Ammonium Perrhenate Research Articles

Effect of Soil Organic Matter Content and Ammonium Perrhenate(186Re) on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage and Radish

Effect of Soil Organic Matter Content and Ammonium Perrhenate(186Re) on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage and Radish

Hydrometallurgical Technology for Producing Rhenium(VII) and Cobalt(II) from Waste

This paper presents a method for obtaining cobalt(II) perrhenate from waste derived from two types of materials, i.e., Li-ion battery scrap, or more precisely, battery mass, and superalloy scrap. Both of the above-mentioned materials are a source of Co. However, a source of rhenium is perrhenic acid produced from ammonium perrhenate (recycled) by the ion exchange method using resins. Co(OH)2 can be precipitated from solutions resulting from the leaching of Li-ion battery mass, sludge from the Zn-Pb industry and superalloy scrap. The compound, after proper purification, can be used in a reaction with perrhenic acid to form Co(ReO4)2. The reaction should be conducted under the following conditions: time 1 h, room temperature, 30% excess of cobalt(II) hydroxide, and rhenium concentration in HReO4 from about 20 g/dm3 to 300 g/dm3. This work shows that with the use of Co(OH)2, obtained from waste, an anhydrous form of cobalt(II) perrhenate can be obtained, containing < 1000 ppm of the cumulative metal impurities.

Ag0, Re0, and Ag@Re heterogeneous persulfate activators for reactive radical based oxidation of water contaminant

Silver-rhenium bi-metallic nanoparticles (Ag-Re) were prepared by the combination of colloidal sols of silver and rhenium at room temperature. The silver and rhenium sols were synthesized by using the chemical reduction of silver nitrate and ammonium perrhenate with sodium borohydride in presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The morphology (shape, size, elemental composition, oxidation states, and crystalline nature) and textural properties (pore size, pore volume, and surface area) of Ag0-Re0 were determined with EDX, SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. The Ag0-Re0 was used as heterogeneous persulfate (S2O82−) activator to generate reactive radical species (SO4−• and HO•) for the degradation of xylenol orange (XO) at 434 nm. The Ag-Re exhibits higher XO degradation efficiency than that of mono-metallic Ag0 and Re0 nanoparticles, respectively. The degradation efficiency strongly depends on the concentrations of S2O82−, XO, pH, temperature, and amount of Ag0-Re0. The role of SO4−• and HO• were established by using ethanol, and tertiary butanol as radical scavengers. The activation energy was found to be 85.2, 63.5, and 32.6 kJ/mol, respectively, to the degradation of XO by activated S2O82− with Re0, Ag0, and Ag0-Re0.

Efficient removal of trace thallium from NH4ReO4 solutions using titanium dioxide nanofibers

A highly effective, stable, and recyclable adsorbent based on titanium dioxide nanofibers (TNFs) was fabricated via a one-step hydrothermal synthesis. The application of TNFs for the deep removal of thallium (Tl) from ammonium perrhenate (NH4ReO4) solutions was investigated. The effect of different factors, including hydrothermal temperature and time (120–170 °C, 4–10 h), adsorbent surface area (3–12 cm2), initial concentration of Tl(III) (2–10 mg/L) and pH (2–10) on the removal performance, was analyzed using batch adsorption experiments. Kinetic analysis revealed that the removal process followed a pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption data of TNFs were analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, with the Langmuir isotherm showing the best fit and indicating a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 767.2 mg m−2. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated the adsorption process was characterized by physisorption, being spontaneous, and exothermic. Under optimized conditions, TNFs demonstrated successful removal of Tl(III) from NH4ReO4 solutions with limited adsorption of rhenium (Re) and arsenic (As) ions. Acidity and reusability tests confirmed the significant stability and excellent recoverability of TNFs. The proposed TNFs serve as an effective, and stable adsorbent with a high affinity for Tl(III), offering a viable and efficient approach for the purification of NH4ReO4 solutions.

