Diammonium Phosphate Research Articles

Influence of native rhizobacteria co‐inoculation and formulation of bacterial inoculants on the growth and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

AbstractIntroductionIncorporation of inoculum in different carrier materials may increase the efficacy of bacterial inocula.Materials and MethodsField experiments were conducted using two strains of rhizobium and phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and their respective combinations using different carrier materials in common bean‐growing regions in three soil types in Kenya. The field experiment was laid out in a split‐plot arrangement with the strain inoculations as the main plot while the subplots consisted of the carrier materials (filter mud, peat moss and yeast extract mannitol broth [YEMB]). Each main plot included two controls: uninoculated negative control and uninoculated controls that received N and P fertilizer. The experiment was conducted for two cropping seasons. Data were collected on the nodulation, shoot and root biomass and yield.ResultsCo‐inoculation of the common bean with Rhizobium phaseoli + Bacillus aryabhattai strains had significantly higher number of nodules (55 nodules per plant) compared to single R. phaseoli inoculation (38 nodules). The co‐inoculation of the rhizobia and the PSB yielded statistically at par with the application of diammonium phosphate (18:46:0) across the soil types and seasons. The use of filter mud as a carrier material led to a higher number of nodules for most of the rhizobia strains inoculation and their respective co‐inoculation with the bacillus strains. Significantly higher yield was obtained with the filter mud (1.64 Mg ha−1) while there was no significant difference in the yield of common bean between peat moss and YEMB as carrier materials for the bacterial strains.ConclusionThe solid carrier material, specifically filter mud, showed potential for use in the formulation of inoculants. Specific co‐inoculation of rhizobia (R. phaseoli and Rhizobium pusense strains) and PSB (Paenibacillus polymyxa and B. aryabhattai) increased the growth, nodulation and yield of common bean more efficiently than the control.

Trade-Off Strategy for Usage of Phosphorus Fertilizer in Calcareous Soil-Grown Winter Wheat: Yield, Phosphorus Use Efficiency, and Zinc Nutrition Response

Although phosphorus (P) fertilizer application is widely used to improve production, irrational P application has a negative impact on the zinc (Zn) nutrition of cereal crops. Previous researchers observed and confirmed that P application decreases grain Zn concentrations and bioavailability in cereal crops. However, it remains unclear whether different P fertilizer types can alleviate the antagonism of P and Zn in the soil and grain and, thus, enhance the Zn nutritional level of cereal crops while maintaining production. Thus, a completely randomized pot experiment was conducted on winter wheat grown in two calcareous soils (lime concretion black soil and fluvo-aquic soil). Five P fertilizer types (single superphosphate, diammonium phosphate, fused calcium–magnesium phosphate, triple superphosphate, and ammonium polyphosphate, abbreviated, respectively, as SSP, DAP, FMP, TSP, and APP) were applied to each soil compared to no P fertilizer (CK). Plant and topsoil samples were collected during the flowering and maturity stages of winter wheat, and biomass, Zn concentrations in each organ, and grain phytic acid concentrations were analyzed. Grain yield was not affected by the application of different P fertilizer types to lime concretion black soil, while it was significantly increased by the application of TSP and APP to fluvo-aquic soil. The application of DAP and APP effectively promoted soil available Zn concentrations in both calcareous soils. In lime concretion black soil, the application of FMP significantly increased Zn remobilization to grains, while the application of DAP increased post-anthesis Zn uptake, thereby increasing grain Zn concentrations and its bioavailability. In fluvo-aquic soil, post-anthesis Zn remobilization and uptake were significantly increased by the application of TSP and APP, finally achieving higher grain Zn concentrations and Zn harvest index and effectively promoting grain Zn bioavailability. In conclusion, the rational application of DAP to wheat grown in lime concretion black soil and of TSP or APP to fluvo-aquic soil can achieve superior grain Zn nutrition quality while concurrently retaining high production and high P use efficiency, reducing micronutrient deficiency and further contributing to green agricultural development and human health.

