Arab American University Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MICROEMULSION FORMULATIONS OF BIFONAZOLE

Aim and objective: The purpose of this study was to develop microemulsion formulations for topical delivery of bifonazole with an objective to increase the solubility of the drug. Methods: Total 5 microemulsion formulations were developed using water titration method. Capmul Pg-12 (oil), Tween-80: (surfactant) and Propylene glycol (co-surfactant) were used in different ratio based on the solubility and emulsification efficiency. Prepared formulations were evaluated on different parameters like transmittance (%), pH, refractive index, viscosity, drug content, solubility, and in-vitro release study Franz diffusion cell. Ternary phase diagram was prepared using oil (Capmul Pg-12), surfactant (Tween 80), co-surfactant (Propylene glycol) in different ratio Results: The % transmission was found to be in the range of 98.47±0.09 to 99.2±0.08%, the pH value was found to be in the range of 3.34±0.08 to 4.02±0.09, refractive index in the range of 1.3418±0.016 to 1.3818±0.004, drug content was found to be in the range of 98.47± 0.08 to 99.62±0.02 %, viscosity was found to be in the range of 65.23±2.1 to 71.56±5.77%. It was seen that after 4 hours of diffusion, the drug released from the formulation ME5 faster and more than that of the other ratios i.e., 91.2±0.06%. It was observed that drug release was governed by the diffusion process. Conclusion: On the basis of different evaluation parameters microemulsion formulations of batch ME5 were found to be the best. Present study concludes successful delivery of Bifonazole by the means of microemulsion formulations Peer Review History: Received: 4 March 2023; Revised: 26 April; Accepted: 20 June 2023, Available online: 15 July 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Dr. Taiwo O Elufioye, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, toonitaiwo@yahoo.com

GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS OF SERINE RACEMASE AND PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE D ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN MALAY SUBJECTS

Background and objectives: Serine racemase (SRR) and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) were suggested as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) candidate genes by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the Chinese population. Association of SRR and PTPRD with T2DM have been reported among East Asian Populations. The association of SRR and PTPRD genetic polymorphisms with T2DM still needs to be studied in Southeast Asian Populations. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the association of SRR and PTPRD genetic polymorphisms with T2DM in Malay subjects. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SRR (rs4523957, rs391300, and rs8081273) and PTPRD (rs17584499 and rs649891) were genotyped in 440 T2DM and 398 normal Malay subjects. Results: The recessive genetic model showed that SRR genotype GG of rs4523957 and genotype TT of rs391300 are risk factors for T2DM (OR=1.42; 1.45, p=0.022; 0.020, respectively), whereas the dominant and additive genetic models showed that PTPRD SNPs rs17584499 were protective for T2DM (OR=0.76; 0.77, p=0.033; 0.031, respectively). Conclusion: This study replicated the association of SRR rs4523957, rs391300, and PTPRD rs17584499 genetic polymorphisms with T2DM in Malay, while more investigation in different populations is required to confirm this finding. Peer Review History: Received: 9 March 2023; Revised: 23 April; Accepted: 26 June 2023, Available online: 15 July 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. amaechitoexcel@yahoo.com

Earnings and market ratio: Additional evidence from Jordanian banks

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between profitability and the banks market value, while controlling for bank size as indicated by total assets. Two main models are analyzed, namely the benchmark model and the main model, to estimate the impact of high and low profitability on market value. The sample for this study consists of Jordanian banks covering the period from 2010 to 2020. The study results reveal that banks with high profitability exhibit a higher market value compared to those with low profitability, underscoring the crucial role of profitability as a determinant of bank value. Furthermore, the study establishes a link between low and high ROE and market value, indicating that variations in ROE significantly affect market value. Moreover, the study demonstrates a positive link between earnings and market value, emphasizing the significance of bank earnings in influencing market value. Lastly, the study emphasizes the role of bank size in shaping the link between ROE and market value, highlighting the importance of considering bank size when examining the link between profitability and market value. AcknowledgmentI thank Amman Arab University for funding this research.