Ammonium perrhenate characterized by XPS

Ammonium perrhenate was characterized using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specimen is a powder purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The sample was fixed to a stainless-steel sample holder with copper 3MTM double-sided adhesive tape. Survey spectra, Re 4f, O 1s, N 1s, C 1s, Re 4d, and Na 1s core levels spectra were acquired. Results showed how the elements in the structure of ammonium perrhenate are related.

Investigations of the Density and Solubility of Ammonium Perrhenate and Potassium Perrhenate Aqueous Solutions.

Rhenium is largely used as an additive to nickel- and cobalt-based superalloys. Their resistance to temperature and corrosion makes them suitable for the production of turbines in civil and military aviation, safety valves in drilling platforms, and tools working at temperatures exceeding 1000 °C. The purity of commercial rhenium salts is highly important. Potassium, which is a particularly undesirable element, can be removed by recrystallization. Therefore, it is crucial to possess detailed knowledge concerning process parameters including the dissolved solid concentration and the resulting saturation temperature. This can be achieved using simple densimetric methods. Due to the fact that data concerning the physicochemical properties of ammonium perrhenate (APR) NH4ReO4 and potassium perrhenate (PPR) KReO4 are imprecise or unavailable in the scientific literature, the goal of this study is to present experimental data including the solubility and density of water solutions of both salts. In the experiments, a densimeter with a vibrating cell was used to precisely determine the densities. Although the investigated solutions did not fit into the earlier proposed mathematical model, some crucial conclusions could still be made based on the results.

K3[MO4][MO3N] (M=Tc, Re) – Nitridotrioxidorhenate and ‐technetate from Highly Alkaline Media

AbstractThe reactions of ammonium perrhenate and pertechnetate in highly alkaline medium led to the isotypic mixed anionic nitridotrioxidorhenate and ‐technetate K3[MO4][MO3N] (M= Tc, Re). Both compounds occur as colorless crystals, which were investigated by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Furthermore, K3[ReO4][ReO3N] has been studied by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the oxidation state of rhenium. The obtained results have been complemented by magnetic measurements. IR and Raman spectroscopy indicated the presence of Re−O as well as Re−N bonds.

Potassium adsorption from ammonium perrhenate solutions via ion exchange resin: characterization and kinetic study

Potassium adsorption from ammonium perrhenate solutions via ion exchange resin: characterization and kinetic study

DEVELOPING A TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING RHENIUM ALLOYED MARAGING POWDER STEEL

One of the main trends of modern metallurgy and material science is the creation of new steels, alloys and composite materials with functional properties used in transport technology, nuclear energetics, military industry, etc. A modern technology for obtaining ammonium perrhenate from molybdenite concentrates containing rhenium produced in Republic of Armenia has been developed. The mechanism and kinetics of the ferritization process in the Fe2O3–NiO–CoO–MoO3 oxide system are revealed, as a result of which a technology for the synthesis of complex oxide [Ni1-x,Cox](Fe1-x,Mox)2O4 is developed. Also, the mechanism and kinetics of recovery of the mixture, prepared from synthesized complex oxide and ammonium perrhenate (NH4ReO4) is revealed. It is shown that rhenium, being a very active metal and dissolving in the Fe-Ni-Co-Mo system, forms solid solutions and rhenium intermetallides, increasing the strength, hardness, impact strength, heat resistance, corrosion resistance and frost resistance of the powder steel. As a result of comprehensive expert research, a technology has been developed for producing high-strength maraging powder steels alloyed with rhenium, which includes production of ammonium perrhenate from rhenium-containing molybdenite concentrates, synthesis of complex oxides from metal oxides, preparation of a mixture, recovery, which is accompanied by production of steel powder alloyed with rhenium, pressing, sintering and hot extrusion of porous compacts and heat treatment processes. It is shown that the resulting powder steel in terms of its physical, mechanical and technological properties is not inferior to standard steels, and in some cases, surpasses them.

