Amount Of Chemical Fertilizer Research Articles

The Effect of Different Compost Compositions on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization and Nutrients Concentration of Leek (allium Porrum L.) Plant

ABSTRACTPlant residue material produced compost is an organic fertilizer source and it is commonly used for soil amendments. Also in order to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers need mycorrhizal inoculation can be used as an agricultural strategy. Thus, the aim of the research is to examine the effect of several residue materials produced compost and mycorrhizae fungi with two growth media on leek plant growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizae spores’ production.Eight different row organic materials and animal manures were used as compost production during 8 months. Leek (Allium porrum L.) plants were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus etunicatum with a level of 1000-spore per pot. The leek plant was analyzed for determination of nutrient concentration, root colonization, spore production, and shoot/root dry weight.The composts were made from domestic waste, animal manure (bovine animal), animal manure (ovine animal), and different plant materials were determined to be the most suitable compost material for plant growth and mycorrhizal spore production compared to the rest of compost material. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased leek plant growth and nutrient uptake especially phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Plants grown in 5:3:2 (volume/volume) growth media was responded better to the mycorrhizal inoculation than grown in 1:1:1 (v/v) growth media. Funneliformis mosseae inoculated plants have higher plant growth and nutrient uptake than that of Claroideoglomus etunicatum inoculation.

Effect of agroforest tree leaf biomass on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat cv. Akbar

A field experiment was conducted at the Agroforestry Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during November 2017 to March 2018 to evaluate the effects of agroforest tree leaf biomasses on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat cv. Akbar. Eight different treatments viz. T1= Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) tree leaf biomass, T2 = Minjiri (Cassia siamea) tree leaf biomass, T3 = Kalokoroi (Albizia lebbeck) tree leaf biomass, T4 = Sadakoroi (Albizia procera) tree leaf biomass, T5 = Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) tree leaf biomass, T6 = Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis) tree leaf biomass, T7 = Mahogoni (Swietenia macrophylla) tree leaf biomass were used along with a recommended fertilizer dose referred as control (T0) in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The results reveal that tree leaf biomasses significantly influenced the yield and yield contributing characters viz. plant height (cm), effective tillers/hill, spike length (cm), number of spikelets/spike, number of filled grains/spike, number of non-filled grains/spike, 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (t/ha), straw yield (t/ha), biological yield (t/ha) and harvest index of wheat. The highest (2.83 t/ha) grain yield was recorded in the recommended fertilizer dose. Among the tree leaf biomasses, ipil-ipil tree leaf biomass produced the highest (2.47 t/ha) grain yield which was 12.71% decrease over control followed by 2.36, 2.21, 2.02, 1.89, 1.84 and 1.77 t/ha obtained in minjiri, sadakoroi, kalokoroi, eucalyptus, akashmoni and mahogany tree leaf biomass, respectively. However, it seems that the ipil-ipil tree leaf biomass would be possible to substitute of or apply in combination with inorganic fertilizer although there was some yield loss (12.71%) which was less significant compared to recommended fertilizer treatment. Therefore, it can be elucidated that for wheat production tree leaf biomass could use as a source of organic matter which is available in the agroforestry system, significantly reduces the considerable amount of chemical fertilizer.
 Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 32-38, 2019

Impacts of Vermi­compost Manure on MV Paddy Production in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Jessore District

The study estimates impacts of vermicompost manure on modern varieties (MV) of paddy produced in Bangladesh. Primary data were used in this study. The findings of the study indicated that on an average, the sampled farmers who used vermicompost comparatively used less proportion of chemical fertilizers such as urea, triple super phosphate, zypsum, zinc and manure except muriate of potash. The yield of MV boro and the net profit of per hectare was significantly much higher (about 1.91 times) in the farms that used vermicompost compared to those farmers who did not use it. The household income of the farmers who used vermicompost with irrigation has risen significantly (about 1.19 times). The farmers had experienced constant return to scale in MV boro paddy farms in both techniques. The farm area, seed, pesticide, irrigation, urea cost and vermicompost cost were the main factors that significantly affected the MV boro paddy production in farms that used vermicompost. On the other hand, the farm size, urea, chemical fertilizers, manure and labour had significant impact on MV boro paddy production under the farms that did not use vermicompost. Vermicompost normally retains the moisture as well as organic matter in topsoil. As a result, comparatively lesser amount of chemical fertilizers and irrigations are required for per hectare MV boro paddy production. There was inefficient and non-optimal use of resources in both the farms which hindered production of maximum level of output in the study area.

