Aminocarbonyl Research Articles

Equilibrium and kinetic modelling of cadmium (II) biosorption by Dried Biomass Aphanothece sp. from aqueous phase

The Biosorption of cadmium (II) ions on dried biomass of Aphanothece sp.which previously grown in a photobioreactor system with atmospheric carbon dioxide fed input, was studied in a batch system with respect to initial pH, biomass concentration, contact time, and temperature. The biomass exhibited the highest cadmium (II) uptake capacity at 30ºC, initial pH of 8.0±0.2 in 60 minute and initial cadmium (II) ion concentration of 7.76 mg/L. Maximum biosorption capacities were 16.47 mg/g, 54.95 mg/g and 119.05 mg/g at range of initial cadmium (II) 0.96–3.63 mg/L, 1.99–8.10 mg/L and 6.48–54.38 mg/L, respectively. Uptake kinetics follows the pseudo-second order model while equilibrium is best described by Langmuir isotherm model. Isotherms have been used to determine thermodynamic parameter process (free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change). FTIR analysis of microalgae biomass revealed the presence of amino acids, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl and carbonyl groups, which are responsible for biosorption of metal ions. During repeated sorption/desorption cycles, the ratio of Cd (II) desorption to biosorption decreased from 81% (at first cycle) to only 27% (at the third cycle). Nevertheless, due to its higher biosorption capability than other adsorbent, Aphanothece sp appears to be a good biosorbent for removing metal Cd (II) ions from aqueous phase.

Emulsifying and physicochemical properties of soy hull hemicelluloses-soy protein isolate conjugates

Protein-polysaccharide conjugates could potentially combine the excellent emulsification properties of the protein with the stabilizing effect of the polysaccharide. The investigation aimed to prepare soy hull hemicelluloses-soy protein isolate (SHH-SPI) conjugates by Maillard reaction in a controlled dry state condition and assess the suitability of the conjugates in stabilizing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. Results indicated that Maillard reactions occurred between amino groups and carbonyl, resulting in consumption of some functional groups and the appearance of new groups in the conjugates. The conjugates of SHH-SPI obtained at the SPI content of 30% and 40% exhibited substantially improved emulsification capacity in maintaining the physical stability of O/W emulsions for a prolong storage period at heat treatment, compared with SHH and SPI alone. Overall, these results demonstrated that SHH and SPI could generate novel emulsions with improved physical and chemical stability by Mallsird reaction for application in food and pharmaceutical products.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectra of Asparagine Complexes with Zn2+ and Cd2+ and Their Deamidation Processes.

Complexes of asparagine (Asn) cationized withZn2+ and Cd2+ were examined by infrared multiple photondissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy using lightgenerated from a free electron laser. Electrospray ionizationyielded complexes of deprotonated Asn with Zn2+, [Zn(Asn-H)]+, and intact Asn with CdCl+, CdCl+(Asn). Series of low energy conformers for each complex were found using quantum chemical calculations in order to identify the structures formed experimentally. The experimentally obtained spectra were compared to those calculated from optimizedstructures at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level for [Zn(Asn-H)]+ and the B3LYP/def2-TZVP level with an SDD effective core potential on cadmium for the CdCl+(Asn) system. The main binding motif observed for the CdCl+ complex is a charge solvated, tridentate [N, CO, COs] structure where the metal binds to the backbone amino group and carbonyl oxygens of the carboxylic acid and side-chain amide groups. The Zn2+ system deprotonates at the backbone carboxylic acid and prefers a [N, CO-, COs] binding motif, where binding was observed at the carboxylate site along with the backbone amino group and side-chain carbonyl groups. In both cases, the theoretically determined lowest-energy conformers explain the experimental [Zn(Asn-H)]+ and CdCl+(Asn) spectra well. Additionally, complete mechanistic pathways were found for each of the major dissociation reactions of [Zn(Asn-H)]+ (primary loss of CO2, followed by the sequential loss of NH3) and CdCl+(Asn) (concomitant loss of NH3 + CO).