The effect of human capital and structural capital on leverage: Evidence from Jordan

This study investigates the effect of human capital and structural capital on leverage for Jordanian industrial firms from 2006 to 2020. The relevance of this topic lies in the importance of capital structure decisions for firm value and the limited research conducted on the topic in Jordan. The aim is to examine whether human capital efficiency and structural capital efficiency significantly affect leverage. The sample includes 77 industrial firms. The study employs multiple regression analysis to test the hypotheses, controlling for variables such as return on equity and firm size. The findings show that structural capital efficiency does not significantly affect leverage, but human capital efficiency and ROE have significant effects. Furthermore, the study finds that the relationship between these variables differs between large and small companies. This implies that firms with more efficient human capital tend to use less debt financing. The study concludes that human and structural capital efficiency should be considered when making capital structure decisions, as they can affect the optimal level of debt financing. The practical value is the insights for firms in Jordan and other emerging markets on optimizing their capital structure decisions by considering their human and structural capital efficiency. These results contribute to the literature on firm performance determinants in emerging economies and offer valuable information for practitioners and policymakers. AcknowledgmentI want to thank Amman Arab University for funding this study.

Cash flow volatility and leverage: Evidence from non-financial Jordanian companies

This study investigates the relationship between cash flow volatility and leverage in Jordanian firms. The research purpose is to investigate whether cash flow volatility affects a company’s capital structure in Jordan. Panel data analysis is used in this study for a sample of 72 shareholder non-financial companies in Jordan from 2009 to 2020. The findings show that cash flow volatility has a significant link with leverage, indicating that companies with higher cash flow volatility tend to use more debt financing. In addition, the study finds that firm size, return on assets, and tangibility are positively associated with leverage, while growth is not significantly related. The study suggests that firms in Jordan should take cash flow volatility in consideration when making capital structure decisions. The study provides evidence that cash flow volatility is a vital determinant of leverage in Jordanian companies. The findings suggest that managers should consider the cash flow volatility effect on the capital structure alternatives of their firms. AcknowledgmentI want to thank Amman Arab University for its support.

The Impact of Talent Management on Organizational Excellence at Amman Arab University

The Impact of Talent Management on Organizational Excellence at Amman Arab University

Theory-Practice Gap in Nursing Education at Arab American University

The theory-practice gap in nursing education confuses students and decreases the quality of their training. This study aims to examine the gap between theoretical teaching and clinical training for students at AAUP. A cross-sectional survey of 192 nursing students at AAUP. Questions measuring aspects of the theory-practice gap were developed based on the literature review. Socio-demographic variables included sex, age, residence, and school year. Simple frequencies and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze the data. The p-value was set at 0.05 for statistical significance. The practical trainer was the most important factor in bridging students’ theory-practice gap. Practical trainers who explain to the students the theoretical protocols of the nursing procedures produced students with better abilities to link theory and practice (B = 1.53, P = 0.000). The university teacher was less important in the theory-practice link. The simulation training was significantly related to students’ abilities to link practice with theory (B = 0.28, P = 0.036). Investing in nursing clinical practice and supporting the clinical instructors is recommended. Communication between the university teachers and the practical instructors can improve their training skills and their abilities to link theory with practice.

SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS IN JIBLAH TOWN, YEMEN

Aims and objective: Viral Hepatitis is a major global health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. The endemicity of hepatitis B virus infection believed high in Yemen. Data for prevalence of hepatitis B virus in Jiblah town in Yemen are rare and inadequate. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors aming the general population of Jiblah town, Yemen. Methods: A total of 100 participated included in this study. Serum samples were collected and assayed for HBsAg using the ELISA quantitative technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect behavioral and sociodemographic data. Results: the results revealed that, the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus was 3.33%. There was statistically significant differences between hepatitis B virus infection and monthly income. Conclusion: The finding of this study indicated that the magnitude of hepatitis B virus infection among the general population was intermediate level. Modifiable risk factor, monthly income was identified. Peer Review History: Received: 19 February 2023; Revised: 8 March; Accepted: 26 April 2023, Available online: 15 May 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com