Impacts of Vermi­compost Manure on MV Paddy Production in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Jessore District

The study estimates impacts of vermicompost manure on modern varieties (MV) of paddy produced in Bangladesh. Primary data were used in this study. The findings of the study indicated that on an average, the sampled farmers who used vermicompost comparatively used less proportion of chemical fertilizers such as urea, triple super phosphate, zypsum, zinc and manure except muriate of potash. The yield of MV boro and the net profit of per hectare was significantly much higher (about 1.91 times) in the farms that used vermicompost compared to those farmers who did not use it. The household income of the farmers who used vermicompost with irrigation has risen significantly (about 1.19 times). The farmers had experienced constant return to scale in MV boro paddy farms in both techniques. The farm area, seed, pesticide, irrigation, urea cost and vermicompost cost were the main factors that significantly affected the MV boro paddy production in farms that used vermicompost. On the other hand, the farm size, urea, chemical fertilizers, manure and labour had significant impact on MV boro paddy production under the farms that did not use vermicompost. Vermicompost normally retains the moisture as well as organic matter in topsoil. As a result, comparatively lesser amount of chemical fertilizers and irrigations are required for per hectare MV boro paddy production. There was inefficient and non-optimal use of resources in both the farms which hindered production of maximum level of output in the study area.

Banana (Musa acuminata) transcriptome profiling in response to rhizobacteria: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bs006 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps006

BackgroundBanana is one of the most important crops in tropical and sub-tropical regions. To meet the demands of international markets, banana plantations require high amounts of chemical fertilizers which translate into high farming costs and are hazardous to the environment when used excessively. Beneficial free-living soil bacteria that colonize the rhizosphere are known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR affect plant growth in direct or indirect ways and hold great promise for sustainable agriculture.ResultsPGPR of the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas in banana cv. Williams were evaluated. These plants were produced through in vitro culture and inoculated individually with two rhizobacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain Bs006 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Ps006. Control plants without microbial inoculum were also evaluated. These plants were kept in a controlled climate growth room with conditions required to favor plant-microorganism interactions. These interactions were evaluated at 1-, 48- and 96-h using transcriptome sequencing after inoculation to establish differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in plants elicited by the interaction with the two rhizobacteria. Additionally, droplet digital PCR was performed at 1, 48, 96 h, and also at 15 and 30 days to validate the expression patterns of selected DEGs. The banana cv. Williams transcriptome reported differential expression in a large number of genes of which 22 were experimentally validated. Genes validated experimentally correspond to growth promotion and regulation of specific functions (flowering, photosynthesis, glucose catabolism and root growth) as well as plant defense genes. This study focused on the analysis of 18 genes involved in growth promotion, defense and response to biotic or abiotic stress.ConclusionsDifferences in banana gene expression profiles in response to the rhizobacteria evaluated here (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bs006 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps006) are influenced by separate bacterial colonization processes and levels that stimulate distinct groups of genes at various points in time.

Rice-Residue Management Practices of Smallholder Farms in Vietnam and Their Effects on Nutrient Fluxes in the Soil-Plant System

In Vietnam, approximately 39 million tons of rice (Oryza sativa) residues accrue every year. In this study, we quantified soil nutrient balances of paddy rice fields under different crop-residue management practices in northern Vietnam. On twelve farms, we calculated nutrient balances for the four prevalent rice-residue management practices, i.e., (1) direct incorporation of rice residues into the soil, (2) application of rice-residue compost, (3) burning of rice residues on the field, and (4) the use of rice residues as fodder for livestock. Soils under practices (1) to (3) showed a positive nutrient balance, which indicates that soil fertility can be maintained under these practices and that the amounts of chemical fertilizers can be considerably reduced. If not, there is a risk of eutrophication in the surrounding surface waterbodies. Practice (4), in contrast, resulted in a negative nutrient balance, which indicates the need for returning nutrients to the soils. From our findings we conclude that knowledge about the effects of rice-residue management practices on nutrient cycles may help to optimize the use of fertilizers, resulting in a more sustainable form of agriculture.