Microcrystalline Cellulose/Polyurethane Wood Material Preparation and Properties Research

The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used as the filler to modify the properties of polyurethane (PU) woodlike material. As we can see from the experimental data, with the gradually increase the amount of MCC added, polyurethane fracture shape variable and the maximum tensile force also increase accordingly, but due to its large density effect on the performance of other, So MCC to improve the effect of polyurethane compression performance is not very big; Through before and after the modification of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the modification of polyurethane materials in amino carbonyl ester peak, so that MCC and polyurethane chemical reaction happened.

Binding mode exploration of LuxR-thiazolidinedione analogues, e-pharmacophore-based virtual screening in the designing of LuxR inhibitors and its biological evaluation

Master quorum sensing (QS) regulator LuxR of Vibrio harveyi is a unique member of the TetR protein superfamily. Recent studies have demonstrated the contribution of thiazolidinedione analogues in blocking QS by decreasing the DNA-binding ability of LuxR. However, the precise mechanism of thiazolidinedione analogues binding to LuxR is still unclear. In the present study, molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was performed to understand the mechanism of ligand binding to the protein. The binding pattern of thiazolidinedione analogues showed strong hydrogen bonding interactions with the amine group (NH) of polar amino acid residue Asn133 and carbonyl (C=O) interaction with negatively charged amino acid residue Gln137 in the binding site of LuxR. The stability of the protein–ligand complexes was confirmed by running 50 ns of MD simulations. Further, the four-featured pharmacophore hypothesis (AHHD) consists of one acceptor (A), two hydrophobic regions (HH) and one donor (D) group was used to screen compounds from ChemBridge database. The identified hit molecules were shown to have excellent pharmacokinetic properties under the acceptable range. Based on the computational studies, ChemBridge_5343641 was selected for in vitro assays. The 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]-2-propanol (ChemBridge_5343641) showed significant reduction in bioluminescence in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ChemBridge_5343641 inhibits biofilm formation and motility in V. harveyi. The result from the study suggests that ChemBridge_5343641 could serve as an anti-QS molecule.

ChemInform Abstract: Design of Supported Organocatalysts from Carboxylic Acids for the Mannich‐Type Synthesis of β‐amino Carbonyl Compounds.

Abstractβ‐Amino carbonyl compounds (IV) are selectively synthesized via Mannich‐type reactions using silica‐supported trifluoroacetic acid as highly efficient reusable catalyst.

ON THE FORMATION OF AMIDE POLYMERS VIA CARBONYL–AMINO GROUP LINKAGES IN ENERGETICALLY PROCESSED ICES OF ASTROPHYSICAL RELEVANCE

ABSTRACT We report on the formation of organic amide polymers via carbonyl–amino group linkages in carbon monoxide and ammonia bearing energetically processed ices of astrophysical relevance. The first group comprises molecules with one carboxyl group and an increasing number of amine moieties starting with formamide (45 u), urea (60 u), and hydrazine carboxamide (75 u). The second group consists of species with two carboxyl (58 u) and up to three amine groups (73 u, 88 u, and 103 u). The formation and polymerization of these linkages from simple inorganic molecules via formamide und urea toward amide polymers is discussed in an astrophysical and astrobiological context. Our results show that long chain molecules, which are closely related to polypeptides, easily form by energetically processing simple, inorganic ices at very low temperatures and can be released into the gas phase by sublimation of the ices in star-forming regions. Our experimental results were obtained by employing reflectron time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, coupled with soft, single photon vacuum ultraviolet photoionization; they are complemented by theoretical calculations.

Triphenylphosphine (PPh3) Catalyzed Erlenmeyer Reaction for Azlactones under Solvent‐free Conditions

This study presents triphenylphosphine catalyzed process for the synthesis of azlactones and their derivatives using hippuric and substituted aromatic aldehydes. The methodology also found to be effective for the synthesis of azlactones from 5‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐1,2‐oxazol‐4‐yl carbonyl amino acetic acid and offers several advantages such as solvent‐free conditions, excellent yields, simple procedure, mild conditions, and reduced environmental consequences.

