Quantity Of Commodity Research Articles

Determinan Yang Memengaruhi Pemilihan Saluran Pemasaran Kopi Robusta Di Kabupaten Malang

The demand for coffee in Malang Regency by determining the quantity of commodities is very dependent on the marketing subsystem. Robusta coffee marketing channels in Malang Regency include marketing institutions, namely small traders, sub-district collectors and large traders. Coffee marketing is dominated by small traders. This research aims to analyze the determinants that influence the choice of marketing channels for Robusta coffee in Malang Regency. The location of this research was carried out in two villages, namely Srimulyo Village and Sukodono Village, Kec. Dampit, Kab. Poor. The respondents in this research were Robusta coffee farmers in two villages in a total of 60 respondents. Marketing agency respondents were then determined using snowball sampling techniques. Snowball sampling method by collecting data based on information from previous respondents based on existing marketing patterns in Malang Regency. This research uses multinomial logit analysis by determining efficient marketing channels as a reference variable. Based on the results of marketing channel analysis, it was found that there are 5 marketing channel patterns. Marketing channel 1 consists of 27 farmers and the largest channel choice is 45%, while the results of the marketing efficiency analysis show that channel 5, namely direct farmers to wholesalers, is the most efficient. Marketing channel 5 consists of 11 farmers with a percentage of 18.3%. The results of the research show that 3 variables influence the choice of marketing channels, namely production volume, farming experience, and education level. Suggestions from research for extension workers and local governments need to assist farmers regarding financing and coffee market information so that marketing channel choices are more varied.

An efficient algorithm for two-stage capacitated time minimization transportation problem with restricted flow

This paper discusses a two-stage capacitated time minimization transportation problem with the restricted flow (TSCTMTP-F) in which the transportation takes place in two stages and only a specified amount of commodity is transported in both stages. The total amount F1 is transported during Stage-I and F2 during Stage-II, and the objective is to minimize the sum of the transportation times for Stage-I and Stage-II. In 2017, Kaur et al. [RAIRO-Oper. Res. 51 (2017) 1169–1184] studied this problem and developed a polynomially bounded iterative algorithm (Algorithm-A) to solve TSCTMTP-F. However, their proposed algorithm has some flaws and may not always yield an optimal solution to the problem TSCTMTP-F. An improved iterative algorithm (Algorithm-C) is proposed in this paper that guarantees an optimal solution to the problem. Various theoretical results prove the convergence and efficiency of Algorithm-C to obtain an optimal solution to the problem TSCTMTP-F. Numerical problems are included in the support of theory along with a counter-example for which Algorithm-A fails to obtain its optimal solution. Computational experiments on a variety of test problems have been carried out to validate the convergence and efficiency of Algorithm-C.

Identification of carbon responsibility factors based on energy consumption from 2005 to 2020 in China

In the process of rapid economic development, the relationship between energy consumption and economic development is close and the coupling relationship is complex. The study proposes a method for the assessment of integrated energy consumption factors. In particular, production and consumption driving factors are expressed in relation to the growth of primary energy consumption responsibility in the energy supply chain system. Specifically, based on previous research, the study builds a LMDI decomposition model based on the primary energy consumption responsibility - embodied energy (PECREE) formula. By analyzing the impact of changes in the final commodity quantity, value-added allocation factor, energy intensity, end-use energy consumption structure and primary energy consumption responsibility conversion factor on primary energy consumption responsibility, the study systematically reveals the linkage relationship between product production and consumption on energy consumption changes, and reveals the related driving mechanism of primary energy consumption responsibility growth. We choose China's energy supply system from 2005 to 2020 as a case study, focusing on the impact of changes in economic sectors on primary energy consumption responsibility, and provide a supplementary explanation from the commodity consumption side. The results show that the change of final use quantity is the most important factor causing the increase of primary energy consumption responsibility, but the impact is decreasing year by year. The impact of energy intensity change on primary energy consumption responsibility is mainly dominated by economic sectors with high energy consumption and high energy intensity. The impact of value-added allocation factor requires systematic consideration of energy intensity of economic sectors. The increase of the proportion of electricity in the end-use energy consumption structure of the economic sector promotes the growth of its primary energy consumption responsibility. The reduction of primary energy consumption responsibility conversion factor for electricity is one of the factors that inhibits the growth of primary energy consumption responsibility. Finally, we believe that while meeting the needs of social development and production and life of the people, China is already on the road of adjustment and transformation of its industrial structure and energy structure, and will continue to make progress in the future.