Research of Technology of Processing Man-Made Waste of Molybdenum Production

In this work, the chemical and material composition of man-made waste from molybdenum production and the method of its processing to extract valuable components have been studied. On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies, effective methods of extracting ammonium-molybdenum acid, ammonium perrhenate and copper concentrate were selected. The production of high-purity ammonium molybdenum is carried out by a standard method. The developed technology is environmentally friendly by reducing the use of ammonia at the initial stage. It is shown that the obtained product in terms of purity and chemical properties corresponds to State standard (GOST 2677-78) and is a finished product.

Production of Rhenium in the form of Ammonium Perrhenate from Anthropogenic Waste of Copper Production

Production of Rhenium in the form of Ammonium Perrhenate from Anthropogenic Waste of Copper Production

Electrical Conductivity of Ammonium Perrhenate Solutions and the Calculation of Its Activation Energy

Electrical Conductivity of Ammonium Perrhenate Solutions and the Calculation of Its Activation Energy

New Approach for Trace Thallium Removal in High Purity Ammonium Rhenate Solution by P204 Extraction

Thallium (Tl) is an extremely toxic rare metal to the eco-environment. Trace thallium impurity in ammonium perrhenate is harmful to the high-temperature mechanical properties of rhenium metal used for aeroengine single crystal blade. The di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) extraction to remove thallium in ammonium perrhenate solution without additive was innovatively proposed. The migration behavior of trace thallium with the concentration of P204, saponification degree and organic/aqueous phase (O/A) ratio, distribution law of thallium in the extraction system of P204, and mechanism of thallium removal were revealed. It was found Tl removal was rapidly increased to 98.5%, at conditions of P204 0.75 mol/L saponified 70% by ammonia, Tl 3.27 mg/L, O/A 1:1, T 298.15 ± 2 K, 250 rpm, and 3 min. McCabe-Thiele Tl extraction equilibrium isotherms indicates Tl concentration of raffinate less than 18.7 μg/L, a theoretical extraction of two stages and a theoretical stripping of two stages are required when both O/A work lines were at 1.0. Therefore, the method of the P204 solvent extraction system can effectively extract Tl in the forms of TlA(org), TlA3(org), TlOHA2(org), and Tl(OH)2A(org). Meanwhile, the new approach can be a promising process for ammonium rhenate refining.

Ni-Cr Powders Modified with Rhenium as a Novel Coating Material-Physical Properties, Microstructure, and Behavior in Plasma Plume.

The aim of this work was to develop a new coating material based on Ni20Cr alloy modified with up to 50%wt. rhenium. The modification was carried out by the mechanical mixing of the base powder and ammonium perrhenate with the subsequent thermoreduction in an H2 atmosphere. The obtained powder consists of a nickel–chromium core surrounded by a rhenium shell. The characterization of the powders—including their microstructure, phase and chemical composition, density, flowability, particle size distribution, and specific surface area—was performed. The influence of plasma current intensity and hydrogen gas flow on in-flight particle temperature and velocity were investigated. The results indicate that there is interdiffusion between the base Ni20Cr and the rhenium shell, resulting in intermediary solid solution(s). The modified powders have a higher specific surface area and a lower flowability, but this does not prevent them from being used as feedstock in plasma spraying. In-flight measurements reveal that increasing the content of rhenium allows for the higher temperature of particles, though it also reduces their speed.

Theoretical Prediction of Rhenium Separation from Ammonium Perrhenate by Phonon-Photon Resonance Absorption.

Rhenium (Re) is an extremely rare and precious element that is mainly used in the construction of aerospace components and satellite stations. However, an efficient and simple method for preparing Re has yet to be devised. To this end, we investigated the vibrational spectrum of ammonium perrhenate (NH4ReO4) using the CASTEP code based on first-principles density functional theory. We assigned the infrared (IR) absorption and Raman scattering spectra for NH4ReO4 using a dynamic process analysis of optical branch normal modes. We examined the IR-active peaks of Re-related vibrational modes in detail and found that the typical IR peak at approximately 914 cm–1 is due to the Re–O bond stretching. Thus, we posit that strong terahertz laser irradiation of NH4ReO4 at 914 cm–1 will lead to sufficient resonance absorption to cleave its Re–O bonds. This method could potentially be used to efficiently separate Re from its oxides.