DEEP BITE MALOCCLUSION: EXPLORATION OF THE SKELETAL AND DENTAL FACTORS

Background and objective: A deep bite malocclusion may be due to skeletal and dental factors. The analysis of the etiological factors may have an influence on the treatment plan. The aim of this study was to exploration the most common dental and skeletal factors that contribute to deep bite malocclusion in Yemeni individuals, as well as the correlations between them. Material and methods: a cross-sectional prospective study was conducted to evaluate 136 individuals with deep bites using study casts and lateral cephalometrics (62 males and 74 females), with ages ranging from 18 to 28 years, with the Onyx program used for analysis. The recorded data was collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed by SPSS. Results: The Gonial angle and Jarabak index form the highest contribution to skeletal deep bite (59.3%), and the least contributing factors were the decreased saddle angle (3%), followed by decreases in the inclination angle) Pn line- PP) (11.1%). On the other hand, the most contributing dental factor to the deep bite was an exaggerated curve of spee (63.5%), followed by a decreased clinical crown length of the Lower first molar (52.6%), and the least contributing dental factor was an increased clinical crown length of the maxillary incisors. There was more correlation between skeletal factors than dental factors. Conclusion: Deep bite malocclusion was characterized mostly by counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and increased spee curve. Understanding the most common dental and skeletal contributors will help clinicians treat patients with deep malocclusions more successfully. Peer Review History: Received: 4 February 2023; Revised: 11 March; Accepted: 28 April 2023, Available online: 15 May 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Dr. Khaled A AL-Haddad,Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Prevention Department Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen, ya_haddadi@yahoo.com

Students’ Perceptions towards the Role of Online Teaching Platforms in Enhancing Online Engagement and Academic Performance Levels in Palestinian Higher Education Institutions

The present research aimed to determine the role of online teaching platforms in enhancing learning and teaching as perceived by bachelor students of English specialization. This study also sought to examine the association between students’ engagement and their academic performance during online learning. In doing so, a quantitative approach was used to collect data, and 423 bachelor students from three Palestinian higher education institutions (Al Quds Open University, An Najah National University, and Arab American University) completed a closed-ended questionnaire. The study’s outcomes demonstrated that the students’ attitudes toward the role of online teaching platforms in enhancing their learning can be classified as positive and negative, and these attitudes varied among the respondents due to problems and challenges during online learning and previous experiences, skills, and learning style. Moreover, about 58.6% of students were dissatisfied with their online learning and had negative attitudes toward online teaching platforms. Therefore, more future studies relating to the design of online courses, resources that are available on the platform, and online teaching strategies that are considered fundamental components for fostering students’ engagement at higher education institutions should be taken into account. Moreover, further studies involving more universities with samples from different specializations will confirm or contrast the findings of the current study.

The role of sticky cost behavior in supply chain management: Evidence from Jordan

This study aims to examine the relationship between sticky cost behavior and supply chain management of Jordanian manufacturing firms. The data are collected using a questionnaire targeting 25 Jordanian manufacturing firms. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and correlation. The results reveal a positive relationship between supply chain management and sticky cost behavior (the correlation factor is 81.2%), indicating that the higher the level of sticky costs, the higher the supply chain management level. Moreover, the study found a positive and significant link between target costing and supply chain management (the correlation factor is 68.1%). The findings suggest that manufacturing companies in Jordan should consider the impact of sticky cost behavior on their supply chain management practices and that target costing can be an effective approach to improve supply chain management. The study adds to the previous studies on cost behavior and supply chain management, providing insights for manufacturing companies in Jordan and beyond on improving their supply chain management practices. Acknowledgment I want to thank Amman Arab University for funding this study.