Transportation Problem Allowing Sending and Bringing Back

This paper considers a transportation problem on a weighted graph. The weights specify the amounts of commodities at nodes, which are positive if the amounts are stored at nodes and negative if the amounts are needed at nodes. To meet all demands we use vehicles, one at each node, with some loading capacity to and from neighbors. In a trip using a vehicle we can send commodities from a node to a neighbor along an edge and also bring back some other commodities from the neighbor. In this paper we are interested in feasibility problem, which is to decide whether there is a single round of trips that meet all demands. We prove the feasibility problem is NP-complete even in the easiest case of a one-commodity transportation problem with unbounded capacity. We also present several different polynomial-time algorithms for other cases.

Conrad Seabaugh & Company: An Inside Look at an Illinois Hinterland Merchant

Conrad Seabaugh & Company: An Inside Look at an Illinois Hinterland Merchant

Prediction of Purchase Volume of Cross-Border e-Commerce Platform Based on BP Neural Network

As a new form of foreign trade, cross-border e-commerce has huge development potential. Although the development prospect of cross-border e-commerce is good, the management of global supply chain is very important in order to gain a place in the fierce competition and develop steadily. The traditional forecasting of purchasing volume adopts time series, and the forecasting model is relatively simple. The purchase volume of the platform is related to the various consumption behaviors of consumers, such as the number of product reviews, the number of product collections, and whether there are tax subsidies. The sales volume in the next few days is predicted by the item number, time, and sales quantity. The four-layer BP neural network model is used, and the MATLAB neural network toolbox is used to draw the training error curve and the correlation coefficient curve. After network training, the training correlation coefficient R reaches 95.823%, and the prediction accuracy obtained at this time is higher. Further, using the established model based on BP algorithm, the traditional BP algorithm is optimized to obtain the purchase quantity of commodities. The method is applied to the forecast of commodity purchase volume of a cross-border e-commerce platform, and the results show that the average error rate of this method is 5.9%, which has high practical application value. The research results show that this paper considers multiple influencing factors and selects an appropriate forecasting method, which can effectively improve the accuracy of the company's commodity sales forecast, so as to better formulate procurement plans and optimize inventory structure, which has certain implications for the actual operation of cross-border e-commerce platforms.

Order-Preserving and Order-Reversing Mappings between Consumption Bundles and Utilities

Economics and management believe that income and price play decisive roles in consumer demand for commodities. However, there is no analysis of the order-preserving or order-reversing mapping between consumer demand and utility when income and price are not constrained. Customer utility is always determined by the amount of commodities in real life. This research analyzes the mapping relationship between the amount of commodities and utility. The set which consists of consumption bundles with a binary relation is a poset. The set of utility values with the binary relation is a chain. Furthermore, the relationship between consumption bundles and utilities is illustrated by figures. If the increasing directions of utility and the amount of commodities are consistent, the utility function is order-preserving. If they are opposite, the utility function is order-reversing. Finally, examples are included to illustrate the mapping relationship between consumption bundles and utilities.

Risk Control Of Onion (Allium ascalonicum L.) Production On Surjan Land

Onion is one of the commodities of annual vegetable crops that have high economic value, a type of short-lived plant, can be propagated vegetatively or generatively, can be developed in low to highland areas and can be cultivated throughout the year. High demand for onions was not followed by supply of onion in the market. This is caused by high risks in the cultivation of Onions. As the theory of supply, the level of supply of a commodity will be affected by the amount of commodities produced. The research aims to analyze the risk factors for onion production and onion supply behavior. The method of this research was survey methode. The location of this research was at Tonjong, Kramatwatu subdistrict. The population of onions farmers was 117 farmers and the amount of the sample used in this research is 54 farmers. Sort of datas that used in this research were primary data and secondary data. The analysis data that used are risk analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the level of risk of onion in Tonjong Village was 1621.91 or 32 percent of the productivity value obtained by farmers. The source of the risks on Onion farming in Tonjong Village are climate and weather, pests and plant diseases, land fertility, and the effectiveness of using inputs. There are two factors that significantly influence the behavior of onion offering in Tonjong Village, the cost variable of fungicide and the variable cost of insecticide.

