Amino Acids In Tissues Research Articles

Differential changes to splanchnic and peripheral protein metabolism during the diet-induced development of metabolic syndrome in rats.

Little is known about the effects of the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) on protein and amino acid (AA) metabolism. During this study, we took advantage of the variability in interindividual susceptibility to high fat diet-induced MS to study the relationships between MS, protein synthesis, and AA catabolism in multiple tissues in rats. After 4 mo of high-fat feeding, an MS score (ZMS) was calculated as the average of the z-scores for individual MS components [weight, adiposities, homeostasis model for the assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglycerides]. In the small intestine, liver, plasma, kidneys, heart, and muscles, tissue protein synthesis was measured by 2H2O labeling, and we evaluated the proportion of tissue AA catabolism (relative to protein synthesis) and nutrient routing to nonindispensable AAs in tissue proteins using natural nitrogen and carbon isotopic distances between tissue proteins and nutrients (Δ15N and Δ13C), respectively. In the liver, protein mass and synthesis increased, whereas the proportion of AA catabolism decreased with ZMS. By contrast, in muscles, we found no association between ZMS and protein mass, protein synthesis (except for a weak positive association in the gastrocnemius muscle only), and proportion of AA catabolism. The development of MS was also associated with altered metabolic flexibility and fatty acid oxidation, as shown by less routing of dietary lipids to nonindispensable AA synthesis in liver and muscle. In conclusion, MS development is associated with a greater gain of both fat and protein masses, with higher protein anabolism that mainly occurs in the liver, whereas muscles probably develop anabolic resistance due to insulin resistance.

Effects of dietary proline on growth, physiology, biochemistry and TOR pathway-related gene expression in juvenile spotted drum Nibea diacanthus

Amino acids can act as signaling molecules in protein synthesis and animal growth by regulating several genes in the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary proline on growth performance, body composition, amino acid profiles, blood-biochemistry and expression of TOR pathway-related genes in juvenile Nibea diacanthus. Fish (450 juvenile N. diacanthus) were assigned to six dietary proline supplementation groups (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 g kg−1 of dry diet). The results revealed that the growth performance and feed utilization of N. diacanthus were not significantly improved with dietary proline level (P > 0.05). Whole-body crude protein and some amino acids in muscle tissue were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the supplemental dietary proline, while the levels of hepatic GOT and GPT increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary proline. The transcript level of TOR in muscle was significantly affected by dietary proline level, while the mRNA levels of 4EBP, S6K1, TSC and GTPBP in muscle were relatively unaffected. In conclusion, our results indicate that (1) dietary proline promotes protein synthesis, and (2) proline may promote protein synthesis by regulating the transcription of TOR but not 4EBP, S6K1, TSC and GTPBP.

Визначення біологічної цінності м’яса органічних курчат

Abstract . Growing organic poultry, the issue of preventing young animals’ diseases is quite difficult, because the use of preventive antibiotics is prohibited. Poultry rearing should take place in accordance with the current «organic» legislation. The Law of Ukraine On basic principles and requirements for organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products 2496-VIII came into force on August 2, 2019 in Ukraine. The chemical composition of meat and the content of amino acids in the muscle tissue of the organic chicken meat-egg direction have been studied. The purpose of the research was to determine the possibility of organic growth of chickens and to study the effect of nutraceuticals on the quality and completeness of chicken meat. The experiment was conducted under organic farming conditions. The bird kept in the poultry houses free access to the pasture, receiving organic feed. The chickens of the study groups (D1 and D2) were administered natural prophylactic preparations - probiotic and postbiotic, respectively, and the control group chickens did not receive any preventive drugs. After slaughter the birds, performed a comparative assessment of the chemical consist, biological value of the meat of the test and control chickens, determined the amino acid score of the protein of the thoracic and femoral muscles. We compared the results of essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid with muscle tissue samples obtained from chickens in the control group, who did not use any preventive drugs. The use of both probiotics and postbiotics has been found to improve the amino acid content of poultry meat, with a better preservation of chickens and productivity. The first experimental group recorded a significantly higher content of nonessential amino acids, and the second experimental group replaced the amino acid and the second experimental group indicated higher content of essential amino-acids, compared to similar indicators in the control group (both in the thoracic and thigh muscles). Protein quality of organic chicken meat of both experimental groups is greater than that of control samples of chickens. Therefore, organic poultry farming with natural keeping and organic nutrition with preventive preparats, helps improve the biological value of chicken meat. Keywords: organic chickens, amino acids, meat, muscle, quality, completeness

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine.

Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in mammalian tissues. It is obtained from the diet and by de novo synthesis from cysteic acid or hypotaurine. Despite the discovery in 1954 that the oxygenation of hypotaurine produces taurine, the identification of an enzyme catalyzing this reaction has remained elusive. In large part, this is due to the incorrect assignment, in 1962, of the enzyme as an NAD-dependent hypotaurine dehydrogenase. For more than 55 years, the literature has continued to refer to this enzyme as such. Here we show, both in vivo and in vitro, that the enzyme that oxygenates hypotaurine to produce taurine is flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 1. Metabolite analysis of the urine of Fmo1-null mice by 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a buildup of hypotaurine and a deficit of taurine in comparison with the concentrations of these compounds in the urine of wild-type mice. In vitro assays confirmed that human FMO1 catalyzes the conversion of hypotaurine to taurine, utilizing either NADPH or NADH as cofactor. FMO1 has a wide substrate range and is best known as a xenobiotic- or drug-metabolizing enzyme. The identification that the endogenous molecule hypotaurine is a substrate for the FMO1-catalyzed production of taurine resolves a long-standing mystery. This finding should help establish the role FMO1 plays in a range of biologic processes in which taurine or its deficiency is implicated, including conjugation of bile acids, neurotransmitter, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, and the pathogenesis of obesity and skeletal muscle disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The identity of the enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of taurine from hypotaurine has remained elusive. Here we show, both in vivo and in vitro, that flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 catalyzes the oxygenation of hypotaurine to produce taurine.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER QUANTITY AND SOME ANTIOXIDANTS ON YIELD AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF SNAP BEAN GROWN UNDER SANDY SOIL CONDITIONS

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 under sandy soil conditions at EL-Khattara Experimental Farm, Fac. Agric., Zagazig University, to study the effect of irrigation water quantity (1000, 1500 and 2000 m3/fed.) and foliar spray with some antioxidants (salicylic cid at 200 ppm, ascorbic acid at 300 ppm beside control treatments ( sprayed with tap water ) on growth, plant water relationship, yield and pod quality of snap bean cv, Bronco. The most important findings could be summarized as follows: The interactions between irrigation of snap bean plants at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of dry weight of branches, leaves and total dry weight/ plant, increasing chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll (a+b) in leaf tissues, average pod weight , yield / plant and total pods yield/fed., and TSS in green pods. However, the interaction between irrigation water quantity at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with ascorbic acid at 300 ppm recorded the highest values of total and free water (%) in leaf tissues and total carbohydrates and Vit. C in green pods in both seasons, whereas interaction treatment between 1000 m3 water/fed., without antioxidants resulted in the highest values represented bound water and proline amino acid in leaf tissues and total fiber contents in green pods. On the other hand, the interactions between irrigation water quantity at 1000 m3 water/ fed., and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of water use efficiency (2.692 and 2.731 kg green pods/m3 water) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

Protein Quality Assessment of Follow-up Formula for Young Children and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods: Recommendations by the FAO Expert Working Group in 2017