Geometrical structures, molecular docking, spectroscopic characterization of mixed ligand and Schiff base metal complexes

The mixed ligand mononuclear complexes were synthesized by reaction of MX2·nH2O (M=Cu(II) or Zn(II)) with 4-aminoantipyrine (Lp) and heterocyclic base 1,10-phenanthroline (L). Molecular docking was used to predict the binding between the Schiff base ligands (L1 and L2) and the receptors of prostate cancer mutant 2q7k-hormone and breast cancer mutant 3hb5-oxidoreductase. Also the corresponding Schiff base mixed ligand complexes were prepared by condensation of mixed ligand complex [Zn(Lp)(L)]Cl2 with 1,2-diaminoethane and/or benzaldehyde. All the compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductance measurements, magnetic moments, spectral (UV–vis, IR, 1H &13C NMR and ESR) and thermal studies. The IR showed that the ligand (Lp) act as neutral bidentate through the amino nitrogen atom and carbonyl oxygen moiety. The presence of anion, viz., Cl−, NO2−, SO4−− or NCS− in the coordination sphere is also inferred by the IR spectral data and conductance measurements. The molar conductivities show that all the complexes are non-electrolytes except Zn(II) complexes. On the basis of electronic spectral data and magnetic susceptibility measurements, suitable geometry has been proposed for each complex. The molecular and electronic structures of the Schiff base ligands (L1 and L2) and complexes (1–4) are optimized theoretically and the quantum chemical parameters are calculated. It was found that the ligand (L1) is more stable than the other ligand (L2). The ESR spectral data of copper complexes provided information about their structure on the basis of Hamiltonian parameters and degree of covalency. ESR calculations support the characterization of the structures of the complex geometries.

Ultrasound-Promoted Synthesis of ?-Amino Carbonyl Compounds via a Mannich Reaction Catalyzed by Ionic Liquids

Ultrasound-Promoted Synthesis of ?-Amino Carbonyl Compounds via a Mannich Reaction Catalyzed by Ionic Liquids

Effect of Ozone Treatment on Deoxynivalenol and Wheat Quality.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium fungi, which is found in a wide range of agricultural products, especially in wheat, barley, oat and corn. In this study, the distribution of DON in the wheat kernel and the effect of exposure time to ozone on DON detoxification were investigated. A high concentration of toxin was found in the outer part of the kernel, and DON was injected from the outside to the inside. The degradation rates of DON were 26.40%, 39.16%, and 53.48% after the samples were exposed to 75 mg/L ozone for 30, 60, and 90 min, respectively. The effect of ozonation on wheat flour quality and nutrition was also evaluated. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in protein content, fatty acid value, amino acid content, starch content, carbonyl and carboxyl content, and swelling power of ozone-treated samples. Moreover, the ozone-treated samples exhibited higher tenacity and whiteness, as well as lower extensibility and yellowness. This finding indicated that ozone treatment can simultaneously reduce DON levels and improve flour quality.

Simultaneous Inhibition of PGE2 and PGI2 Signals Is Necessary to Suppress Hyperalgesia in Rat Inflammatory Pain Models.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is well known as a mediator of inflammatory symptoms such as fever, arthritis, and inflammatory pain. In the present study, we evaluated the analgesic effect of our selective PGE2 synthesis inhibitor, compound I, 2-methyl-2-[cis-4-([1-(6-methyl-3-phenylquinolin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]carbonyl amino)cyclohexyl] propanoic acid, in rat yeast-induced acute and adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain models. Although this compound suppressed the synthesis of PGE2 selectively, no analgesic effect was shown in both inflammatory pain models. Prostacyclin (PGI2) also plays crucial roles in inflammatory pain, so we evaluated the involvement of PGI2 signaling in rat inflammatory pain models using prostacyclin receptor (IP) antagonist, RO3244019. RO3244019 showed no analgesic effect in inflammatory pain models, but concomitant administration of compound I and RO3244019 showed analgesic effects comparable to celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 inhibitor. Furthermore, coadministration of PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonist, CJ-023423, and RO3244019 also showed an analgesic effect. These findings suggest that both PGE2 signaling, especially through the EP4 receptor, and PGI2 signaling play critical roles in inflammatory pain and concurrent inhibition of both signals is important for suppression of inflammatory hyperalgesia.