Profit, Penury, and the Impieties of Inequality? A Retrospective on Martin Luther’s “On Trade and Usury” for Our Times

Profit, Penury, and the Impieties of Inequality? A Retrospective on Martin Luther’s “On Trade and Usury” for Our Times C.N. Biltoft The potential evils of wealth are legion—this was a well-varnished truth in Christian doctrine, long before the German theologian Martin Luther vernacularized the precept in his sermon, “On Trade and Usury” (1524).1 Many pre-Reformation religious orders, those founded on vows of poverty, had repeated as liturgy the ways in which earthly riches posed an almost insurmountable obstacle to spiritual salvation.2 For some, it was difficult to the point of physical impossibility, as that oftcited and ambitious camel that tried but never managed to pass through the eye of a needle. In the sixteenth century, Luther, the first protestant before Protestantism had a name, saw it fit or necessary to reflect once again on the spiritual risks of a burgeoning merchant revolution, born of expanding trade networks and nascent financial instruments.3 There is a reason that Max Weber dubbed John Calvin, not Martin Luther, the master weaver who bespoke a fusion of Christian doctrine and behaviorism, which in turn befitted the spirit of [End Page 1] capitalism.4 For unlike Calvin, Luther preached equality above competition and the ties of a modest fraternity above the (predestined) social distances born of accumulation, whether gained through saving or investing. In the transmogrification of capital as it flowed from regional markets and then outwards along the ever more diffuse pathways of global exchange, Luther seems to have pulled sharply away from the competing eschatology of wealth acquisition and its display.5 There is a way in which current debates on the nature and especially the ethics of economic inequality appear in a different hue once refracted through Luther’s religious political economy, born as it was concurrently with modern capitalism itself. And indeed, “On Trade and Usury” allows us to trace the outlines of Luther’s frontal critique of capital. At first, he began with a catholic (pun intended) and trans-historical principle in quoting from I Timothy 6:9: “Those who desire to become rich, fall into temptation and the toils, and into many vain and harmful desires which sink people into destruction and damnation.”6 But then, that preacher of Christian patois moved quickly from scriptural axioms to historical circumstances. For, if the desire for wealth always posed a danger to the human soul, he acknowledged that the mechanisms of wealth-seeking changed from age to age. Luther never advocated for the end of commerce as such, so long as it was born of a certain work-a-day and humble intimacy. He stated: “But now, this cannot be denied, that buying and selling is a necessary thing which we cannot do without, and which can be used in a Christian manner, especially in those points serving need and honor, for thus also the patriarchs sold cattle, wool, butter, milk, and other goods. They are gifts of God which he gives out of the earth and distributes among men.”7 Much later, another German theologian, Karl Marx, would assign mathematical notation to convey the salutary qualities of such goods: “Sub-division a, Necessities of Life: v = 400; s = 400; hence a quantity of commodities in consumer necessities of the value of 400 v + 400 s = 800, or IIa (400v + 400s).”8 The trouble and danger afoot in early modern Germany, as far as Luther saw it, was tied to the various vanities wrapped up in any number of foreign [End Page 2] luxuries.9 He continued: “But foreign merchandise which brings from Calicut and India, and the like places wares such as precious silks, and jewels, and spices, which serve only love of show and no useful purpose, and drain the land and people of their money, should not be permitted if we had a government and princes.”10 To complete the previous problem set, Marx too gave an equation to express the deleterious effects of luxury goods, which were typically only consumed by the “capitalist class” and whose surplus value never accrued to the proletariat: “(Sub-division b, Articles of Luxury: of the value of 100 v + 100 s...