The FAO of the UN convened an Expert Working Group meeting to provide recommendations related to protein quality evaluation of Follow-up Formula for Young Children (FUF-YC) and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs). The protein and amino acid (AA) scoring patterns for the target age groups were defined and recommendations provided on the use of currently available protein and indispensable AA digestibility data. For FUF-YC, an age category of 1-2.9 y was identified, and a matching protein requirement of 0.86g · kg-1 · d-1 with corresponding AA requirements were recommended. For RUTF, the protein requirement recommended was 2.82g · kg-1 · d-1, to achieve a catch-up weight gain of 10g · kg-1 · d-1 in children recovering from severe acute malnutrition. The AA requirements were factorially derived based on the adult protein requirement for maintenance and tissue AA composition. A flowchart was proposed for the best available methods to estimate digestibility coefficients (of either protein or AAs), in the following order: human, growing pig, and rat true ileal AA digestibility values. Where this is not possible, fecal protein digestibility values should be used. The Expert Working Group recommends the use of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), with existing protein digestibility values, or the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score provided that individual AA digestibility values are available for protein quality evaluation using the latter score. The Group also recommends the use of ileal digestibility of protein or of AAs for plant-based protein sources, recognizing the possible effects of antinutritional factors and impaired gut function. A PDCAAS score of ≥90% can be considered adequate for these formulations, whereas with a score <90%, the quantity of protein should be increased to meet the requirements. Regardless of the protein quality score, the ability of formulations to support growth in the target population should be evaluated. Future research recommendations are also proposed based on the knowledge gaps identified.

Neurochemical and Behavioral Features of Action of Pre-Fibrillar Oligomeric Structures of α-Sinuclein in Adult Mice

Abstract—The pre-fibrillar oligomeric structures of the α-synuclein protein formed during misfolding play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. We studied the effect of toxic α-synuclein oligomers administered intranasally for 14 days on the motor activity, learning, memory, and anxiety of adult (6-month-old) male C57Bl/6 mice, and on the levels and metabolism of monoamines and neurotransmitter amino acids in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex. We used the open field, passive avoidance, and elevated plus maze tests. The levels of monoamines and their metabolites, and neurotransmitter amino acids in the brain tissue of animals were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. It was found that oligomers of α‑synuclein cause an increase in anxiety in adult mice, a pronounced decrease in dopamine levels and oppositely directed changes in dopamine metabolite levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. No significant changes were found in learning indices and long-term memory, motor activity of animals, levels of noradrenaline, serotonin, or neurotransmitter amino acids in the studied brain structures after treatment with α-synuclein oligomers. We compared the experimental data and the results of our previous studies on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of oligomeric protein structures in aging 12-month-old mice. The possible mechanisms of the age-dependent effects of the α-synuclein oligomers are discussed.

Determination of Amino Acids Composition in Different Tissues of Whiting, Merlangus merlangus euxinus (Nordmann, 1840) from the Black Sea, Turkey

LC-MS/MS was used to determine the amino acid composition in muscle, ovary and liver of whiting, Merlangus merlangus euxinus, caught off the coast of Sinop province in the Black Sea. A total of 19 amino acids (AA) were found in the different samples. The essential amino acids (EAA) in the different tissues of whiting were 55.9% in the meat, 54.8% in the ovary and 51.7% in the liver of the total amino acids. The AA contents except for Arg, Glu, Pro and Tau in meat and ovary of whiting were not significantly different (P &amp;gt; 0.05), but the AA contents except for Cys, Tyr, Asp, Orn and Tau of these two tissues were significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) higher than the AA contents of the liver. These results showed that whiting ovaries have approximately as much protein as the meat.

Effects of cassava foliage on feed digestion, meat quality, and antioxidative status of geese

As the by-product of cassava, cassava foliage (CF) has been widely used in livestock feed. However, little information is available on its utilization for geese. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of CF on the feed digestion, meat quality, and antioxidative status of geese. A total of 108 male Hainan indigenous geese (28-days-old) with similar body weight were randomly and evenly divided into 3 groups, and the geese were fed for 42 D on either the control diet (CON) consisting of ground maize, soybean meal, and wheat bran, or the experimental diet composed of ground maize, soybean meal, and wheat bran supplemented with 5% (CF1) or 10% (CF2) CF. Dietary nutrient digestibility, physicochemical properties, amino acid and fatty acid composition of meat, and antioxidative status of geese were evaluated. The results showed that supplementation of CF in goose diets enhanced the feed digestion and affected the meat quality. In addition, supplementation of CF had beneficial effects on the regulation of amino acid and fatty acid profiles in muscle tissues. Moreover, such supplementation had no significant effect on antioxidative status. Taken together, goose diet containing 5% CF was recommended based on feed efficiency and meat quality.