Preparation of chitosan-HAp composite fiber for artificial ligament

Event Abstract Back to Event Preparation of chitosan-HAp composite fiber for artificial ligament Takuma Okada1, Toshiki Miyazaki1*, Yuta Nobunaga2*, Toshiisa Konishi2*, Tomohiko Yoshioka2*, Satoshi Hayakawa2* and Yuki Shirosaki3* 1 Kyushu Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Life Science and System Engineering, Japan 2 Okayama University, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Japan 3 Kyushu Institute of Technology, Frontier Research Academy for Young Researchers, Japan Introduction: Although autograft is clinically used for reconstructive surgery of anterior cruciate ligament, it has still some problems. For example, it is necessary to extract the ligament tissue from other healthy part of patient’s body[1][2]. This problem can be solved by using artificial ligament. For this purpose, we focus on chitosan and hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite fiber. Chitosan is biodegradable polymer and HAp is fundamental inorganic component for exhibiting bone-bonding ability. Therefore we expect that the composite fiber can bond to bone and play a role as a scaffold for ligament tissue regeneration. Tamura et al., reported that the chitosan-HAp fiber can be prepared by coagulation system using calcium chloride solution[3]. This method is suitable for biomaterial fabrication because of synthesis with low toxicity materials. However, the obtained fiber did not have sufficient mechanical strength for artificial ligament, since excessive calcium ion decreased crystallinity of chitosan. In this study, we attempted sodium hydroxide treatment of the chitosan fiber containing phosphate ion to form HAp on the fiber and remove the excessive calcium ion and acetic acid. Materials and Methods: Chitosan solution was prepared by dissolving 10.5 g of chitosan powder and the appropriate amount of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in 30 mL of 0.1 M acetic acid solution. The solution was pumped into coagulation bath from nozzle with hole 0.5 mm in diameter. Coagulation bath was prepared mixing the saturated calcium chloride aqueous solution and ethanol. The wet fiber was soaked in ethanol for 5 min, and subsequently soaked in 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution for 30 min to remove the excessive calcium ion and acetic acid. The fiber was then stretched by two rollers at speed ratio of 2:3. Finally, the fiber was dried at room temperature. The structure of the fiber was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Tensile strength of the fiber was measured by Creep meter. The fiber was soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3 days to examine apatite growth. Results and Discussion: Although HAp formation on the fiber was not confirmed just after the coagulation by XRD, HAp was formed after the subsequent sodium hydroxide treatment. Assemble of HAp nanoparticle was observed on the surface of the fiber by SEM. In addition, crystallinity of the chitosan was improved by the treatment. After soaking in SBF, intensity assigned to HAp in XRD pattern was increased. Tensile strength of the fiber showed tendency to increase with increase in crystallinity of the chitosan. It is assumed that calcium phosphate in the fiber transforms to HAp and excessive calcium ion chelated with carbonyl group of chitosan is removed by sodium hydroxide treatment. Therefore a lot of hydrogen bond is constructed between amino group and carbonyl group of chitosan. Consequently crystallinity and tensile strength are improved. Conclusion: Chitosan-HAp composite fiber was obtained by coagulation method. Sodium hydroxide treatment after the coagulation was effective for enhancement of not only HAp precipitation but also mechanical property. It is expected that the obtained fiber is suitable for artificial ligament.