A centralised model predictive control framework for logistics management of coordinated supply chains of perishable goods

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a centralised model predictive control framework to address logistics management of supply chains of perishable goods. Meeting customer specific requirements is decisive to gain a competitive advantage in supply chain management. This fact motivates stakeholders to address solutions that continuously improve supply chain operations. The solution proposed in this work considers the supply chain as a dynamical system in a state-space representation where different categories of commodities, namely common goods and perishable goods, are included. Additionally, the dynamical model is able to store information of the complete supply chain regarding the quantity of commodities and the due time associated to the perishable goods. A centralised controller then collects the supply chain state information and optimises the commodity flow based on the model prediction over a fixed time horizon. The model predictive control solution assigns just-in-time commodity flows, schedules production according to customer demand (pull system) and monitors work-in-progress and in-transit commodities. The success of the proposed control approach is demonstrated in a numerical simulation of a three-tier supply chain following three distinct management policies.

Smart Storage Container for Solids

In this paper, we introduce a novel smart storage container for tracking the level of solid commodities (dal, rice, sugar, salt,, etc.,) stored to assist in inventory management without human interaction. The intelligent container is an application of Internet of Things (IoT) in kitchen automation. This technology incorporates an ultrasonic sensor that uses pulse echo method to monitor and sense the level of solid commodity kept within storage containers. A microcontroller monitors the level of commodity with the help of sensors and assists in tracking the quantity of commodity. Pulse echo method determines the difference between an empty container and a particular level of completion based on frequency values taken as threshold values. The microcontroller enhanced along with a GSM modem notifies the user or house owner and a request is sent to the store to deliver the commodity on the verge of completion. The smart and intelligent container provides personal assistance in monitoring the usage of day-to-day kitchen commodity.

Effective Continuous-flow Supply Chains Using Centralized Model Predictive Control

This paper proposes three different formulations of a centralized Model Predictive Control framework to manage the logistics of continuous-flow Supply Chains subject to fluctuating demand. The Supply Chain is modeled as a dynamical system composed of several players handling commodities from the production phase to the retail phase. Additionally, commodities are categorized according to their characteristics. An external control agent continuously gathers information regarding Supply Chain operation. Using that information, the control agent monitors the inventory of the retailer and assigns the commodity quantity to replenish it, adopting a Model Predictive Control algorithm. Three different formulations of the Model Predictive Control algorithm are designed based on the inventory of the retailer: i) constant inventory, ii) dynamical heuristic inventory, and iii) dynamical control inventory. These formulations are simulated for a Supply Chain operating under a just-in-timemanagement policy.

Physical and chemical properties of flour products affect the development of Tribolium castaneum

The rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a polyphagous pest of cereal grains and many other stored products. The presence of this pest causes contamination and economic losses by reducing the quality and quantity of commodities in storage. This research was aimed to study the development of T. castaneum on different flour products and investigate the factors affecting the survivorship and development time of T. castaneum. We used 16 flour products differentiated by production process (commercial vs. non-commercial) and commodity types. We conducted experiments on the development of T. castaneum in the laboratory by placing 15 mating pairs of T. castaneum into a treatment jar and allowing them to feed on different flour products. The results showed that T. castaneum adults laid eggs in all flour products. The larvae could live and survive, although the population density was found to be significantly lower in the commercial products. The pupae and adult (F1 progeny) were only found in all non-commercial products and three commercial products. In addition, the total development time of T. castaneum was shown to be significantly faster in commercial products and did not differ among commodity types. We found that particle size variation and protein content of flour products affected the survivorship and development time of T. castaneum. In conclusion, understanding the particle size and chemical composition of flour products is a pivotal step in developing a pest management strategy for T. castaneum.

