Amino Acid Complexes Research Articles

Enantioselective Reduction of Noncovalent Complexes of Amino Acids with CuII via Resonant Collision-Induced Dissociation: Collision Energy, Activation Duration Effects, and RRKM Modeling.

Formation of noncovalent complexes is one of the approaches to perform chiral analysis with mass spectrometry. Enantiomeric distinction of amino acids (AAs) based on the relative rate constants of competitive fragmentations of quaternary copper complexes is an efficient method for chiral differentiation. Here, we studied the complex [CuII,(Phe,PhG,Pro-H)]+ (m/z 493) under resonant collision-induced dissociation conditions while varying the activation time. The precursor ion can yield two main fragments through the loss of the non-natural AA phenylglycine (PhG): the expected product ion [CuII,(Phe,Pro-H)]+ (m/z 342) and the reduced product ion [CuI,(Phe,Pro)]+ (m/z 343). Enantioselective reduction describes the difference in relative abundance of these ions, which depends on the chirality of the precursor ion: the formation of the reduced ion m/z 343 is favored in homochiral complexes (DDD) compared to heterochiral complexes (such as LDD). Energy-resolved mass spectrometry data show that reduction, which arises from rearrangement, is favored at a low collision energy (CE) and long activation time (ActT), whereas direct cleavage preferentially occurs at a high CE and short ActT. These results were confirmed with kinetic modeling based on RRKM theory. For this modeling, it was necessary to set a pre-exponential factor as a reference, so that the E0 values obtained are relative values. Interestingly, these simulations showed that the critical energy E0 required to form the reduced ion is comparable in both homochiral and heterochiral complexes. However, the formation of product ion m/z 342 through direct cleavage is associated with a lower E0 in heterochiral complexes. Consequently, enantioselectivity would not be caused by enhanced reduction in homochiral complexes but rather by direct cleavage being favored in heterochiral complexes.

Effects of zinc supplementation from organic and inorganic sources on growth, blood biochemical indices, and intestinal microarchitecture in broilers

In poultry nutrition, zinc supplementation is typically achieved through the addition of zinc oxide or zinc sulfate to the feed. The alternative approach of organic sources utilizes an organic ligand to bind zinc (Zn), resulting in higher bioavailability. Thus, a study was conducted to assess and compare the impact of a methionine-complexed Zn versus an inorganic Zn on growth, blood biochemical profile, gut histomorphology, and fecal excretion of Zn in broilers. The experimental design included two treatments: the addition of a zinc amino acid complex or zinc oxide to the basal diet. The zinc amino acid complex was supplemented at a dose equivalent to the inorganic zinc (Zn-80), while the organic zinc was provided at levels of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg to a total of 400 broilers. There were five treatments in total, and each treatment was replicated four times. Broilers supplemented with an organic form of Zn at the level of 80 mg/kg had significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain and lower feed conversion ratio (F/G). Significantly (p < 0.05) higher Zn excretion was recorded in broilers supplemented with inorganic Zn supplementation. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher villus length and width, their ratio, and lower (p < 0.05) crypt depth were observed in birds supplemented with 80 mg/kg organic Zn. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that Zn from an organic source at the rate of 80 mg/kg was superior in terms of growth performance, intestinal histomorphology and less excretion of Zn to the environment in broilers.

Novel organic–inorganic hybrid dimethyltin(IV) complexes of heterocyclic carboxylic acid and N-phthaloyl amino acids: Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, DFT calculations and their anti-oxidant potential

Four new organic–inorganic hybrid dimethyltin(IV) complexes (1–4) having general formula Me2SnAL which were generated by the reaction of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride with sodium salts of indole-3-acetic acid (AH) and flexible N-phthaloyl amino acids (LH) in 1:1:1 molar ratio in refluxing dry THF. The plausible structure of newly generated complexes has been elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic [IR, NMR (1H,13C,119Sn), HRMS] studies. The suggested five coordinated geometry of the hybrid dimethyltin(IV) complexes have been further supported by computational calculations using density functional theory (DFT). DFT calculations were carried out using B3LYP/6-31G* functional basis set. DFT calculations furnish an insight into the optimized geometry, optimized energy, stability, global reactivity descriptors and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis of newly synthesized organic–inorganic hybrid dimethyltin(IV) complexes. These newly synthesized complexes were also evaluated for their anti-radical activity by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. All the dimethyltin(IV) complexes acted as efficient radical scavengers.

Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra of cesiated complexes of the aliphatic amino acids: Challenges for conformational-space calculations by density functional theory

Cesiated complexes of the aliphatic amino acids (Gly, Ala, hAla, Val, Leu, and Ile) were examined by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy utilizing light from a free-electron laser (FEL). To identify structures, the experimental spectra were compared to linear spectra calculated at the B3LYP-GD3BJ/def2-TZVP level of theory. Relative energies at 0 and 298 K for various possible conformers of all complexes were calculated at B3LYP, B3LYP-GD3BJ, and MP2(full) levels using the def2-TZVP basis set. Spectral comparison for all complexes indicates that the dominant conformation has the cesium cation binding to the carbonyl and hydroxyl oxygens, [CO,OH]. This conclusion contrasts with previous work for Cs+(Gly), which suggested that the [CO] binding motif was prevalent. This dichotomy is explored theoretically in detail using coupled-cluster calculations with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, CCSD(T), as well as advanced density functional theory (DFT) approaches. The comparisons show that the [CO,OH] – [CO] double-well potential found for most DFT approaches disappears at the higher level of theory with only the [CO,OH] well remaining. An exploration of this effect indicates that electron correlation is critically important and that DFT approaches incorrectly handle the internal hydrogen bonding in these molecules, thereby over-delocalizing the charges on the amino acid ligands.

Stability of Serotonin Transporter Essential Amino Acid Complex with Curcumin and Demethoxycurcumin Compounds as Antidepressant Candidates Based on In Silico Test

A Depression is a mental problem that is common in all communities, including teenagers. It is estimated that 10-20% of teenagers in the world experience mental health problems. Turmeric at a dose of 560mg/KgBW was shown to be effective as an antidepressant in Wistar rats (rattus norvegicus). Computers offer in silico test methods as a complement to in vitro and in vivo methods which are commonly used in the process of discovering and developing the biological activity of chemical compounds or natural materials as drug candidates. The research results show that MD simulations on the serotonin transporter complex protein with the ligand Demethoxycurcumin are more stable than curcumin and fluvoxamine. The results of identifying the molecular dynamics determinant of binding with the native ligand are amino acid SER336 and the reference ligand is amino acid SER438.

Impacts of trace mineral source and ancillary drench on steer performance during a 60-day backgrounding phase

Nutritional approaches to optimize cattle health and performance during the receiving period are warranted. This experiment evaluated the impacts of supplementing organic complexed Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn on productive and health responses of high-risk beef cattle during a 60-day backgrounding phase. Crossbred steers (120) were purchased at auction and transported to the experimental facility, where BW was recorded (day−1; initial shrunk BW = 227.7 ± 1.3 kg). On day 0, steers were ranked by BW and allocated to one of eight groups and housed in drylot pens equipped with GrowSafe automated feeding systems (Model 8000; two bunks/pen). Groups were randomly assigned to receive a total mixed ration containing: (1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 40); (2) organic complexed sources of the same minerals (AAC; Zinpro Availa 4 based on a metal:amino acid complex ratio of 1:1 for Zn, Cu, and Mn in addition to cobalt glucoheptonate; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN; n = 40); or (3) AAC and an organic complexed trace mineral drench (APF; 30 mL/hd; Zinpro ProFusion, Zinpro Corp.) on day 0 and with morbidity treatment (n = 40). Diets provided the same daily amount of all nutrients and minerals based on 7 g/steer daily of Zinpro Availa 4. Steers were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs daily. Liver biopsies were performed on days 0, 28 and 60. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 6, 10, 13, 21, 28 and 45. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.23) for feed intake, final BW, average daily gain, or BRD incidence. Mean liver Co concentrations were greater (P = 0.02) in AAC and APF compared to INR steers. Mean liver Cu was greater (P = 0.02) in APF compared to AAC steers. Liver Zn tended to be greater (P = 0.10) on day 28 but less (P = 0.05) on day 60 for INR compared to AAC and APF steers. Plasma cortisol was lowest (P = 0.05) for AAC steers on day 6, whereas AAC steers tended to have greater (P = 0.09) plasma cortisol on day 13 compared with APF. Plasma haptoglobin tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.10) for INR steers on days 28 and 45 compared to AAC and APF. While supplementing cattle with AAC or INR results in similar animal performance and clinical disease, AAC and APF reduce stress and acute phase protein responses.