Synthesis and properties of non-isocyanate thermoplastic polyurethanes containing dibutylene terephthalate units

Bis (4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate (BHBT) was synthesized from the condensation of dimethyl terephthalate with excessive 1,4-butanediol. Transurethane polycondensation of 1,6-bis (hydroxyethyloxy carbonyl amino) hexane (BHCH) with BHBT at different BHCH/BHBT molar ratios was carried out at 170 °C under a reduced pressure of 3 mmHg for different time. A series of non-isocyanate thermoplastic polyurethanes (NI-TPUs) containing dibutylene terephthalate units were prepared. The NI-TPUs were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide angle X-ray scattering, and tensile test. The NI-TPUs exhibited M n above 14200, M w above 19700, T g between 25.1 and 35.1 °C, T m from 123.8 °C to 141.1 °C, initial decomposition temperature over 251.7 °C, and tensile strength up to 37.89 MPa with a strain at break of 475.28 %. NI-TPUs with high T m, good tensile strength and good toughness were prepared. Introduction of dibutylene terephthalate units improved the mechanical properties obviously. Some urea linkages were formed during transurethane polycondensation because of the back-biting side reaction the -HNCOOCH2CH2OH terminal groups.

Interaction of Candida albicans with periodontal ligament fibroblasts limits biofilm formation over elastomer silicone disks

ObjectiveCandida albicans is the most numerous commensal and potentially pathological yeast in the human oral cavity. The purpose herein is to investigate the ability of C. albicans to form a biofilm in the presence of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. Material and methodsSilicone elastomer disks (SE) were transferred to wells containing PDL cells. C. albicans suspension was added to each well. The whole mixed culture was then allowed to form a biofilm for 48h. Biofilms were quantified by tetrazolium-salt-based (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenyl amino) carbonyl]- 2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT). Furthermore, biofilm was visualized by confocal scanning laser and scanning electron microscopy. Migration of C. albicans and its ability to form biofilms in presence of PDL cells was determined by using a transwell system. Last, elutes obtained from co-culturing C. albicans and PDL cells were added to SE disks and covered with C. albicans. The culture plate was then incubated to allow biofilm formation. Biofilms formed over SE disks were quantified using XTT. ResultsPDL cells significantly limited the biofilm formation at incubation interval of 48h. PDL cells induced less biofilm compared to mature and thick hyphae in the absence of PDL cells as seen in confocal scanning laser and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of PDL cells limited the migration and formation of biofilm by C. albicans. Elutes obtained from co-culturing PDL cells with C. albicans for one hour induced significantly less biofilm. ConclusionsThis is the first study to report that PDL cells exhibit antifungal activity. While the exact mechanism of how PDL cells limited biofilm formation is yet unknown, it was clear that competent PDL cells promote resistance to C. albicans biofilm formation.

Crystal structure of N-de-acetyl-lappa-coni-tine.

The title compound, C30H42N2O7 [systematic name: (1S,4S,5S,7S,8S,9S,10S,11S,13R,14S,16S,17R)-20-ethyl-4,8,9-trihy­droxy-1,14,16-tri­meth­oxy­aconitan-4-yl 2-amino­benzoate], isolated from roots of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai, is a typical aconitane-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloid, which crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The conformations of the two independent mol­ecules are closely similar. Each mol­ecule comprises four six-membered rings (A, B, D and E) including one six-membered N-containing heterocyclic ring (E), and two five-membered rings (C and F). Rings A, B and E adopt chair conformations, while ring D displays a boat conformation. Five-membered rings C and F exhibit envelope conformations. IntramolecularN—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the amino group and carbonyl O atom help to stabilize molecular structure. In the crystal, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into zigzag chains propagating in [010].

Essential Oil from Berries of Lebanese Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb Displays Similar Antibacterial Activity to Chlorhexidine but Higher Cytocompatibility with Human Oral Primary Cells.