Correction to “Infeasible Punishment and Noneffective Threats: Political Feasibility of Nuclear Punishment and Policy Choices after Direct Nuclear Deterrence Failure”

Pacific FocusEarly View ErratumFree Access Correction to “Infeasible Punishment and Noneffective Threats: Political Feasibility of Nuclear Punishment and Policy Choices after Direct Nuclear Deterrence Failure” This article corrects the following: Infeasible Punishment and Noneffective Threats: Political Feasibility of Nuclear Punishment and Policy Choices after Direct Nuclear Deterrence Failure Yang Gyu Kim, Tyler Bowen, Lana Shehadeh, Volume 37Issue 3Pacific Focus pages: 377-407 First Published online: December 19, 2022 First published: 10 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12227AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL In the article by Kim et al. (2022), the following error was published on page 373, in the table of contents and in the contributor list: The affiliation for the last author, Lana Shehadeh, is listed as Arab American University of Palestine. This is incorrect. It should be Arab American University. Reference Kim, Y.G., T. Bowen, L. Shehadeh, “Infeasible Punishment and Noneffective Threats: Political Feasibility of Nuclear Punishment and Policy Choices after Direct Nuclear Deterrence Failure,” Pacific Focus, 37 (2022), pp. 377– 407. https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12219. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercise on anxiety among nursing students prior to critical care clinical training.

Intensive care units are considered stressful and emotionally risky situations by both professionals and patients and their families. The purpose was to assess the effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercise on anxiety among nursing students in intensive care units prior to clinical training. A randomized, controlled study design was used. The study composed of 80 nursing students from Arab American University. For 2 weeks, the experimental group's 40 participants were taught progressive muscle relaxation exercises to help with anxiety control, whereas the control group's 40 participants received no training. The results revealed that the experimental group was capable of reducing the anxiety (p < 0.05). Also, the experimental group had les anxiety (1.15 ± SD = 0.43) compared with the control group (2.83 ± SD = 0.40). The current study's findings confirmed the effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercise (PMRE) on anxiety reduction in intensive care units during clinical training among nursing students.

PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA AND INTESTINAL PARASITES AMONG FOOD HANDLERS PREDISPOSE CONSUMERS TO SIGNIFICANT HEALTH RISKS

Background and objectives: Food borne diseases are a global public health problem and food handlers play a major role for the transmission of food borne diseases. This study was aimed at exploring the prevalence of intestinal parasites, Salmonella typhi carrier rate and risk factors of infection with typhoid and/or intestinal parasites among food handlers at Ibb city, Yemen. Subjects and methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among three hundred and fifteen food handlers, in age ranges from 14 to 65 years. All individuals were working in restaurants, cafeterias or school buffets in Ibb city. For collecting data; a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used. Stool samples were examined for intestinal parasites microscopy and for S. typhi by stool culture media and blood for detection antibodies per the standard laboratory methods were used. Results: A total of 315 food handlers in Ibb city over a 12-month period were enrolled in this study, ages ranged from 14 to 65 years, with a mean±SD age of 31.2±11.9 years. The highest prevalence of antibodies against S. typhi antigen suspension O was 18.4%, while antibodies against S. typhi H antigen suspension were 7.6%. Also, the positive rate for total S. typhi antibodies ELISA IgG was 9.5% and the positive rate for S. typhi stool cultures was 7.3%. The overall prevalence of intestinal protozoa was 20%, the most intestinal parasitic prevalent was Entamoeba histolytica (15.6%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (12.1%), Hymenolepis nana (4.4%), and Schistosoma mansoni (3.2%). Conclusion: Inexperienced and poor personal hygienic food handlers play a role in the transmission of food-borne infections. Local health authorities should implement food handlers training on food safety, institute periodic focused medical check-up for food handlers and improve human waste disposal. Peer Review History: Received: 4 January 2023; Revised: 13 February; Accepted: 8 March 2023, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, rawah67@hotmail.com Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES

IMMUNOLOGICAL STATUS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG FRESHMEN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN YEMEN