Changes in the wetland vegetation growth patterns in large lakes on the Yangtze Plain

ABSTRACTIn this study, the vegetation emergence times (VET), an important phenological characteristics, were obtained for 25 large lakes on the Yangtze Plain between 2001 and 2014. This was carried out by extracting the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data using a decision tree method. This is the first comprehensive documentation of the changes in temporal and spatial distribution in wetland vegetation phenology for large lakes on the Yangtze Plain. The results showed that considerable changes in the VET occurred in 25 wetland ecosystems in the Yangtze Plain. Specifically, 76% of the lakes showed delayed trends in the VET, and 32% of them were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In contrast, 24% of the lakes displayed advanced trends in the VET and 17% of them were statistically significant (p < 0.05) over the past 14 years. An analysis of the driving factors of VET revealed that a VET change was more sensitive to temperature and sunshine duration than to precipitation for most of the lakes. The temperature in 1–2 months before VET had great effect on the vegetation growth, while such a pattern was not evident for sunshine duration for 5 months before VET. Furthermore, the amounts of chemical fertilizers used in nearby farmlands have also played an important role in the vegetation growth for some of the lakes. This record of change in vegetation phenology provides critical information for wetland ecosystem monitoring in the Yangtze Plain.

The Dynamic Analysis of China&amp;apos;s Agricultural Economic Growth

Based on time series data from 1990 to 2016, an empirical analysis examined the factors affecting China's agricultural economic growth by developing a vector auto-regressive model (VAR), impulse response function (IRF) and variance decomposition function (VD). The results show that Chinese agriculture lacks long-term support factor. During the study period, an increase in the fixed asset investment, the total agricultural machinery power, the amount of chemical fertilizer used, and the education level of the rural labor force contributed to agricultural economic growth. However, an increase in the size of the agricultural labor force and in the total area under cultivation was not conducive to agricultural economic growth. In addition, China's agricultural economic growth was overly dependent on financial investment, while the contribution of other factors was relatively small. China's agricultural economy clearly has experienced extensive development. Hence, in the next development period, the Chinese government needs to increase agricultural fixed asset investment and strengthen its oversight. In addition, the government needs to strengthen its support of agricultural mechanization, set reasonable limits on the use of chemical fertilizers and, more importantly, focus on improvement in the quality of agricultural products and the accumulation of human capital.

Effect of Formulated Fertilization on Fruit Quality of Early Ripe Peach

Using the early maturing peach variety 'Japan Matsusen' as the test material, nine groups of formula fertilization schemes were set up by orthogonal experiment to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on the quality of peach fruit, in order to obtain the best fertilization formula to improve fruit quality. The results showed that the quality of peach fruit was significantly improved by adding organic fertilizer to the base fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer. Therefore, by adding organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer, reducing the application amount of chemical fertilizer, and adding other trace element fertilizers can effectively improve the quality of peach fruit.

Dynamics of the wetland vegetation in large lakes of the Yangtze Plain in response to both fertilizer consumption and climatic changes

Using moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data that cover the 15-year period from 2000 to 2014 and a phenology-based classification method, the long-term changes in the wetland vegetation of 25 large lakes on the Yangtze Plain were obtained. The classification method was developed based on the phenological information extracted from time series of MODIS observations, which demonstrated mean user’s/producer’s accuracies of 76.17% and 84.58%, respectively. The first comprehensive record of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of wetland vegetation in the large lakes on the Yangtze Plain was created. Of the 25 lakes examined, 17 showed a decreasing trend of vegetation area percentages (VAPs) during the study period, and 7 were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The same number of lakes was found to display decreasing trends in vegetation greenness over this 15-year period, and these decreasing trends were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for 11 of the lakes. Substantially fewer lakes showed increases in either their VAPs or their vegetation greenness values. Analysis using a multiple general linear model revealed that the amounts of chemical fertilizer used for farmlands surrounding the lakes, precipitation, daily sunshine hours, temperature and water turbidity played the most important roles in regulating the interannual changes in vegetation greenness in 40% (10/25), 12% (3/25), 4% (1/25), 20% (5/25) and 12% (3/25) of the lake wetlands, respectively. On average, the combined effects of these five driving factors above explained 89.08 ± 7.89% of the variation in greenness over this 15-year period for the 25 lakes. This wetland vegetation environmental data record (EDR) of large lakes in Yangtze Plain demonstration will provide a crucial baseline information for the wetland environment conservation and restoration.