Hydrothermally synthesized-nanoscale carbonated hydroxyapatite with calcium carbonates derived from green mussel shell wastes

A hydrothermal method for exploring the benefits of a low-cost calcium carbonate precursor generated by mineral carbonation of green mussel wastes was in the study for synthesizing carbonated hydroxyapatite at various temperatures. Two typical precipitated calcium carbonates identified include vaterite and calcite particles formed by previous direct mineral carbonation. The hydrothermal assisted solution at an initial pH of 5–6, containing calcium carbonate precursor and diammonium hydrogen phosphate with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67, was autoclaved for carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) growth for 24 h at 50, 70, 90, and 110 °C and then allowed to air cool naturally. The hydrothermally obtained powder was subjected to additional analytical evaluation, including XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDX analysis, providing that the crystal structure, carbonate content, and lattice constants of the A- and B-type CHA formed by varying hydrothermal temperature agreed very well with the A- and B-type carbonated hydroxyapatite as reported in the literature. The hydrothermal process could produce more than 90 wt.% of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (17–26 nm) with minor monetite and calcite. These experimental findings may aid in synthesizing A- and B-type CHA for medical applications such as bone and enamel.

Response of the growth and survival of tree species planted in a degraded land with a supplement of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer

AbstractDegraded lands pose significant challenges for tree establishment and growth due to poor soil quality and limited nutrient availability. This research aims to explore the potential of using DAP (diammonium phosphate) fertilizer as a supplement for enhancing the survival and growth of tree species in degraded lands; Casuarina equisetifolia L., Grevillea robusta var. robusta R.Br., and Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G. Don). To achieve the objectives, seedlings of the species were planted in degraded land using a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with a supplement of DAP fertilizer. Six replications, each consisting of 20 seedlings, were used for each of the species with the DAP treatment. The survival and growth data were collected from January 2015 to May 2022. One‐way ANOVA, t‐test, and mean survival percentage were used for data analysis. The results revealed that the mean final survival percentage of C. equisetifolia that received DAP fertilizer (73.6%) was higher than that of C. equisetifolia without fertilizer (44.4%). The statistical t‐test also showed significant differences between the mean survival percentages of C. equisetifolia planted with a supplement of DAP and without fertilizer (p = 0.033). The mean survival percentage of O. europaea and G. robusta, whether fertilized or not, was poor (0%–7%). The one‐way ANOVA result showed significant differences in both fertilized and unfertilized seedlings among the C. equisetifolia, G. robusta, and O. europaea species (p < 0.001). The dry biomass of C. equisetifolia grown with a supplement of DAP fertilizer and the unfertilized was 15.4 kg/tree and 11.2 kg/tree. The t‐test result revealed no significant differences in the dry biomass of the C. equisetifolia grown with a supplement of DAP fertilizer and without fertilizer. Finally, it is concluded that the effect of DAP fertilizer on the growth and survival of the species is species‐specific.

Synthesis, characterization, and investigation the catalytic potential of diammonium phosphate modified with bismuth for the one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones through a three-component reaction: An in-depth evaluation using green metrics

A straightforward synthesis of a novel catalyst, bismuth phosphate (Bi(NO3)3/DAP), was achieved using a co-precipitation method. The resulting material underwent thorough characterization employing various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and EDX. We investigated the application of Bi(NO3)3/DAP as a catalyst in the 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones reaction between urea, ethyl acetoacetate, and various aldehydes. The results demonstrated that the catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance, leading to the production of products with impressive yields (89–97 %) in just 15 min in an ethanol medium. Additionally, the heterogeneity of the reaction was confirmed through a hot filtration test. Notably, this catalyst presents notable benefits, such as its easy recovery and ability to be reused for a minimum of five successive cycles, a simple work-up procedure, and the attainment of high product yields. A sustainability evaluation based on green metrics using the E-factor, atom economy (AE), reaction mass efficiency (RME), and optimum efficiency (OE) revealed that the use of a catalyst in the Biginelli reaction enhances environmental sustainability.