POTENTIAL OF PYRETHRUM EXTRACT AGAINST LARVAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF RICE-MOTH, CORCYRA CEPHALONICA STAINT. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

Sub lethal doses of pyrethrum extract caused a significantly dose dependent reduction in the levels of total protein, DNA, RNA, RNA/DNA ratio and a significantly dose dependent enhancement in total free amino acids in haemolymph and fat body tissues of the larva of rice- moth, C. cephalonica. 0.0004% dose level of this extract caused maximum effect on these biochemical parameters.

Evaluation of Chemical and Nutritionalvalueof Camel Meat Originating From Almaty Region

The chemical, amino acid and fatty acid compositions in the muscle tissue of camel meat of Almaty region were studied. The data obtained are important indicators that can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the functionality of camel meat. Camel meat has a high nutritional value, the protein content is within 18.73-19.52%, moisture 76.59-78.5%, fat 2.1-2.77%. The material to determine the fatty acid composition of camel meat, we have selected from muscle tissue of the thigh (Biceps femoris) 3-year-old camel (dromedary). It was found that the fat content in camel meat is 2.55%, including saturated fatty acids 64.53% and monounsaturated 34.34% g/100 g of lipids. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids averages 1.9%. Camel fat is characterized by a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and palmitoleic (29.77% and 3.32% g/100 g of lipids). High lysine content of 10.47% and low tryptophan content of 0.16% were noted in comparison with the results of other authors. The ratio of the amount of essential amino acids to interchangeable in camel meat in the test sample is 0.70%, and the highest rate in Arabic meat is 0.97%.

Exercise plasma metabolomics and xenometabolomics in obese, sedentary, insulin-resistant women: impact of a fitness and weight loss intervention.

Insulin resistance has wide-ranging effects on metabolism, but there are knowledge gaps regarding the tissue origins of systemic metabolite patterns and how patterns are altered by fitness and metabolic health. To address these questions, plasma metabolite patterns were determined every 5 min during exercise (30 min, ∼45% of V̇o2peak, ∼63 W) and recovery in overnight-fasted sedentary, obese, insulin-resistant women under controlled conditions of diet and physical activity. We hypothesized that improved fitness and insulin sensitivity following a ∼14-wk training and weight loss intervention would lead to fixed workload plasma metabolomics signatures reflective of metabolic health and muscle metabolism. Pattern analysis over the first 15 min of exercise, regardless of pre- versus postintervention status, highlighted anticipated increases in fatty acid tissue uptake and oxidation (e.g., reduced long-chain fatty acids), diminution of nonoxidative fates of glucose [e.g., lowered sorbitol-pathway metabolites and glycerol-3-galactoside (possible glycerolipid synthesis metabolite)], and enhanced tissue amino acid use (e.g., drops in amino acids; modest increase in urea). A novel observation was that exercise significantly increased several xenometabolites ("non-self" molecules, from microbes or foods), including benzoic acid-salicylic acid-salicylaldehyde, hexadecanol-octadecanol-dodecanol, and chlorogenic acid. In addition, many nonannotated metabolites changed with exercise. Although exercise itself strongly impacted the global metabolome, there were surprisingly few intervention-associated differences despite marked improvements in insulin sensitivity, fitness, and adiposity. These results and previously reported plasma acylcarnitine profiles support the principle that most metabolic changes during submaximal aerobic exercise are closely tethered to absolute ATP turnover rate (workload), regardless of fitness or metabolic health status.