Prospects for selective-and-advanced recovery of rhenium from pregnant solutions of in-situ leaching of uranium ores at Dobrovolnoye deposit

Analysis of exploration materials and market conditions showed that by-product recovery of rhenium, one of the rarest strategic elements of the periodic system, was not always effective in processing the whole volume of pregnant uranium-bearing solutions. The main goal of the research was to develop an effective method for recovery rhenium from pregnant solutions in in-situ uranium leaching. The objectives of the research were as follows: evaluation of the possibility of selective-and-advanced recovery of rhenium from ores by in-situ leaching method and comparison of the technological advantages of the new proposed method with the known ones. The study involved the analysis of historical geological, mineralogical and geochemical information on the Dobrovolnoye deposit and analysis of technological aspects of by-product recovery of rhenium in the world practice. A selective-and-advanced scheme of rhenium recovery from pregnant uranium-bearing sulfate (sulfuric acid) solutions of the Dobrovolnoye deposit ISL (Russia) using mobile installations was proposed. The process has the following features: zoning of production blocks when constructing injection and extraction (pumping) wells; piping of selective extraction wells into a separate collecting pipe; implementation of advanced rhenium sorption. The process implementation makes it possible to obtain rhenium from economically viable areas of the uranium deposit. The mobile installation includes the following main units: a filter for purification (aftertreatment) to remove suspension, a chain of sorption apparatuses (sorption filters or columns), connecting fittings, control and measuring instruments. The sorption apparatuses are filled with rhenium-selective ionite (ion exchanger). As a selective sorbent for the primary concentration of rhenium from sulfate solutions (pH 2), weakly basic nitrogen-bearing ionites containing amine functional groups of various types can be used. If further concentration of rhenium is required, in order to unify the equipment used, materials with a mobile extractant phase (so-called TVEXs (solid extractants or Levextrel resins in English literature) and so-called “impregnated” or “impregnates”), such as TVEX-DIDA containing diisododecyl amine, or TAA-impregnate containing trialkylamine, can be used. Rhenium desorption from these materials is carried out by an ammonia solution, which allows producing rough ammonium perrhenate from the eluate. Economic aspects of the rhenium selective-andadvanced technology were evaluated. Implementation of the recovery selective-and-advanced technology allows obtaining rhenium from economically-viable areas of the uranium deposit.

Zeolite‐Supported Rhenium Catalysts for the Deoxydehydration of 1,2‐Hexanediol to 1‐Hexene

AbstractFor the first time ammonium perrhenate (APR) supported on zeolites of the types H‐β, H‐ZSM‐5 and H−Y were shown to be efficient catalysts for the deoxydehydration (DODH). They catalyzed the transformation of 1,2‐hexanediol (1,2‐HDO) to 1‐hexene in the presence of 3‐octanol as reductant and solvent with productivities up to 0.24 mol1‐hexene ⋅ gRe−1 ⋅ h−1. The productivity decreased with increasing Si : Al ratio, independent of the zeolite structure. Catalyst characterization indicates Re‐species to preferably bind to the Al centers of the support, resulting in a higher amount of active metal centers.

Electrochemical Processing of Metal Wastes of Rhenium-Containing Heat-Resistant Nickel Alloys

The paper presents the results of studies of electrochemical processing of large pieces of metal wastes of rhenium-containing heat-resistant nickel alloys (HRNA) with subsequent processing of the products of electrolysis. It shows the possibility of electrochemical processing of large (up to 2 kg) scrap pieces, without preliminary grinding, in sulfuric acid solution with nitric acid addition, under the current density of 500-1000 A/m2, with a temperature of 30-40о С. Up to 80-90% of rhenium and over 90% of nickel, cobalt, chrome and aluminum can be converted into the solution. Tungsten, tantalum and hafnium remain in the anode slime almost completely. Rhenium, nickel and cobalt remaining in the anode slime can be transferred to the solution, when the slime is chemically processed in sulfuric acid solution with nitric acid addition. The cake remaining after chemical decomposition of anode slimes represents a concentrate of refractory rare metals, containing up to 42% W; 18% Ta; 4% Hf. Rhenium is extracted from the combined solutions from anodic decomposition of HRNA wastes, and chemical dissolution of anode slimes, by the known extraction method in the form of the crude ammonium perrhenate (68,9 mас. % Re). After rhenium extraction the raffinate contains considerable quantities of nickel and cobalt, which can be precipitated by the alkali solution in the form of hydroxides to the nickel-cobalt concentrate, containing 31.5% Ni and 4.8% Co.