Oxazolone mediated peptide chain extension and homochirality in aqueous microdroplets.

Peptide formation from amino acids is thermodynamically unfavorable but a recent study provided evidence that the reaction occurs at the air/solution interfaces of aqueous microdroplets. Here, we show that i) the suggested amino acid complex in microdroplets undergoes dehydration to form oxazolone; ii) addition of water to oxazolone forms the dipeptide; and iii) reaction of oxazolone with other amino acids forms tripeptides. Furthermore, the chirality of the reacting amino acids is preserved in the oxazolone product, and strong chiral selectivity is observed when converting the oxazolone to tripeptide. This last fact ensures that optically impure amino acids will undergo chain extension to generate pure homochiral peptides. Peptide formation in bulk by wet-dry cycling shares a common pathway with the microdroplet reaction, both involving the oxazolone intermediate.

Продуктивность виноградных насаждений и качество винопродукции сорта Красностоп АЗОС при некорневых подкормках разными группами веществ

As a result of global climate change towards warming, the whole world is faced with the problem of producing grape raw material with high sugar content and poor phenolic ripening. To eliminate this imbalance in the degree of ripening of grape raw material caused by natural anomalies, we tested fertilizers of various chemical and biochemical compositions and natural foliar biostimulants. The aim of the research was to study the effect of preparations of different spectrum of foliar action on the harmonization of sugar accumulation and phenolic ripening in grapes, and the quality of wine of the variety Krasnostop AZOS. In the current situation of unstable weather conditions in the existing terroir conditions with the established varietal composition of the vineyards, it is very relevant to identify preparations that can optimize the processes of grape ripening to preserve the quality parameters of wine. Preparations with various spectrums of foliar action will be studied: CAGS complex amino acid-humic fertilizer with vitamins and microelements; Chlorella extract (an amino acid complex from algae, the extract of which is a highly effective biostimulant); Agrumax (mineral complex); Biodux – a derivative of the fungus Mortierella alpina, a biologically active preparation of arachidonic acid; technical red grape variety bred by AZOSViV – branch of the FSBSI NCFCHVW “Krasnostop AZOS”; must and wine from the variety Krasnostop AZOS. Methods of technochemical and microbiological control in winemaking were applied in the work; wine parameters were determined according to GOST methods and original certified methods of the Instrument-Analytical winemaking center of the NCFCHVW; polyphenolic and anthocyanin substances in wine were studied using the technique of V.G. Gerzhikova, Research Institute “Magarach”. Agricultural technology is generally accepted, adapted to the local terroir. Work on studying radically different active substance preparations for the quality of grapes and wine showed that the highest statistically proven yield of the variety Krasnostop AZOS, statistically proven at the 95% significance level, was recorded as a result of application of the preparations CAGS and Biodux; the analysis of wines from the variety Krasnostop AZOS and their organoleptic evaluation allows us to conclude that with the increase of the concentration of the extract, phenolic substances, and the total content of biologically active substances in it, the hygienic value and the general quality of the wine itself increase; the highest tasting scores were given to wine samples from the variants of treating grapes with foliar preparations from the group of biologically active substances: Chlorella algae extract and Biodux.