The effects of biofertilizers and different amount of chemical fertilizers on some growth traits and essence yield of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.)

To evaluate the effect of bio-fertilizers and different levels of recommended chemical fertilizers on some of growth traits and essence yield of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), the experiment was performed in form of split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications on May 2013 at lands of forest park in Tabriz Shahid Ghazi pharmacy located at 20km of Tabriz-Tehran road. The main factor was involved chemical fertilizers at three levels of no consumption, 50% and 100% consumption of recommended amount and Subplot factor had six levels of bio-fertilizers which were included: control, Nitrajin, Phosphatin, Thiyobacillus, Biosuper and cow rotten manure. The results of variance analysis demonstrated that application of different biological fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and their combination had significant effect on majority of studied traits at 5% probability level. Nitrajin bio-fertilizer without chemical fertilizers had the greatest effectiveness due to high influence on traits such as essence yield. Bio-fertilizers of Thiyobacillus and Biosuper both with 50% of recommended chemical fertilizers and also manure with 100% of chemical fertilizer, respectively were in next categories and had no significant differences with treatment of just Nitrajin. The results of this study represented that with consideration of importance in non-use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural production especially medicinal plants; for production of chamomile, usage of Nitrajin bio-fertilizer without chemical fertilizers was better treatment than other combinations.

A Coupled Mathematical Model to Predict the Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization on Crop, Soil and Groundwater Quality

Intensified use of nitrogen based fertilizers in agriculture has resulted in a significant increases in soils and groundwater nitrate concentrations all over the world. Here we propose a new coupled model which describes the physical transport and biogeochemical dynamics of the water and nitrogen compounds in a soil-water-plant-groundwater system. Our model takes into account water infiltration into an unsaturated porous medium, the complex biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen in soils, nitrate leaching from the agricultural system toward the aquifer’s water table, and the dispersion of nitrates in the groundwater. We calibrate our model and analyse the influence of soil type, precipitation or irrigation regime and fertilization schedules on leaching to groundwater as well as the temporal and spatial evolution of the nitrate pollutant plume in the aquifer. Simulations indicate that in order to achieve high crop yields while minimizing nitrogen loading to soils and groundwater we need to create an optimal balance between the amount of chemical fertilizers and water applied to crops on one hand, and the amount of nitrate and water used by plants on the other. We find that medium soils are more suitable for a sustainable corn production than coarse soils, ensuring both higher yield and less nitrate pollution of the aquifer. Regardless of soil type and irrigation schedule, a gradual fertilization throughout the plant life cycle reduces the potential for leaching and aquifer pollution. For medium soils, a more modest irrigation schedule results in more nitrate available for crops and less net leaching to the groundwater.

Ecosystem-based coastal zone management: A comprehensive assessment of coastal ecosystems in the Yangtze Estuary coastal zone

The comprehensive assessment of ecosystems is highlighted as one of the most important parts of ecosystem-based management (EBM) that must be addressed. In this paper, taking Chongming Dongtan coastal zone in the Yangtze Estuary as a case study, an example of the EBM approach to the assessment of ecosystem quality and degradation response to human impacts was presented. The spatio-temporal dynamics of the coastal ecosystems in the study area during the period 1990–2008 were analysed. The three main ecosystem types in the region: the natural wetland ecosystem, the agricultural ecosystem and the suburban ecosystem, were assessed for the period 2000–2008 through the application of an index of ecosystem degradation (EDI). The results indicated that large-scale reclamation and the invasion of an exotic plant Spartina alterniflora had threatened the ecosystem health of the natural wetland and caused its degradation. The production structure in agriculture needed to be improved and the amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide application needed to be reduced, because they caused the degradation in the agricultural ecosystem. The area and population of the suburban ecosystem had grown substantially, which could not keep a pace with a healthy working and living environment. Based on these results, management strategies were proposed to minimize and/or reduce future degradation and impact. The methodology developed in this study is applicable elsewhere where coastal zones are under pressure.