Chlorhexidine (CHX), one of the most effective drugs administered for periodontal treatment, presents collateral effects including toxicity when used for prolonged periods; here, we have evaluated the bactericidal potency and the cytocompatibility of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb essential oil (EO) in comparison with 0.05% CHX. The EO was extracted from berries by hydrodistillation and components identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Bacterial inhibition halo analysis, quantitative cell viability 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-5-[(phenyl amino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide assay (XTT), and colony forming unit (CFU) count were evaluated against the two biofilm formers Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans. Finally, cytocompatibility was assessed with human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and mucosal keratinocytes (HK). The resulting EO was mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes. An inhibition halo test demonstrated that both bacteria were sensitive to the EO; XTT analysis and CFU counts confirmed that 10-fold-diluted EO determined a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in bacteria count and viability towards both biofilm and planktonic forms in a comparable manner to those obtained with CHX. Moreover, EO displayed higher cytocompatibility than CHX (p < 0.05). In conclusion, EO exhibited bactericidal activity similar to CHX, but a superior cytocompatibility, making it a promising antiseptic alternative to CHX.

Aliphatic thermoplastic poly(ether urethane)s having long PEG sequences synthesized through a non-isocyanate route

A non-isocyanate route for synthesizing thermoplastic polyurethanes with excellent thermal and mechanical properties was described. Melt transurethane polycondensation of 1,6-bis(hydroxyethyloxy carbonyl amino)hexane with four poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs), i.e. PEG400, PEG600, PEG1000, or PEG1500, was conducted at different molar ratios. A series of thermoplastic poly(ether urethane)s (TPEUs) with long PEG sequences were prepared. The TPEUs were characterized via gel permeation chromatography, FTIR, 1H-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and tensile tests. The TPEUs exhibit T g between 12.4 °C and −40.4 °C, T m of up to 149.8 °C, and initial decomposition temperature over 239.4 °C. The tensile strength of the TPEUs reaches 38.39 MPa with a strain at break of 852.92%.

Highly efficient aerobic oxidation of alcohols by using less-hindered nitroxyl-radical/copper catalysis: optimum catalyst combinations and their substrate scope.

The oxidation of alcohols into their corresponding carbonyl compounds is one of the most fundamental transformations in organic chemistry. In our recent report, 2-azaadamantane N-oxyl (AZADO)/copper catalysis promoted the highly chemoselective aerobic oxidation of unprotected amino alcohols into amino carbonyl compounds. Herein, we investigated the extension of the promising AZADO/copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols to other types of alcohol. During close optimization of the reaction conditions by using various alcohols, we found that the optimum combination of nitroxyl radical, copper salt, and solution concentration was dependent on the type of substrate. Various alcohols, including highly hindered and heteroatom-rich ones, were efficiently oxidized into their corresponding carbonyl compounds under mild conditions with lower amounts of the catalysts.

Acrylamide: inhibition of formation in processed food and mitigation of toxicity in cells, animals, and humans.

Potentially toxic acrylamide is largely derived from the heat-inducing reactions between the amino group of the amino acid asparagine and carbonyl groups of glucose and fructose in plant-derived foods including cereals, coffees, almonds, olives, potatoes, and sweet potatoes. This review surveys and consolidates the following dietary aspects of acrylamide: distribution in food, exposure and consumption by diverse populations, reduction of the content in different food categories, and mitigation of adverse in vivo effects. Methods to reduce acrylamide levels include selecting commercial food with a low acrylamide content, selecting cereal and potato varieties with low levels of asparagine and reducing sugars, selecting processing conditions that minimize acrylamide formation, adding food-compatible compounds and plant extracts to food formulations before processing that inhibit acrylamide formation during processing of cereal products, coffees, teas, olives, almonds, and potato products, and reducing multiorgan toxicity (antifertility, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity). The herein described observations and recommendations are of scientific interest for food chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, but also have the potential to benefit nutrition, food safety, and human health.