КАЧЕСТВО БЕЛКОВОГО КОМПОНЕНТА МОЛОКА КОРОВ КРАСНО-ПЁСТРОЙ ПОРОДЫ, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИВЯЗНОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ

. The uniqueness of milk as a food product lies in the fact that it contains protein, the biological value of which is significantly higher than all known proteins of animal origin. The protein content of milk is under the control of the genotype of cows, but the degree of realization of its achieved potential is influenced by the environmental factor. The red-mottled breed, created in this region, is widely used on traditional dairy farms in the Voronezh Region, characterized by sufficiently high milk productivity and good adaptive properties. In this case, it is relevant to assess the qualitative characteristics of the protein complex of red-mottled cow milk obtained under the conditions of tethered keeping technology, which indicated the purpose of the research. The object of the study were samples of milk from full-aged cows of 5 months of lactation (n = 4) obtained at LLC Bolshevik in the Voronezh region. A sufficiently high concentration of proteins (3.39 ± 0.004 %) was established, the amino acid structure of which is adequate to cow's milk, which indicated their usefulness. The calculated values of amino acid numbers varied in a fairly wide range. The highest amino acid score for all population ages was found in the amino acid complex PH+TYR – 145.8–187.8 %, and the lowest – Met + Cys – 75.2–88.3 %. Amino acids Met + Cys determine the level of bioavailability of cow's milk proteins in the population group "children from 6 months. up to 3 years old", being the first limiting amino acid, up to 75.2 %, and in the group "growing up and children over 3 years old" – up to 88.3 %.

The influence of a complex of amino acids of plant origin with microelements on the yield and quality of apple trees

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of a complex of amino acids of plant origin with microelements on the yield and quality of the Lobo apple tree in 2019-2020. In our studies, we studied the effect of a complex of amino acids of plant origin with microelements in three doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 l/ha on the main factors of plant development to obtain a high-quality yield. We have found that during the growing seasons 2019–2020. When assessing the effect of two-time foliar feeding of apple trees of the Lobo variety with amino acids of plant origin + microelements, a positive effect of the fertilizer was found, most manifested at a fertilizer consumption of 1.5 l/ha and a working solution of 800 l/ha. Thus, the use of an agrochemical contributed to the development of generative productivity of plants: an increase in yield in 2019 by 13.9%, by 14.5% in 2020, the average weight of one fruit - by 12.1% in 2019, by 16.4% in 2020, fruit set - in 2019 by 0.4%, in 2020 by 0.6%, as well as in improving the biochemical parameters of the fruit. The vitamin C content in 2019 in this variant was 11.8%, in 2020 – 10.4%.

Evaluating the effect of optimal zinc amino-acid complex supplementation in laying pullets on performance and zinc retention.

This study investigated the optimal dietary intake of zinc amino acid complex (Zn-AAC) for white-layer pullets, focusing on their productive performance, biochemical profile, organ biometry, and body zinc retention. The study involved 360 Dekalb White pullets (average weight: 433 ± 4.42 g) aged from 6 to 16 weeks and distributed into 6 treatments with 6 replications each. The Zn-AAC inclusion levels ranged from 5 to 75 mg kg-1. Zinc intake was modeled using a nonlinear equation, Y = ∝ *1- e-βX, where α is the maximum response, β is the rate at which the response approaches the maximum (P < 0.05). The Zn-AAC supplementation had significant effects on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed convention ratio (FCR) (P < 0.01). Optimal intake levels of Zn-AAC were estimated at 0.234, 0.340, and 0.315 mg bird-1 day-1 (5.42, 7.87, and 7.30 mg kg-1) for ADG, ADFI, and FCR, respectively. The Zn-AAC supplementation affected the Zn body retention in pullets (P < 0.01), with an optimal ingestion at 1.86 mg bird -1 day-1, corresponding to a dietary supplementation of 43.10 mg kg-1. Additionally, supplementation affected alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P < 0.01) without significant changes in aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, and globulin levels. The optimal Zn-AAC intake level for ALP activity was 1.45 mg bird -1 day-1, corresponding to dietary supplementation of 33.60 mg kg-1. Based on Zn body retention, we recommend up to 1.86 mg bird -1 day-1 of Zn-AAC, which is equivalent to 43.10 mg kg-1.

