future disease risk and prior athletic participation. Prior injury may play a role in the development of future disease. This review also examined the relationship between specific sports and future chronic disease risk. Results confirm that more research is needed in order to link injuries in early athletics with future chronic disease risk. Risk of osteoarthritis after joint injury in athletic competition is high in each study analyzed. This review may shed light into the risk carried in specific sports for injury, and serve as a starting place for future research into the risk of chronic disease in athletes with prior injuries.