Dietary mulberry leaf powder affects growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality in finishing pigs.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mulberry leaves as an alternative source of protein on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 180 Xiangcun Black pigs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups with six pens of six pigs per pen. The pigs were provided with a basal diet or a diet contained 3%, 6%, 9% or 12% of mulberry leaf powder during a 50-day experiment period. The results showed that dietary mulberry leaf powder had no negative effect on growth performance in Xiangcun Black pigs, except in the 12% mulberry group, where final body weight and average daily gain decreased (p<.05) and feed to gain ratio of the pigs increased (p<.05). Dietary mulberry inclusion decreased (quadratic, p<.05) the back fat thickness, fibre mean cross-sectional area (CSA) in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and mRNA expression levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIb in LD and biceps femoris (BF) muscles, while increased (linear or quadratic, p<.05) the plasma concentration of albumin, levels of crude protein (CP), inosine monophosphate (IMP) and several amino acids in muscle tissues. When compared with the other groups, the 9% mulberry diet increased (p<.05) loin-eye area and contents of CP and IMP in muscles, while decreased (p<.05) plasma activity of cholinesterase and concentrations of uric acid and urea. The 6% mulberry diet had the lowest fibre mean CSA and shear force and increased total fibre number of the LD muscle, when compared with the other groups. These results suggest that including mulberry in the diet at <12% is an effective feed crop to improve meat quality and the chemical composition of muscle without negatively affecting growth performance.

Purity and Kashrut

Purity and Kashrut Deborah Williger The dialectic of impurity is expressed by the old German proverb Dreck macht Speck, meaning “filth makes bacon.” This sounds like a non‐kosher introduction to the topic at hand, but the proverb articulates that children, like piglets, will put on weight once they ingest a certain amount of filth from their environment. This absorption increases the variety of intestinal germ population, which has been demonstrated to promote robust growth. On the other hand, there is the saying Vor dem Essen, Händewaschen nicht vergessen, warning “don't forget to wash your hands before you eat.” This claims the opposite: Certain impurities cause dangerous illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to cleanse dirt that could be harmful and pose a risk to health and life. Infiltration by impurities must be prevented before they do damage. Both physical and psychological contaminations can affect individuals or groups. Spiritual contaminations that dominate one's entire existence fall, following traditional Jewish interpretations, into the category of idolatry. Worshiping foreign gods is a capital crime. The transgression of the commandment against making images, represented in the Hebrew Bible as the dance around the golden calf, is considered unthinkable. Measuring degrees of spiritual pollution seems impossible. By contrast, the natural sciences have no problem quantifying the exact doses and potential costs and benefits of pollution in a variety of environments. Once a critical mass of impurity enters a living organism, it can do harm. If the infected organic mass cannot be healed, it dies. The creatures’ organic mass disintegrates into its molecular units, and its bare skeletal remains emerge clean and purified. In the end, death makes a clean separation between organic and inorganic matter, while life presupposes the commingling of both unconditionally. Living organisms are characterized by diversity and movement. Organic and inorganic elements exchange, mix, mingle, and separate in rhythmic cycles. There is constant metabolic exchange between chemical elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon; mineral building blocks, such as phosphorus, calcium, or iron; and various organic components, such as carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, and amino acids in tissues, vessels, organs, and cellular nuclei. Living organisms, whether single or composite cell organisms, constantly establish a fluid equilibrium between internal and external elements. Life flourishes where separation and recombination, division, and fertilization occur. Once certain parts no longer come together in order to multiply, distances widen and borders emerge that eventually lead to permanent divisions, and life ends. It seems high time to develop new methods for cleansing and healing. Despite considerable scientific progress in the development of tools and technologies, all the way to computers and artificial intelligence, humanity has not succeeded in creating a more just and happier world. We continue to inflict poisonous ideologies, such as antisemitism, racism, and exploitation on each other, despite our technological progress and intellectual prowess. Furthermore, the evolution of human civilization has created unintended side effects, including population growth and mass production and consumption, as well as increasing levels of pollution that threaten the planet. The greatest threats emanate from the smallest particles, especially the waste products of nuclear fission. Radioactive and other forms of environmental pollution are postmodern forms of original sin that implicates all descendants in the future who did not commit the original offense. As this enormous mass of guilt piles up, what are the possibilities for expiation and atonement? Will there even be a possibility for reconciliation so that life will continue on earth? We do know that neither systemic nor individual violence can be purified by tears. That requires action. There is no point in waiting passively for redemption, as if a redeemer (a man) could arrive to undo the consequences of environmental pollution. The Jewish tradition is focused on right action. According to the Torah, one should never expect metaphysical interventions or the entry of divine forces into earthly affairs. Purification is a means of defense. For spiritual or physical hygiene, the following cleansing agents are available: reconciliation, teshuvah, time, water, sand, salt, and the medical arts. These different detergents have varying degrees of efficiency. In vain, Lady Macbeth tried to wash her hands to regain innocence. The success of purification depends on the manner and form of...