Research on Intelligent Decision Method Based on Grey System Theory in the Prediction of Grain Yield in Jilin Province

In order to improve the prediction ability of grain yield, the grain yield data of Jilin province is taken as the research object, GM(1,1) model and GM (1,N) model is established. According to the correlation analysis results, some key correlation factors of grain yield are selected into the prediction model, including the amount of chemical fertilizer, the end head of livestock, the grain sown area etc, and carries on the forecast to the grain yield of 2010-2012. The predicted results show that the average prediction error of GM(1,1) model is 6.6705% and the average prediction error of GM (1,N) model is 5.2020%. Through the comparative analysis, GM (1,N) model has higher prediction accuracy for the multiple attribute intelligent decision problem, it can be used for the prediction of grain yield in Jilin province.

Changes of Potential NPK Input by Chemical Fertilizers and Livestock Manure from 1990 to 2011 in Korea

The livestock manure is a good source of major plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and micronutrient that plants require. As aspect of establishment of nutrient management policy in nation scale, the use of livestock manure for agricultural purpose is a key factor for improving national nutrient balance. In this study, we evaluated the tendency of livestock manure production and amount of chemical fertilizer used in Korea from 1990 to 2011. The number of pig and chicken has been increased about two times in 2011 compared with 1990 and therefore livestock manure continually increased with the lapse of year, but cattle and dairy was not changed significantly. The chemical fertilizer consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per hectare arable land was decreased by 54.6, 66.0 and 63.2% in 2011 compared with 1990, respectively. In contrast, the potential input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to arable land through livestock manure was increased by 220, 210 and 210% during this period, respectively. Therefore we need a reasonable strategy for nutrient management such as combination of both manure and chemical fertilizers in near future.

Nitrogen and Phosphorous Movement Characteristic in Terrace Paddy Field Using Cascade Irrigation System in West Sumatra, Indonesia

West Sumatra is one of Indonesian rice bowl. The landscape of this province dominated by mountainous area with beautiful terrace paddy field lied from the middle slope to the lowland. The most common rice cultivation management in this area is application of cascade irrigation system with blanked amount of chemical fertilizer application. This study intends to figure out, whether this kind of paddy field management sustains and friendly to the environment or not. The results showed that cascade irrigation system created some discrepancies in suspended solid (SS), dissolve organic matter (DOM) and the nutrient movement characteristic a long the slope. The SS and DOM load and discharge strongly influenced by land preparation activities, while total and available nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) affected by chemical fertilizer application. In the upper part, the amount of chemical fertilizer seemed sufficient, indicated by negative amount of nutrient balance, while lower terrace show some indication of excess nutrient input. To avoid some demerit of cascade irrigation system, chemical fertilizer application should be base on site specific characteristic and taking into account of natural source contribution.Keywords: Cascade irrigation, chemical fertilizer, nutrient balance, terrace paddy field

Spatial and temporal trend of Chinese manure nutrient pollution and assimilation capacity of cropland and grassland

Dynamics of livestock and poultry manure nutrient was analyzed at a provincial scale from 2002 to 2008. The nutrient capacity of 18 kinds of croplands and grasslands to assimilate nutrients was assessed in the same temporal-spatial scale. Manure nitrogen (N) had increased from 5.111 to 6.228 million tons (MT), while manure phosphorus (P) increased from 1.382 to 1.607 MT. Manure N and P share similar spatial patterns of yields, but proportion of specialized livestock husbandry and contribution of leading livestock categories (swine, cattle, cow, sheep, layer chicken, broiler chicken) were different. The nutrients generated from dominant seven provinces took more than about half of total manure N in China. After subtracting the chemical fertilizers, there were some manure nutrient capacities in western part of China. Risk analysis of manure nutrient pollution overload in eastern and southern parts of China was serious, which should restrict livestock's developments. Amount of chemical fertilizers applied should be reduced to make room for manure nutrients. For the sake of greenhouse effects, the emission of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO x ) emissions in China is serious for the global change, thus merits further statistics and studies. The spatial and temporal pattern of Chinese manure nutrient pollution from livestock and the assimilation capacity of cropland and grassland can provide useful information for policy development on Chinese soil environment and livestock.