Global fertilizer crisis and willingness to pay for chemical fertilizers: empirical evidence from Nepal

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for major chemical fertilizers and revisit the fertilizer subsidy policy in Nepal.Design/methodology/approachWe surveyed 619 households from six districts and assessed farmers’ WTP for urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and muriate of potash (MOP) during the fertilizer crisis. Our study elicited the WTP for fertilizers when fertilizers were not available on the market. A modified payment card approach was used to elicit farmers’ WTP.FindingsThe study found that farmers who buy fertilizer from agrodealers, buy from gray markets, have bank accounts, are willing to take a risk, have strong or medium economic conditions and incur higher travel costs have a higher WTP for fertilizers. Farmers in sampled areas, on average, are willing to pay 31 percent more for urea, 13 percent more for DAP and 19 percent more for MOP than the government recommended fertilizer price.Research limitations/implicationsThe design of the payment card and the estimation techniques used to fit the valuation function are likely to influence WTP.Originality/valueOverall, literature on households’ WTP for fertilizers in developing countries is scarce. Our study contributes to the knowledge of WTP for fertilizers.

Struvite-phosphorus effects on greenhouse gas emissions and plant and soil response in a furrow-irrigated rice production system in eastern Arkansas

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers with low water solubility, like struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O), have been identified to possibly reduce nutrient losses in furrow-irrigated cropping systems. However, there is a lack of research on the impacts of P and nitrogen (N) fertilization on greenhouse gas [GHG; i.e., methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2)] production in furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECST), chemically precipitated struvite (CPST), triple superphosphate (TSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), environmentally smart nitrogen (ESN), and an unamended control (CT) on GHG emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and plant and soil responses at the up-slope position of a furrow-irrigated rice field in east-central Arkansas. Seasonal CH4 and CO2 emissions did not differ (P > 0.05) among fertilizer treatments, while N2O emissions were greater (P = 0.02) from CT (i.e., 5.97 kg ha−1 season−1), which did not differ from ECST, and were lowest from ESN (1.50 kg ha−1 season−1), which did not differ from TSP, CPST, ECST, and DAP. Global warming potential was greatest (P < 0.05) from CT (1612 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 season−1), which did not differ from ECST, and was lowest from ESN (436 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 season−1), which did not differ from TSP, ECST, CPST, and DAP. The combination of numerically greater yield and lower N2O emissions from CPST and ESN suggested that slow-release fertilizers could constitute an effective mitigation tool to reduce GHG emissions, maintain production, and improve sustainability in furrow-irrigated rice systems.

Investigation of the time-dependent presence and residual effects of nanohydroxyapatite and diammonium phosphate in a barley-barley-maize-maize cropping system

In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on predicting the depletion of phosphorus (P), thus researchers are increasingly inclined to explore different P sources that can be more readily absorbed by plants. The effectiveness of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) as an alternative P source was compared with diammonium phosphate (DAP). A barley-barley-maize-maize was sequentially grown, after which the residual effects of the P sources on the dry weight, P concentration, uptake, and P use efficiency (PUE) were determined for the first barley, and the subsequent barley-maize-maize plant. DAP was more effective than nHAP for investigated parameters. However, the impact of DAP decreased rapidly over time, particularly in the 3rd and 4th plantings. Incubation studies have shown a significant decrease in P following conventional P. DAP in the first month of the study resulted in 152 mg kg−1 of available P in the soil, but by the 13th month, the concentration had decreased to 23.7 mg kg−1. Similarly, in the samples taken after harvesting the plants, the plant-available P was 70 mg kg−1 after the first barley, and subsequently determined as 43.3, 38.7, and 24.7 mg kg−1 after the other plants, respectively. In the case of nHAP treatment, these values were determined as 5.62, 5.28, 8.60, and 4.65 mg kg−1, respectively. In conclusion, nHAP can continuously provide P to the soil an alternative P. Therefore, it can be stated that the application of nanofertilizers hold promise as an effective approach for enhancing nutrient efficiency and mitigating environmental impacts on modern agricultural practices.

Diammonium Phosphate Treatment for Sustained Hydraulic/Acid Fracture Conductivity in Chalk and Limestone Formations