Responses to graded levels of zinc amino acid complex in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in fish development and physiology. This study aimed to evaluate the effects on growth and health in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) supplemented with graded levels of zinc amino acid complex (Zn-AA) and subjected to transport stress. Nile tilapia (21.78 ± 0.17g; (n = 12 fish per tank; stocking density of 1.045kg- 3) were fed with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100mg Zn-AA kg- 1 (equivalent to 77.49, 102.69, 127.89, 153.09, or 178.29mg Zn kg- 1) in extruded diets (280g kg- 1 digestible protein; isoproteic and isocaloric) for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, after growth performance measurements, the fish were transported by car for 3h, and blood collection was performed. The linear regression showed that the best growth performance (final weight, final biomass, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake) was found in fish fed with 100mg Zn-AA kg diet- 1 (p < 0.05). The increased dietary Zn-AA increased linearly plasma triglyceride levels, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and leukocyte values and reduced plasma total protein, cholesterol (total and LDL), and aspartate aminotransferase levels (p < 0.05). According to quadratic regression, the highest plasma glucose and alanine aminotransferase values were found in the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, 100mg Zn-AA kg diet- 1 is recommended for Nile tilapia as it can improve their growth, metabolism, physiology, and immunity.

Facile Synthesis of N-Doped Metal-Free Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction via a Self-Sacrificed Template Method Using Zinc Amino-Acid Complex

Facile Synthesis of N-Doped Metal-Free Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction via a Self-Sacrificed Template Method Using Zinc Amino-Acid Complex

Investigating the Replacement of Carboxylates with Carboxamides to Modulate the Safety and Efficacy of Platinum(II) Thioether Cyanide Scavengers.

Cyanide represents a persistent threat for accidental or malicious misuse due to easy conversion into a toxic gas and access to large quantities through several industries. The high safety index of hydroxocobalamin is a cornerstone quality as a cyanide scavenger. Unfortunately, intravenous infusion of hydroxocobalamin limits the utility in a mass casualty setting. We previously reported platinum(II) [Pt(II)] complexes with trans-directing sulfur ligands as an efficacious alternative to hydroxocobalamin when delivered by a bolus intramuscular injection in mice and rabbits. Thus, to enable Pt(II) as an alternative to hydroxocobalamin, a high safety factor is needed. The objective is to maintain efficacy and mitigate the risk for nephrotoxicity. Platinum amino acid complexes with the ability to form five- or six-membered rings and possessing either carboxylates or carboxamides are evaluated in vitro for cyanide scavenging. In vivo efficacy was evaulated in the zebrafish and mice cyanide exposure models. In addition, Pt(II) complex toxicity and pharmacokinetics were evaluated in a cyanide naive Sprague-Dawley model. Doses for toxicity are escalated to 5x from the efficacious dose in mice using a body surface area adjustment. The results show the carboxamide ligands display a time and pH dependence on cyanide scavenging in vitro and efficacy in vivo. Additionally, exchanging the carboxylate for carboxamide showed reduced indications of renal injury. A pharmacokinetic analysis of the larger bidentate complexes displayed rapid absorption by intramuscular administration and having similar plasma exposure. These findings point to the importance of pH and ligand structures for methionine carboxamide complexes with Pt(II).