Seasonal Variation in Ground Water Quality at North Zone of Chalisgaon Taluka, Dist. Jalgaon (Maharashtra)

This study deals with assessement of Physico - Chemical Characterisations of ground water around Chalisgaon Taluka of Jalgaon district in Maharashtra. The study has been carried out to examine its suitability for drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose. Rapid urbanization which caused ground water pollution has affected the availability and quality of ground water due to its over exploitation and improper waste disposal. Groundwater pollution caused by human activities like runoff fertilizers, pesticides used in agricultural field, release of industrial waste water, percolation of surface water etc. In the present study, attempts were made to investigate some Physico - Chemical Parameters of groundwater samples collected from seven wells at a distance of five to ten kms along north side of right Girna canal and Girna river from different locations of seven villages of Chalisgaon Taluka were studied in the span of June 2010 to Feb. 2012. The parameters pH studied includes temperature, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardess, calcium, magnessium, chloride, free CO 2 total dissolved solid, dissolved oxygen. The study was carried out in each season for two consecutive years. The range of pH was found to be 7.45 to 9.19 which indicates that the water is alkaline. Other parameters are in the normal range but show variations drastically with the change in season. Detail variation in the range of values of parameters and possible causes are discussed. In case of underground water it was found that, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness were high and much over the permissible limits. The effect of long term continuous extensive irrigation by underground water and application of increasing amount of chemical fertilizers and insecticides over years on water and soil quality on this area have been discussed.

English

Sustainable development and the definition of indicators to assess progress towards sustainability have become a high priority in scientific research. The purpose of this study was two-fold: first, to determine agricultural sustainability criteria; second, to determine optimum partnership models for agricultural sustainability. This study was conducted in Ilam Province of Iran. The populations of the research were 30 farmers, who were interviewed to determine the sustainable agricultural development criteria. A discussion of the nine criteria was developed. Through an interview we were able to determine how they perceived the relative importance of these criteria. A questionnaire was developed based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Each question consisted of a pair-wise comparison of two criteria. Therefore, the nine criteria and four alternatives resulted in a total of 72 questions. First the respondents were asked to indicate the relative importance of the two criteria with respect to the overall goal. Finally, the farmers were asked to indicate the relative importance of the two alternatives (partnership models) with respect to each criterion. The results indicated thatreducing farmers migration, sharing with agricultural engineer, land consolidation, increasing farmers awareness, crop rotation, using less amount of chemical fertilizer, using less amount of chemical pesticide, fertilizer recommendation and allocation efficiency are the most important criteria for sustainable agriculture in Iran. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the critical factors that affected the priority of alternatives. Also, results of application of AHP indicated that private and cooperative partnership models are the most useful partnership models in the agricultural sustainability. The results of this study demonstrated that the private partnership model for agricultural sustainability is imperative. Key words: AHP, partnership, Iran, sustainable agricultural development.

Interactive evaluation of the main agrotechnical factors in rape production

Our polifactorial rape research was carried out at Látókép Research Centre of Debreceni Egyetem AMTC, 15 km away from Debrecen. The aim was to study the unique effect and the interactive effect of more factors. The research factors were the following: cultivation, time of sowing and nutrient supply. Soil moisture datas proved unambiguously that increasing amounts of chemical fertilizer raise the water consumption of rape, lack of water in fertilized plots were always bigger then the water deficit in control plots. The highest amount of water deficit was experienced in the case of arable plots. However, increasing amounts of chemical fertilizers raised the amount of yield proportionately. We experienced yield depression only in the case of arable plots at the highest level of chemical fertilization. In polifactorial rape research sowing of 24th August 2007 of 2007/2008 was the most optimal in point of the amount of yield. This is most-significant in the case of loosening tillage and disking tillage plots, while the plots of ploughing lag behind those two in point of average yield. We experienced the biggest differences of yield in the case of different tillage plots of sowing on 24t August 2007. Still not even the plot with the highest average reached the limit of 4 tons, which can be attributed to high rate of lodging and the harvest loss caused by this. The biggest amount of yield was experienced in the case of sowing of 24th August 2007, with the highest level of chemical fertilization at loosening tillage plot (3930 kg/ha). We can observe big differences between the tillage methods; plots of loosening show a much better average yield then plots of disking and ploughing tillage. Considering the first observed crop year we can state that alternative tillage methods do have a future in rape growing of Hungary.