Summary The sustained conductivity of hydraulic/acid fractures is crucial for the continuous and effective production of hydrocarbons. However, hydraulic fractures in soft carbonate formations often experience a reduction in conductivity due to rock deformation and creeping under in-situ stresses. One approach to resolve this issue is to stiffen the fracture surfaces using a consolidating agent. This study examines the application of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) as an additive to improve the hydraulic/acid fracture conductivity in Indiana limestone and Austin chalk slabs. Initially, flat slabs of Indiana limestone and Austin chalk were subjected to acidization using 15% and 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 10 minutes and 5 minutes, respectively. The resulting surface texture changes were measured using a profilometer. Subsequently, half of the samples underwent treatment in 1 M DAP under 1,000 psi and 75°C for 72 hours. The surface stiffness of the samples was evaluated using nondestructive impulse hammering before and after acid injection and DAP treatment, while hydraulic/acid fracture conductivity was determined using an API conductivity setup. Following acid injection, the experimental results demonstrate that the stiffness of all the samples was diminished to different degrees. However, intact Indiana limestone samples exhibited increased stiffness after treatment with DAP. Acidized Indiana limestone samples showed partial restoration of their original stiffness with DAP treatment. In contrast, DAP treatment fully restored the stiffness of Austin chalk samples and further enhanced it, resulting in a twofold to fivefold increase. The increased stiffness observed in the treated samples had a direct impact on short- and long-term conductivity. Treated Indiana limestone fractures exhibited double the conductivity of untreated fractures. The improvement in Austin chalk conductivity was even more significant after DAP treatment, resulting in seven to eight times higher conductivity in the treated hydraulic/acid fractures. It is worth noting that there was little to no correlation between surface roughness and conductivity, highlighting the significant influence of fracture stiffness on conductivity.

Comparative study of fresh phosphogypsum treatment by sulfuric acid and neutralization with NaOH and CO2

AbstractThe newly formed, fresh phosphogypsum (PG) at the filter cake of the Dinh Vu Diamoni photphate DAP fertilizer factory was studied and treated with dilute sulfuric acid. The impurities were removed by sulfuric acid treatment and the carbonatation by NaOH and CO2 to create calcium carbonate. The results showed that fresh PG at filter cake contained the P2O5 total of 1.38%, and the phosphorus pentoxides effectively were removed at 69.32%. The acid‐treated PG was neutralized by NaOH and CO2 aeration, creating CaCO3 in situ nano‐microparticles identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and CaCO3 intensity by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). In this study, the cement mortar test, which used treated PG from both sulfuric treatment and NaOH neutralization within CO2 aeration, has better compressive strength properties and hydration supported by SEM images, XRD results, and thermogravimetric analysis.

Diverse Farming Systems and their Impact on Macro and Microelement Content of Vegetables & Crops.

The present study investigates the effect of conventional and organic farming systems on the nutritional profile of crops. Different crops, namely -millet, sorghum, sesame, mustard, fenugreek, berseem, pea, potato, and onion were cultivated through conventional agriculture in which chemical fertilizers like urea, DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) and pesticides were used and organic farming in which organic fertilizers like seaweed and vermicompost were used. The experimental study was done on a field in north India from 2019 to 2021 in six different seasons, and the nutrient profile of the crops with respect to macroelements (S, K, Na, P, Ca, Mg) and microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al) was compared. Macro and microelements were analyzed by Element analyzer and ICP-OES in both types of farming systems. The content of macro, as well as microelements, was found to be significantly higher in all the organically produced crops as compared to the conventionally grown crops. Significant differences were observed in the macroelement content of organic onion (P900 mg/kg, K-2000mg/kg) and organic pea (K 2250 mg/kg) as compared to the content of conventionally grown onion (P-756 mg/kg, K- 1550 mg/kg) and pea (K-2000 mg/kg). Similarly, microelement content in the organic sesame (Fe - 3.12 mg/kg), organic millet (Fe- 2.19 mg/kg), and organic potato (Zn-200 mg/kg) was higher as compared to conventionally grown sesame (Fe 2.05 mg/kg), millet (Fe- 1.56 mg/kg) and potato (Zn 167 mg/kg). This investigation concludes that crops with optimum nutritional content can be produced through organic farming with minimum input and maximum production.

Comparative transcriptomic insights into the domestication of Pleurotus abieticola for coniferous cultivation.