270 Zinc from Methionine Hydroxy Analog Chelate Is More Effective in Enriching Tissues Than Zinc from an Amino Acid Complex in Growing Pigs Using Stable Isotopes

Abstract An adequate supply of Zn should effectively reach tissues to support fundamental physiological functions. This study compared tissue enrichment using stable Zn isotopes when fed as methionine hydroxy analog chelate (Zn-MHAC [Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO]) or an amino acid complex (Zn-AAC) in growing pigs. Twenty gilts (31.5 ± 2.8 kg BW) were individually housed and fed a common diet (corn-soy-based with phytase) with 26 mg/kg of Zn from ingredients and 15 mg/kg supplemented as Zn sulfate. At d 28, pigs were surgically catheterized in the jugular vein and moved to metabolism crates. After 2 d of recovery, 16 pigs were randomly selected to receive an oral bolus containing 1 of 2 doses (8 or 12 mg) of Zn67 in the form of Zn-AAC (8 or 12 mg) and Zn70 in the form of Zn-MHAC. The remaining 4 pigs received a placebo bolus and served as controls. Blood samples were collected periodically between -15 and 1,440 min relative to bolus. Total urine and fecal output were collected at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h relative to bolus. All pigs were euthanized 24 h after bolus to harvest tissues. Zinc isotope enrichment was calculated from analyzed samples as the difference of Zn67 and Zn70 portions between control and isotope-bolused pigs. Data were analyzed as a 2×2 factorial (mineral source×dose) using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. No interactions between trace mineral source and isotope dose for any tested variables were observed. Gastrointestinal and central metabolism tissues, including stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, pancreas, liver, and kidney, demonstrated greater enrichment from Zn-MHAC than Zn-AAC (P ≤ 0.001). In reproductive tissues, ovary showed similar Zn enrichment between Zn-MHAC and Zn-ACC (P = 0.841). However, there was greater enrichment from Zn-MHAC than Zn-AAC in the uterus (P = 0.002). For musculoskeletal tissues, despite a numerical increase for Zn-MHAC compared with Zn-AAC, there was no significant difference of Zn source on enrichment of metacarpal bones (P = 0.190). The hoof matrix tended to have greater enrichment from Zn-MHAC than Zn-AAC (P = 0.097). There were no differences between trace mineral sources on enrichment of Zn in the muscle (P = 0.839). Immune tissues, including thymus (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and spleen (P = 0.017), demonstrated greater enrichment from Zn-MHAC than Zn-AAC. Despite a numerical increase with Zn-MHAC, plasma area under the curve (AUC) was not significantly different between Zn-MHAC and Zn-AAC (P = 0.467). Similarly, despite a numerical increase, the higher dose of Zn isotope did not significantly increase (P &amp;gt; 0.050) enrichment in gastrointestinal, central metabolic, reproductive, musculoskeletal (except for muscle: P = 0.042), immune tissues, or plasma AUC. There were no differences in Zn AUC (0-24h; P &amp;gt; 0.100) enrichment between trace mineral source and dose in feces and urine. In conclusion, Zn-MHAC delivered more Zn to physiologically important tissues that support productivity and health of pigs than Zn-AAC.

Influence of copper amino acid complex on growth performance and serum Cu-ZnSOD activity in piglets

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of copper amino acids complex in piglet diet. 288 (Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire) hybrid piglets weaned at 23 d with body weight 8.79±1.15 kg were selected and allotted to one of the 6 treatments.Results showed that: 1) The addition of AV Cu or CuSO4 will not affect the daily average yield (ADFI) of weaned piglets, but the dietary AV Cu will linearly increase the daily gain (ADG) of weaned piglets and reduce the feed gain (FGR); the 90-100 mg/kg copper of AV Cu is equivalent to the 150 mg/kg copper of CusO4 on the ADG and FCR.; 2) Av-Cu inclusion in diet decreased diarrhea incidence of piglets.Base on this experiments, supplementation of Av-Cu into weaning piglet diet reduced diarrhea incidence, promoted growth and facilitated feed conversion of weaning piglets, as well as altered blood biochemistry indices.