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a most important health problem, it's a global pandemic. Previous surveys showed a high prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Yemen. Hepatitis B vaccination is the most efficient way to prevent hepatitis B virus infection and its outcomes (such as hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, and liver failure). Aim: To measure the immune status of hepatitis B virus amongst first-year students at the faculties of Thamar University during the academic year 2021-2022. Methods: A total 196 of first-year students participated in this cross-sectional study and tested for anti-HBsAg and the antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) and HBsAg by using ELISA during the period from January to May 2022 at Thamar University. An anti-HBs antibody titer ≥10 mIU/mL was regarded as being protective against HBV infection. Results: In this study, 22.4% of the students had protective levels against hepatitis B, while 77.6% had a non-protective level. HBV markers showed that 19.90%, 2.55%, and 75.51% of the students had been vaccinated and immunized due to a previous infection and exposed to HBV infection respectively and only 2.04% of them were non-obvious cases. The prevalence of anti-HBc was 4.6%. Risk factors that showed statistical significance were found between positive anti-HBc and family history of HBV (p=0.01). Conclusion: The low prevalence of hepatitis B protection levels in Thamar University medical students needs further research and necessitates implementation of a screening and vaccination program for all non-immunized healthcare students. Peer Review History: Received: 24 December 2022; Revised: 13 February 2023; Accepted: 8 March 2023, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, imane.higazy@hotmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HEPATITIS B VIRUS, AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS, AMONG PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC JAUNDICE IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN: A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY PREVALENCE OF DIFFERENT HEPATITIS B VIRUS GENOTYPES AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED AMONG SELECTED YEMENI PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION

KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS IN EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION, SA’ADAH, YEMEN

Background: After achieving high vaccination coverage, vaccine failure may occur. The sufficient knowledge of the workers in the expanded program of immunization (EPI) is one of the factors that affect in preventing this failure. In Saada, Yemen, there is no information about the knowledge of workers in the EPI. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of those in charge of immunization in Sa’adah, Yemen. Method: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed to assess healthcare providers (HCPs) knowledge regarding EPI. It was conducted on 60 HCPs in 60 H.F of 11 districts in Sa’adah Governorate, Yemen during 1 June – 30 July 2019. Appropriate interviewing pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from HCPs working in EPI. It includes the following: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about; cold chain and the method and time of administration of the vaccine and shake test. Face to face interview used to collect information. Data entering and cleaning were done using Microsoft Excel 2019 and exported to SPSS version 26, p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Differences in samples means were evaluated by chi-square test. Results: Age is one of the determining factors for knowledge of cold chain management (FET=0.040*), and the total knowledge score for of HCPs was (26.7%, 65%, and 8.3%) for good, fair, and poor knowledge, respectively. Conclusion: Only twenty-six-point seven of HCPs had a good knowledge score. Constant technical support and on job training to improve the HCPs knowledge about immunization are extremely recommended. Peer Review History: Received: 20 December 2022; Revised: 5 February 2023; Accepted: 3 March, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics &amp; Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com Dr. Olanrewaju Rita-Marie Awotona, Legacy University, Banjul , The Gambia, olanrewajuadegbola@gmail.com Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Similar Articles: TETANUS IMMUNIZATION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN: COVERAGE RATE AND RATE OF PROTECTION AT TIME OF DELIVERY EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO POLIO VACCINE IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY

Emotional Regulation and its Relationship to Self-Efficacy among Academic Leaders in Amman Arab University

This study aims to examine the relationship between emotional regulations, stress, and job security concern towards and self-efficacy among academic leaders in Amman Arab University. The presented sample for analysis included 30 questionnaires distributed among academic leaders. The study instrument is a questionnaire that consists of four parts: demographic information, emotional regulations’ items, stress items, job security concern items, and self-efficacy items. The study found that emotional regulations and stress as main study factors significantly impact on self-efficacy; while it is found that job security concern has no significant relationship with self-efficacy. In addition, it is also found that the following dimension of emotional regulation (rumination) significantly affects self-efficacy. On other hand, it is found that self-blame, receptivity, and re-evaluation have no significant impact on self-efficacy. This study provides further insights for organizations on how to adapt such factors to fit different national and cultural contexts. Further studies are recommended to investigate the effect of these factors on context with looking at the effect of unexpected event such as COVID 19.