Introduction: Pleurotus abieticola, a promising edible fungus in the Pleurotaceae family, especially its ability to utilize coniferous substrate, holds significant potential for commercial cultivation. However, few reports on the adaptation of P. abieticola to coniferous substrate from the perspective of omics. Methods: This study explores the biological characteristics, domestication process, and nutritional composition of P. abieticola, along with its adaptability to coniferous substrates using transcriptomics. We assessed biological characteristics, optimizing mycelial growth on agar medium with varied carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, and pH. Additionally, the optimization process extended to fruiting bodies, where impact on the differentiation were evaluated under varying light conditions. Fruiting body nutrient composition was analyzed per the Chinese National Food Safety Standard. Transcriptome sequencing focused on P. abieticola mycelial colonized coniferous and broadleaved substrates. Results and Discussion: The optimal conditions for mycelial growth were identified: dextrin (carbon source), diammonium hydrogen phosphate (nitrogen source), 25°C (temperature), and pH 7.0. White light promoted fruiting body growth and differentiation. Larch substrate exhibited superior yield (190g) and biological efficiency (38.0%) compared to oak (131g, 26.2%) and spruce (166g, 33.2%). P. abieticola showcased high dietary fiber, protein, and total sugar content, low fat, and sufficient microelements. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant key genes involved in lignocellulose degradation, stress-resistant metabolism, and endocytosis metabolism, underscoring their pivotal for coniferous adaptation. This study offers valuable insights for the commercial development and strain breeding of P. abieticola, efficiently leveraging conifer resources. The findings underscore its potential as a valuable source for food, medicinal products, and biotechnological applications.

Comparative Assessment of Ethanol Production from Six Typical German Waste Baked Products

AbstractThis study investigates the potential for bioethanol production of six types of typical German leftover baked products: bread rolls, pretzel rolls, fine rye bread, white bread, pastry, and cream cakes. The experimental setup consisted of two experiments—one as a control and another with the addition of diammonium phosphate (DAP) to the mash. In terms of monosaccharide concentration at 30% dry matter (DM), white bread mash exhibited the highest level at 251.5 g/L, while cream cakes mash had the lowest at 186 g/L. The highest ethanol production occurred after 96 h of fermentation with rye bread, yielding 78.4 g/L. In contrast, despite having the highest monosaccharide levels, white bread produced only 21.5 g/L of ethanol after 96 h. The addition of DAP accelerated monosaccharide consumption in all baked products, with cream cakes completing the process in just 24 h. Bread rolls, pretzel rolls, pastry, and white bread fermentations finished within 72 h. Ethanol yields significantly increased in three DAP samples, with pretzel rolls yielding the highest ethanol concentration at 98.5 g/L, followed by white bread with 90.6 g/L, and bread rolls with 87.7 g/L. DAP had a substantial impact on all samples, reducing fermentation time and/or increasing ethanol yield. This effect was particularly pronounced with white bread, where it improved conversion efficiency from 17 to 72%, resulting in 90.6 g/L of ethanol. These results demonstrate that waste baked products hold substantial potential for bioethanol production, and this potential can be further enhanced through the addition of DAP. Graphical Abstract

Development and evaluation of a machine vision-based cotton fertilizer applicator

Aim of study: To develop and assess a cotton fertilizer applicator integrated with a Machine Vision Based Embedded System (MVES) to achieve precise and site-specific fertilization. Area of study: The investigation was performed in the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Material and methods: The MVES included a cotton detection system with a web camera, processor (computer), and python-based algorithm, and a fertilizer metering control unit with a stepper motor, motor driver, power supply, and microcontroller. The python-based algorithm in the computer predicts the presence (or absence) of cotton plants, whenever an input image is received from the camera. Upon cotton detection, it transforms into a Boolean signal sent to the microcontroller via PySerial communication, which instructs the motor to rotate the metering unit. Motor adjusts the speed of metering unit based on machine speed measured through a hall sensor, ensuring site-specific delivery of metered fertilizer A developed lab setup tested the MVES, experimentally examining performance indicators. Main results: The MVES obtained a MAPE of 5.71% & 8.5%, MAD 0.74 g/plant & 1.12 g/plant for urea and DAP (di-ammonium phosphate), respectively. ANOVA revealed no statistically significant effect of forward speed on the discharge fertilizer amount (p>0.05). For urea, discharge rates ranged from 1.03 g/s (at 10 rpm, 25% exposure length of metering unit) to 40.65 g/s (at 100 rpm, 100% exposure). DAP ranged from 1.43 to 47.66 g/s under similar conditions. Research highlights: The delivered application dosage conformed the recommended dosage. The developed MVES was reliable, had a quick response, and worked properly.