Seasonal nitrogen partitioning in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don) tissues

Nitrogen withdrawal from senescing leaves in evergreen trees is assumed to be stored mainly in the remaining leaves at the end of the growing season. However, there is evidence that roots as well as stem tissues play a significant role in nitrogen and other nutrients storage. Therefore, the objective of this study is to clarify the seasonal nitrogen cycle in Japanese cedar trees in order to elucidate its N storage strategy. N content, isotope ratio and amino acids content were measured in coarse roots, sapwood, leaves (separated by age), litter and buds along the growing season. Nitrogen content increased from the shoot growth to the post-abscission period with younger leaves storing more N than older ones. N from senescent leaves was reabsorbed to roots in October and to sapwood and the remaining leaves in November accounting for only 5% of whole-tree stored N. No temporal N isotopic fractionation was observed in plant tissues except for leaf enrichment during storage. The variation of amino acids in leaf tissues explained internal N transport. Japanese cedar trees reabsorbed leaf N and soil N in the pre-abscission period and stored most N in roots (54%) and sapwood (20%) followed by leaves (18%) and branches (8%), respectively.

Tissue amino acid profiles are characteristic of tumor type, malignant phenotype, and tumor progression in pancreatic tumors

Tissue amino acid profiles depend on the cell types and extracellular components that constitute the tissue, and their functions and activities. We aimed to characterize the tissue amino acid profiles in several types of pancreatic tumors and lesions. We examined tissue amino acid profiles in 311 patients with pancreatic tumors or lesions. We used newly developed LC-MS/MS methods to obtain the profiles, which were compared with clinicopathological data. Each tumor or lesion presented a characteristic tissue amino acid profile. Certain amino acids were markedly altered during the multistep pancreatic carcinogenesis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression. A tissue amino acid index (TAAI) was developed based on the amino acids that were notably changed during both carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses revealed that PDAC patients with a high TAAI exhibited a significantly shorter survival rate, and these findings were validated using a second cohort. We suggest that tissue amino acid profiles are characteristic for normal tissue type, tumor histological type, and pathological lesion, and are representative of the cancer grade or progression stage in multistep carcinogenesis and of malignant characteristics. The TAAI could serve as an independent prognosticator for patients with PDAC.

Application of Butylamine as a Conjugative Reagent to On-Column Derivatization for the Determination of Antioxidant Amino Acids in Brain Tissue, Plasma, and Urine Samples.

(1) Antioxidants are involved in body protection mechanisms against reactive oxygen species. Amino acids such as glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are known to be involved in providing protection against oxidative lethality. A quick and simple method for the determination of NAC and GSH in various biological matrices such as urine, plasma, and homogenates of brain tissues has been developed and described in this work. (2) The assay is based on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with spectrofluorimetric detection and on-column derivatization. Butylamine and o-phthaldialdehyde have been used as derivatization reagents. Since o-phthaldialdehyde constitutes a part of the mobile phase, the derivatization reaction and chromatographic separation occur simultaneously. (3) Linearity in the detector response for NAC in human urine was observed in the range of 5–200 nmol mL−1, and NAC and GSH in the brain tissue homogenates were observed in the range of 0.5–5 nmol mL−1 and 0.5–15 nmol mL−1, respectively. Human plasma linearity ranges covered 0.25–5.00 nmol mL−1 and 0.5–15 nmol mL−1 for NAC and GSH, respectively. The LODs for NAC and GSH were 0.01 and 0.02 nmol mL−1 while the LOQs were 0.02 and 0.05 nmol mL−1, respectively. The usefulness of the proposed method was proven through its application to real samples.