Sources of Stress and Coping Behaviors among Nursing Students Throughout Their First Clinical Training.

Clinical training allows nursing students to acquire and strengthen their psychomotor abilities, which is an important component of nursing education. The clinical components of nursing training programs were much more demanding than the academic ones. The purpose of this study was to examine sources of stress-related and coping behaviors during first clinical training among nursing students in the Arab American University. The study was cross-sectional and conducted with a convenience sample of 266 participants of nursing students. Data collection was performed by "Perceived Stress Scale and the Coping Behavior Inventory." The data were analyzed by using the descriptive, that is, frequency and percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The results revealed that the perceived stress mean was 41.2 (SD = 19.5). The main stressors were taking care of the patients (M = 11.4 ± 0.85) and teachers and nursing staff (M = 8.32 ± 5.3). Coping behaviors mean was (M = 29.0 ± 15.2). The main coping behavior was problem-solving (M = 9.5 ± 5.6). The study confirmed that students perceived moderate levels of stress in their first clinical training, and the most common sources of stress were taking care of the patients and teachers and nursing staff. However, the main coping behavior was problem-solving.

Effect of High-Fidelity Simulation on Self-Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Among Nursing Students.

Newly graduating nurses should be able to enter clinical practice as safe, accurate, competent, and compassionate professionals in health care settings that necessitate them to be learners who can easily get familiar with a broad diversity of clinical practice settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-fidelity simulation experiences on self-satisfaction and self-confidence among the pediatric nursing students. A quasi-experimental design, post-test, was carried out through the recruitment of a convenience sample of 150 nursing students from Arab American University. The students were randomly assigned to the study (n = 75) or control (n = 75) groups. Data were collected using learner satisfaction and self-confidence scales. The results of the post-test revealed that there was a significant difference between both groups in self-satisfaction (t (148) = 11.14, P < .001) and self-confidence (t (148) = 13.04, P < .001). The mean score of self-satisfaction for the study group (22.45 ± 2.27) was higher than control group (16.80 ± 3.76). Also, the study group' mean self-confidence score (35.72 ± 3.49) was higher than the control group (27.28 ± 4.39). High-fidelity simulation was confirmed to be an helpful tool to keep an effective and safe learning method for pediatric nursing students, thus increasing their satisfaction and confidence.

Social Adjustment and its Relationship to Team Cohesion among Team Games Players in Palestinian Universities

Objectives: The study's objectives were to measure the degree of social adjustment and team cohesion among team game players in Palestinian universities, as well as the variations in these measures across the variables (university, game type, place of residence), and to determine the relationship between the degree of social adjustment and group cohesion among team game players in Palestine.&#x0D; Methods: The descriptive-correlational approach was employed by the researchers. According to the declarations of the Palestinian University Sports Federation, the study was carried out on a sample of athletes competing on team sports teams at Palestinian universities, and it included (142) athletes who were deliberately selected, representing (33.52%) from (Khadouri University, An-Najah University, Istiqlal University, Arab American University).&#x0D; Results: The study revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in social adjustment and team cohesion when the university, game type, and place of residence were taken into account, while the study's findings revealed that the level of social adjustment and team cohesion among team game players in Palestinian universities was medium and the level of team cohesion among team game players in Palestinian universities was high.&#x0D; Conclusions: The players of team games in Palestinian universities experience good to medium levels of social adjustment as well as high levels of team cohesion. These levels of social adjustment and social cohesion are positively related to one another, and players in Palestinian universities experience nearly the same harmony in these areas regardless of the university, the type of game, and where they live.