Engineering the growth and electrochemical assessments of phosphorous-doped nitrogen-based carbon nanofibers with 3D-interconnected weaving network structure for high-energy symmetric supercapacitors

The growing demand for sustainable energy sources has led to a change in attention towards developing cost-effective, high-performance energy storage devices. The construction of porous carbon network nanostructures with high surface area is complex for current-generation supercapacitors, mainly due to molecular flexibility and carbon production constraints. This work successfully produced a porous carbon nanostructure by doping phosphorous into nitrogen-based carbon nanofibers (P-doped NCNFs) utilizing a simple and controllable approach. This process entailed electrospinning diammonium hydrogen phosphate and polyacrylonitrile, subsequent high-temperature carbonization, and substantial segmented hydrogen peroxide activation processes. The P-doped NCNFs had a notable surface area of 100.69 m2 g−1, characterized by a distinct 3D-interconnected weaving network morphology. The 1 % P-doped NCNFs exhibited an exceptionally high capacitance of 265 ± 2 F g−1 when tested in a three-electrode setup at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. In addition, the constructed symmetrical supercapacitors with two identical P-doped NCNFs using a neutral Na2SO4 electrolyte exhibited remarkable electrochemical characteristics, which include a substantial capacitance of 225 ± 2 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, a high energy density of 30.9 Wh kg−1, an excellent Coulombic efficiency of 98.8 % over 6000 cycles, an impressive power density of 250 W kg−1, and significant capacitance retention of 85.6 %. These findings suggest that P-doped NCNFs could be excellent options for next-generation high-performance supercapacitors.

The Potential of Microgranular Fertilizers to Reduce Nutrient Surpluses When Growing Maize (Zea mays) in Regions with High Livestock Farming Intensity.

This contribution provides the first agroeconomic account of the application of a mineral microgranular fertilizer and an organomineral microgranular fertilizer directly beneath the corn in comparison to a common mineral band fertilizer in temperate climate regions. The focus of the study is on the reduction in phosphorus inputs while maintaining the yield of maize plants (Zea mays). The study used a three-year field trial to tabulate dry matter yields using the two phosphorus-reduced microgranular fertilizers, as well as a standard diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilization method. The application of the organomineral microgranular fertilizer resulted in dry matter yields that were 15% higher (2.8 Mg per hectare) than the DAP variant, while higher yields using the mineral microgranular fertilizer only occurred in a single year. The higher yield of the organomineral microgranular fertilizer and the lower phosphorus amounts as a result of using that product resulted in a moderate phosphorus excess of 2.7 kg P ha-1, while DAP fertilization resulted in a surplus of 25.5 kg per hectare. The phosphorus balance on the plots fertilized with the mineral microgranular fertilizer followed a pattern similar to that of the organomineral microgranular fertilizer. We conclude that both microgranular fertilizers, applied directly beneath the corn, provide an adequate alternative to widespread DAP fertilization as a fertilizer band in maize cultivation on fertile soils.

Preparation of flame retardant and anti-dripping PET fabric based on sodium copper chlorophyllin dyeing, UV grafting and phosphorylation

The traditional flame retardant polyester fiber containing phosphorus has serious melt droplet phenomenon, and its flame retardancy will be greatly decreased after dyeing, which seriously restricts its wide application. To address the issue, PET fibers were dyed by sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) at high temperature to prepare dyed PET fibers (DPET) with dyeing and anti-dripping properties. To further improve the flame retardancy of DPET, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide (NMA) was UV-grafted to DPET (DPET-g-NMA), which was then chemically modified by diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) through high-temperature esterification reaction to obtain flame retardant PET fibers (FR-PET). The results showed that the char-forming ability of FR-PET was higher than that of DPET, and the melt droplet was effectively suppressed. In addition, the heat release rate (HRR), the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), and the total smoke production (TSP) of FR-PET were all significantly reduced, showing good flame retardancy. This work developed a simple and green strategy to improve the flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of PET fiber without subsequent dyeing, showing great application prospects.

Influence of nitrogen fertilizer rate and variety on tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] nutritional composition and sensory quality of a staple bread (Injera).