ВПЛИВ ІОНІВ МАНГАНУ, ЦИНКУ, КУПРУМУ ТА ПЛЮМБУМУ НА ВМІСТ ВІЛЬНИХ АМІНОКИСЛОТ В ОРГАНІЗМІ КОРОПА

The influence of ions of Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Lead in two concentrations, which corresponded to 2 and 5 MPC, on the content of free amino acids in the carp organism was studied. It is shown, that free amino acids are compounds, that are actively used in the energy supply of fish organisms. Their metabolism is one of the factors, that provides biochemical adaptation of fish to the changes of the conditions in the aquatic environment. The leading role in this process in carp organism have glycine, the content of which in the muscles of the control fish is quite high. It exceeds all other concentrations of amino acids in this tissue, and when exposed to the organism of fish, the ions of the investigated metals decreases to the greatest extent. Among other amino acids, it should be noted the growth both in the muscles and in the liver of experimental fish the amount of sulfur-containing. An important role in the detoxification of ammonia, which is formed under the influence on the organism of carp the elevated metal concentrations, belongs to aspartic and glutamic acids. In our studies, the content of free amino acids in the liver and muscle of fish is reduced by the action of metal ions, which may indicate an active involvement of aspartic and glutamic acid in the processes of detoxification of these ions. In general, the dynamics of free amino acids in carp tissues reflects the general tendencies of metabolism in its organism. Oxidation catabolism of amino acids of skeletal muscle and liver of fish is an important part of the integral physiological and biochemical mechanism, which provides energy homeostasis in their organism in conditions of intoxication.

Структурные и спектральные особенности композитов на основе белковых сред с одностенными углеродными нанотрубоками

Исследованы структурные особенности нанокомпозитов, полученных при лазерном облучении водно-белковых сред с одностенными углеродными нанотрубками (ОУНТ), электродуговым (ОУНТI) и газофазным методами (ОУНТII). С помощью спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния нанокомпозитов определен нековалентный характер взаимодействия нанотрубок с молекулами белков. Белковая составляющая в нанокомпозитах подверглась необратимой денатурации и может выступать в качестве связующего биосовместимого материала, который является источником аминокислот для биологических тканей при имплантации нанокомпозитов в организм. Образцы, изготовленные из ОУНТI, с меньшим диаметром и длиной имели наиболее однородную структуру. При увеличении концентрации от 0.01 до 0.1 % происходило увеличение среднего размерамикропор от 45 до 85 мкм и пористости образца в общем с 46 до 58 %. При этом доля открытых пор для двух типов концентраций ОУНТI составила 2 % от общего объема композита. 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Sources of primary production to Arctic bivalves identified using amino acid stable carbon isotope fingerprinting

ABSTRACTBenthic invertebrates are a crucial trophic link in Arctic marine food webs. However, estimates of the contribution of different primary production sources sustaining these organisms are not well characterised. We measured the stable carbon isotope values (δ13C) of essential amino acids (EAAs) in muscle tissue from two common bivalve genera (Macoma spp. and Astarte spp.) collected in Hanna Shoal in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Mixing models comparing the δ13CEAA fingerprints of the bivalves to a suite of primary production endmembers revealed relatively high contributions of EAAs from phytoplankton and bacteria in both species. We also examined whether δ13CEAA fingerprints could be produced from the EAAs preserved in bivalve shells, which could allow primary production sources to be estimated from ancient bivalve shells. The δ13CEAA fingerprints from a suite of paired modern bivalve shells and muscle from Macoma calcarea from across the Chukchi Sea revealed a correspondence between the estimates of the dominant primary production source of EAAs derived from analyses of these two tissue types. Our findings indicate that δ13CEAA fingerprinting of marine bivalves can be used to examine dominant organic matter sources in the Arctic marine benthos in recent years as well as in deeper time.