313 Effect of Dietary Trace Mineral Source on Performance, Bones Mineralization and Mineral Status in Fattening Pigs

Abstract Several papers report greater bioavailability of dietary trace mineral fed as organic in pigs compared with inorganic sources. However, only a few studies have tried to assess the variability of the trace mineral bioavailability among different organic sources. Growing barrows (n = 54; initial BW = 28.9 ± 1.3 kg) were used to determine the effects of trace mineral source on growth performance, bones mineralization and mineral status over the entire fattening period (d0-d73). Pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to supplementation of trace minerals as inorganic (ITM) or one of 2 organic sources (OTM): glycine complex (GLY) or amino acids complex (AA). During the two feeding phases (growing: d0-d35; finishing: d35-d73), the experimental diets were supplemented with 5, 35 and 5 mg/kg of Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Pigs were fed restricted all through the experimental period. Feed intake was therefore comparable all through the experimental period for all pigs. Growth performance did not differ among the three experimental groups during the growing phase. However, Feed:Gain ratio measured during the finishing period tended to be affected by the dietary treatments (P=0.10). When grouping the GLY and AA pigs, the Feed:Gain ratio measured from d35 to d73 for the OTM pigs was significantly lower compared with ITM pigs (-0.07, P = 0.03). There was no significant effect of the dietary treatment on plasma trace mineral concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity measured at day 34. At the end of the growing phase, plasma ceruloplasmin activity tended to be greater for the GLY and AA groups in comparison with the ITM pigs (+6.9%, P = 0.06). The zinc deposition in the proximal phalanx was significantly increased when the trace minerals were offered as organic compared with the group ITM (+10.9%, P = 0.06). Zinc content in the liver was greater for the pigs fed the OTM sources compared with the others (+6.0%, P = 0.10). The quantity of copper deposited in the liver did not differ significantly among the 3 trace mineral sources. This study indicates that the total replacement of inorganic Zn, Cu and Mn by organic sources brings benefits in terms of feed efficiency in fattening pigs. A better bioavailability as suggested by greater deposition levels in bone and liver as well as the increased circulating ceruloplasmin activity could explain the improvement of performance during the finishing period. Regardless of the variable considered, no significant differences were noticed between the two organic trace mineral sources.

PSI-15 Impact of Dietary Zinc Source on Post-Weaning Performance and Livability

Abstract Zinc (Zn) is a key trace element involved in protein synthesis and immune development, which makes it a pivotal nutrient for the newly weaned pig. The objective was to investigate the effects of dietary Zn source on pig performance and livability in a commercial nursery setting. A total of 1,296 weaned pigs [5.67 ± 0.15 kg initial body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of Zn Sulfate (ZSF), Zn amino acid complex (AVL), or glycinate-bound Zn (GMT), all supplying 120 ppm of Zn to the diets and fed in a three-phase (Ph) feeding system [Ph1: d 0-14; Ph2: d 14-28; Ph3: d 28-42]. Pigs had ad libitum access to pelleted feed and water throughout the study. Performance and feed intake were measured on d 14, 28, and 42 of the study. All pigs removed from test were recorded and weighed. During the first week of the study, there was an outbreak of Escherichia coli, and pigs were all administered water-soluble Zn via water lines and potato starch in pans. Pigs fed GMT had decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/d) during Phase 1 (0.082, SEM = 0.005), 2 (0.628, SEM = 0.002), and overall (0.526, SEM = 0.005) compared with AVL [Phase 1 (0.097, SEM = 0.005), 2 (0.651, SEM = 0.002), and overall (0.552, SEM = 0.005)], and ZSF [Phase 1 (0.107, SEM = 0.005), 2 (0.640, SEM = 0.002), and overall (0.547, SEM = 0.005)]. Moreover, pigs fed GMT had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05, SEM = 0.710) overall mortality (4.60%) compared with AVL (1.89%) and ZSF (2.53%). Our results indicate that there are differences in feed intake and mortality when post-weaning pigs are fed different sources of Zn, and further work is needed in other health status flows.