Manufacturing competitiveness analysis for hydrogen refueling stations

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have now entered the market as zero-emission vehicles. Original equipment manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai have released commercial cars in parallel with efforts focusing on the development of hydrogen refueling infrastructure to support new FCEV fleets. Persistent challenges for FCEVs include high initial vehicle cost and the availability of hydrogen stations to support FCEV fleets. This study sheds light on the factors that drive manufacturing competitiveness of the principal systems in hydrogen refueling stations, including compressors, storage tanks, precoolers, and dispensers. To explore major cost drivers and investigate possible cost reduction areas, bottom-up manufacturing cost models were developed for these systems. Results from these manufacturing cost models show there is substantial room for cost reductions through economies of scale, as fixed costs can be spread over more units. Results also show that purchasing larger quantities of commodity and purchased parts can drive significant cost reductions. Intuitively, these cost reductions will be reflected in lower hydrogen fuel prices. A simple cost analysis shows there is some room for cost reduction in the manufacturing cost of the hydrogen refueling station systems, which could reach 35% or more when achieving production rates of more than 100 units per year. We estimated the potential cost reduction in hydrogen compression, storage and dispensing as a result of capital cost reduction to reach 5% or more when hydrogen refueling station systems are produced at scale.

Multilateral index number systems for international price comparisons: Properties, existence and uniqueness

Over the past five decades a number of multilateral index number systems have been proposed for spatial and cross-country price comparisons. These multilateral indexes are usually expressed as solutions to systems of linear or nonlinear equations. In this paper, we provide general theorems that can be used to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the Geary–Khamis, IDB, Neary and Rao indexes as well as potential new systems including two generalized systems of index numbers. One of our main results is that the necessary and sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of solutions can often be stated in terms of graph-theoretic concepts and a verifiable condition based on observed quantities of commodities.

A new heuristic scheduling method for the make-pack-route problem in make-to-order supply chains

To cater to the growing personalized need of customers, increasingly more make-to-order distribution centers consider a two-phase production (i.e. raw material granulation and order packaging) process when making production and routing decisions, especially for time-sensitive commodities. In this article, we extend the production routing problem to the make-pack-route problem (MPRP) to devise production and routing schedules that allow for flexible order composition and ensure in-time delivery. To solve the MPRP, we propose an iterative sequential scheduling heuristic embedded with the local search, which sequentially solves the three corresponding scheduling problems and improves the overall schedule in an iterative manner. Our numerical studies verify that our method can solve practically meaningful instances (e.g. up to 200 orders and 30 items) in an acceptable time duration (i.e. 1 hour). Our studies show an average 11.6% reduction in the total processing cost compared to an ad hoc scheduling method commonly used in practice. Our studies also suggest that our solution method saves more costs with more orders, higher order variety and larger average commodity quantity and variety in each order.

Factors Contributing to the New Trend of Buying From Supermarkets and Shopping Malls in Kenya

Although there are several studies done on the influence of situational, individual and marketing factors on consumer behavior in regard to the amount of commodities bought from retail outlets in the developed world and the emerging markets, there no comprehensive studies that really explains the growth of buying trends in the developing countries like Kenya. This study seeks to investigate what factors are contributing to the new trend of buying from supermarkets and shopping malls in Kenya. The study adopted a survey design on a sample of 1000 consumers in Nairobi, Ruiru, and Kiambu town, and data was collected using structured questionnaires. Regression analysis was used to show the actual effect of consumers’ income, ownership of consumer durables (cars and fridges) (marketing factors (prices and exposure to promotion), Socio-psychological factors mainly family size and situational factors (physical environment and antecedent state and temporal situation) on the number of visits to the supermarkets and shopping malls. The results indicated that all the situational factors- time of the day (day time), time of the week, supermarket atmospherics, supermarkets location and antecedent states (excitement) had significant effect on consumer behavior in terms of the number of visits to the supermarkets per month. However, the effect of time of the day (day time) though significant was negative (coeff -.0250, p-value 0.000), an indication that number of times was lower by 0.250 for shoppers doing shopping during the day compared to shopping in the evening. All personal factors except for the age had positive and significant effect on the number of visits to the supermarkets/shopping malls. Perceiving of prices charged by supermarkets as low and exposure to supermarkets existence through advertising and promotions had positive and significant effect on visits to the supermarkets and shopping malls in Kenya. This implied that personal, situational and marketing factors are explaining the new trend of shopping in supermarkets in Kenya. The results also imply that, the investors in large-scale retail business in Kenya have to choose their location carefully away from CBD of the major cities and the pricing strategies have to be well planned because despite the fact that Kenyan consumers are shopping from super markets, they are cash-constrained. Keywords: Supermarkets, Personal Characteristics, Situational Factors and Socio-psychological Factors DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-3-08