Catalytic Conversion of Sugar-Derived Polyhydroxy Acid to Trimellitate

Biomass resources, especially carbohydrates derived from cellulose and hemicellulose, could be utilized as an alternative feedstock for the production of fuel and bulk chemicals. Here, we present a sustainable route for the synthesis of trimethyl trimellitate from 1,6-dimethyl galactarate, the diester of sugar-derived polyhydroxy galactaric acid. The process starts with the deoxydehydration reaction of 1,6-dimethyl galactarate to form dimethyl muconate with an 84% yield. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and density functional theory results show that the molecular structure of 1,6-dimethyl galactarate possesses strong intramolecular hydrogen bond networks and is endowed with chemical recalcitrance. ¹H NMR tests of variable catalyst concentrations reveal that the introduction of ammonium perrhenate could weaken the intramolecular hydrogen bond effect and activate the chemically inert molecules. The Diels–Alder reaction of muconate and acrylate is conducted efficiently to produce a substituted cyclohexene intermediate without any catalyst used, and a 72% yield of the target product, trimethyl trimellitate, is obtained via the dehydro-aromatization reaction of the cycloadduct. This new approach provides a template path for the synthesis of aromatic oxygenated compounds and would promote the development of green polymer materials.

(Invited) Carbon/Dichalcogenide Composites As Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors

Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are considered to be the very promising energy storage systems because they possess a high power density as well as a long life span. However, contrarily to the batteries, the energy density of ECs is rather moderate. It is very well known that the energy stored in ECs is mostly dependent on the specific surface area of the electrode materials, i.e., microporosity, but conductivity also plays an important role. Energy can be greatly increased by the utilization of redox reactions from electrolyte and/or electrode materials. For this work, two dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) have been applied as electrode material components. TMDs are layered materials of the MX2 type where M is a transition metal (Mo, Re, W, Co or V) and X is a chalcogen (S, Se or Te). In their structure, one layer of M atoms is sandwiched between two layers of X atoms. Different salts such as sodium molybdenate, ammonium perrhenate, cobalt nitrate with thiourea or L-cysteine as a sulfur source were used as TMD precursors. Taking into account moderate conductivity of dichalcogenides, various mesoporous carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide rGO, 3D-graphene hydrogel, carbon black have been used by us for composite preparation. In some cases functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been performed to improve adhesion in the composite. The amount of carbon in the C/TMD composites varied from 5-30%. Hydrothermal method have been successfully used for carbon/TMD production. The composites were characterized with the various textural/structural methods: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. After a detailed physico-chemical characterization, all composites served for electrode preparation. Mostly, 90wt% of active material, 5 wt% of conducting agent C65 and 5wt% of Teflon as binder were used as electrode components. Two-electrode and three-electrode configuration cells have been applied for capacitance measurements. Aqueous solutions (neutral and alkaline) served as electrolytes (1M lithium sulfate, 6M KOH). The capacitor voltage ranged from 1-2V. The electrochemical performance of EC cells were studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The capacitance values, coulombic and energetic efficiency were affected by composite structure, its specific surface area as well as its conductivity and composition. Typically for faradaic reactions, the lower regime, the lower energetic efficiency was observed. High capacitance values (100 F/g – 300F/g) have been reached for C/MoS2. Selected carbon/TMD composites have been used as a positive electrode whereas a negative electrode was composed only from carbon materials. In such a way, high energy electrochemical capacitor has been constructed and investigated.