254 Mineral Source Matters for Cartilage Development to Support Structural Integrity

Abstract Lameness is a welfare issue generally associated with increased growth rate. Objectives of this study were to 1) compare efficacy of inorganic (ITM) and organic trace mineral (OTM) sources on lameness incidence and effects on bone and cartilage biomarkers, and 2) determine if the biologically relevant biomarkers were detectable in saliva. Dietary treatments were fed for 70 d and included: 1) ITM sulfates, Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet, and three OTMs supplemented at 80-10-20 Zn-Cu-Mn mg/kg diet, respectfully. The OTM treatments included a non-specific amino acid complex (Trt 2 – OTM complex), a glycinate (Trt 3 - OTM glycinate), and a metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (Trt 4 – OTM MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX trace minerals (Novus International, Inc., St Charles, MO). The study consisted of 144 barrows (56 kg initial BW; 36 pigs/trt; 18 pigs/pen on slatted concrete floors). A source of ractopamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) was fed the last 28 d of the trial to induce increased growth rate. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4; GS ≥ 2 defined as lame) and serum and saliva bone synthesis (osteocalcin), bone degradation (CTX1) and cartilage synthesis (P2CP), and cartilage degradative biomarkers (CTX2, C2C) and synthesis:degradation ratios measured at baseline, d 7, d 36 and d 70. Individual biomarkers were logarithmically transformed (base 10). Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was performed on log-transformed data and means were determined using LSD test. Nonparametric comparisons (% lameness) were tested using Chi-squared analysis. A P-value &amp;lt; 0.05 was considered significant and P ≤ 0.10, a trend. As shown in Table, 1, lameness incidence was greatest for pigs fed ITM and OTM glycinate which was greater than OTM complex and MMHAC (P = 0.10). In general, there was good agreement between serum and saliva biomarkers, with pigs fed MMHAC having the greatest serum bone synthesis biomarker (osteocalcin) which differed from pigs fed OTM complex (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Cartilage synthesis concentrations (P2CP (serum and saliva); and P2CP/C2C and P2CP/CTX2 ratios (saliva) were also greatest for pigs fed MMHAC trace minerals (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Neither bone nor cartilage biomarkers were different between pigs fed ITM and OTM complex or glycinate. Osteocalcin was 10-fold less in saliva compared with serum. No treatment differences were observed in saliva for bone synthesis. The results demonstrated trace mineral source matters with respect to structural health. Significant differences between OTM sources were observed with MMHAC resulting in the highest bone and cartilage synthesis biomarker concentrations in serum and highest biomarkers for cartilage synthesis and synthesis:degradation ratios in saliva. Saliva appears to be a sensitive medium for measuring joint health biomarkers.

Solid-State Single-Molecule Sensing with the Electronic Life-Detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa (ELIE).

Growing evidence of the potential habitability of Ocean Worlds across our solar system is motivating the advancement of technologies capable of detecting life as we know it-sharing a common ancestry or physicochemical origin with life on Earth-or don't know it, representing a distinct emergence of life different than our one known example. Here, we propose the Electronic Life-detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa (ELIE), a solid-state single-molecule instrument payload that aims to search for life based on the detection of amino acids and informational polymers (IPs) at the parts per billion to trillion level. As a first proof-of-principle in a laboratory environment, we demonstrate the single-molecule detection of the amino acid L-proline at a 10 μM concentration in a compact system. Based on ELIE's solid-state quantum electronic tunneling sensing mechanism, we further propose the quantum property of the HOMO-LUMO gap (energy difference between a molecule's highest energy-occupied molecular orbital and lowest energy-unoccupied molecular orbital) as a novel metric to assess amino acid complexity. Finally, we assess the potential of ELIE to discriminate between abiotically and biotically derived α-amino acid abundance distributions to reduce the false positive risk for life detection. Nanogap technology can also be applied to the detection of nucleobases and short sequences of IPs such as, but not limited to, RNA and DNA. Future missions may utilize ELIE to target preserved biosignatures on the surface of Mars, extant life in its deep subsurface, or life or its biosignatures in a plume, surface, or subsurface of ice moons such as Enceladus or Europa. One-Sentence Summary: A solid-state nanogap can determine the abundance distribution of amino acids, detect nucleic acids, and shows potential for detecting life as we know it and life as we don't know it.