Strategi Nafkah Petani Perkotaan Pulau Kecil (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Leitimur Selatan Kota Ambon)

The objective of this research was to analyze livelihood strategies designed by the societies in small islands. Research was located in South Leitumur District, Ambon City. Site of research was two sub-districts, namely Hutumuri and Leahari. Sample of farmers were determined purposively from both sub-districts, resulting in 69 farmers, precisely 51 farmers in Hutumuri and 18 farmers in Leahari. Data were collected from depth interview, and analyzed with simple tabulation accompanied with descriptive explanation. Result of research indicated that there are three livelihood strategies designed by coastal societies in South Leitimur District, respectively: developing natural/farming resource potentials by increasing the quantity of commodities that have potential capability to satisfy daily necessities; developing natural/farming resource potentials in wider sense, which concerns with developing potentials of coastal area as fishing spot; and developing human resource potentials by providing job opportunity out of farming and improving the existing skills owned by farmer household.

Cereal Commodity Trading in Ethiopian Local Marketplace: Examining Farmers’ Quantity Measurement Behaviors

Local marketplaces are remarkable organizations for agricultural product transactions in Ethiopia. However, little is known concerning measurement practices in these micro-trading zones. Thus, this study intended to examine the cereal commodity quantity measurement behaviors of farmers in the local marketplaces of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted in four districts marketplaces (N = 382) of the Oromia Region. The χ2 test was employed to evaluate the association between farmers’ perception of the accuracy of local units and measuring instruments related to immoral buyers’ behaviors. According to the findings, farmers’ cereals quantity measurement behaviors proved the presence of unreliability which created transaction, measurement, social capital, and two-hand palm cereals gift costs. The χ2 test results indicated that farmers’ perceptions of the accuracy of local units and measuring tools related to buyers’ unethical behaviors had significant relationships with bowl, glass, sack, and can local units, except for weight balance in Dendi and Bako Tibe, and for cans in the Gimbichu area. This study demonstrates that standardization of tools and measurements, together with institutional support, would have a huge potential for economizing transaction costs and making equitable cereals exchanges and efficient markets.

OPTIMALISASI ALTERNATIF PRODUK SAYUR DAN PEMASARAN BERBASIS ON-LINE

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) is the most popular vegetables in the world. Softening and decay are the main factors of post-harvest losses caused by microbes Alternaria tenuis marked black spots Microorganisms enter through cracks and sores on the tomatoes. The wholesale vegetable seller group in Karangploso have difficulty when faced with the harvest of vegetables, especially tomatoes, the difficulties encountered when the amount of commodity is plentiful but the buyer is not much. This resulted in a vegetable stock is also abundant that eventually decay so sellers mangalami financial losses. Vegetable wholesaler of Commerce business management IbM1 Partners is managed by the simple management, and with the information by word of mouth for marketing, so marketing results can not be maximized. While partners IbM2 Partners also have the same problem, but it has solutions to problems but is constrained by the science and technology of food processing tomato base material. Partners for the assistance given IbM1 is (a) training of products from basic ingredients of tomato, (b) a comparative study into food production center of apple ingredients to Kota Wisata Batu and vegetable marketing website creation. While IbM Partner 2 (a) training the manufacture of products from raw material tomatoes in food / beverage to another, (b) a comparative study into food production center of apple material in Kota Wisata Batu. Manufacture of products derived from tomatoes may have a positive impact in the economy of the groups greengrocer, where tomatoes are unsold and has not experienced decay will soon be converted into other foods such as tomatoes dates, juice tomatoes, tomato jam, jelly / candy tomato and has a level of durability compared with the tomatoes in the form of vegetables. The positive impact in terms of marketing online through the website is an increasing number of buyers from all over the city that could eventually increase the economic value of the vegetable wholesalers.