In Ethiopia, tef is one of the major staple crops used as a basic raw material for food development such as stable bread called injera. Studies reported that imbalanced N fertilizer reduces the overall deliciousness of grains. Nowadays nitrogenous fertilizers are considered as the source of variation for the quality of injera, Ethiopian traditional flat bread. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of N fertilizer rates (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha-1) on grain nutrition and sensory quality of injera of three tef varieties of (Kora, Boset, and Asgori). The experiment was conducted in main cropping season in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and Di-ammonium Phosphate was used in the same dose. Crop attribute parameters were determined using standard methods. Sensory quality and color of injera were determined by panelists and injera eye software respectively. Results showed that only protein content increased with nitrogen rates, while carbohydrate decreased significantly at (P < 0.05). Kora at the control plot (K0) had better color, flavor, texture, and taste values of injera, but they decreased with nitrogen rates. Injera from white tef varieties had a better acceptance as compared with Asgori red tef variety. Injera eye software indicated that the color of injera was significantly affected by varieties. Kora had a higher (55.74) lightness value followed by Boset (54.71), and Asgori (51.26). Injera from the Asgori variety had a maximum red color. Kora and Boset had higher yellow color on the control plot, but for Asgori it increased with the nitrogen rate.

One pot application of a green chemistry-based finish for cotton fabric, providing hydrophobic, flame retardant, and antimicrobial properties.

Fluorinated and formaldehyde-based compounds impart excellent hydrophobicity and flame-retardant properties to cotton fabrics. However, they come with various health and environmental risks. A novel hydrophobic, flame retardant, and antimicrobial finishing agent free from fluorine and formaldehyde was synthesized. The diammonium phosphate octadecyl citrate (DAPOC) was synthesized by using stearic acid (octadecanoic acid), citric acid (propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid), and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. It was grafted onto the cotton fabrics by employing the conventional pad-dry-cure method. The results indicated that this newly developed finish could be chemically bonded to cotton fabrics through C-O-C covalent bonds. The contact angle of the cotton fabric finished with a 12% concentration of the finishing agent reached 151.9°. Additionally, the finished cotton fabrics displayed evident flame-retardant properties. After undergoing 20 laundering cycles, DAPOC maintained strong hydrophobic and flame-retardant characteristics, demonstrating its durability. The chemical structure of DAPOC was verified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the flame-retardant nature of the treated cotton fabric samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results demonstrated the successful grafting of the newly created finish onto the cotton fiber. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra depicted that the crystalline structure of finished cotton fabric remained mostly unaltered. Furthermore, the finished cotton fabric exhibited commendable antimicrobial properties due to the inclusion of citric acid.

Assessment of Fe-Based Organic Framework (Fe-MOF) as Nutrient-Slow-Releasing Material

There has been serious focus about improving the efficiency of fertilizers so as to substantially ease the problem of food security, deficit of trace elements, soil degradation, groundwater, and air pollution. Hence, assessment of Fe-Based Organic Framework (Fe-MOF) as Nutrient-Slow-Releasing Material (slow-releasing fertilizer); synthesized hydrothermally from ferric chloride, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, and oxalic acid (OXA) is herein studied. From the FTIR results, -OH &amp; C=O (OXA) and NH2 (urea) participated in the structural formation of the MOFs. Crystals of the Fe-MOFs at different magnifications with pores sizes of ~1.10 μm were observed from the SEM results. The major peaks are (110) and (111) corresponding to 2𝜃 at 28° and 31°, respectively, as given in MOF1. For MOF2 the peaks of (110), (111), and (121) correspond to 2𝜃 at 22.12°, 27.15°, and 33°, respectively. These indicate that the metal-carbonyl linkage for the MOF. These results agreed with the face and body centered crystals. In the results of nutrient-slow-releasing capability of the iron-MOF, the trend of the release at the end of the 3-week is: PO43- (2.75 mg/L) &lt; Fe3+ (3.30 mg/L) &lt; NH4+ (3.36 mg/L) &lt; K+ (406 mg/L) for MOF1 and PO43- (2.75 mg/L) &lt; Fe3+ (3.30 mg/L) &lt; NH4+ (3.36 mg/L) for MOF2. Therefore, the synthesized MOF is recommended for real-life tests as slow-releasing fertilizer. The use of such products would also ensure food security, soil sustainability, and lessen pollution against the fast-releasing fertilizers. More so, the synthesis is handy and utilizes inexpensive reagents.