Amino Acids In Tissues Research Articles

Non-targeted metabolomics provides insights into the distinct amino acid and lipid metabolism in liver tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in seawater at different temperatures

Metabolomics reflects the physiological states of organisms exposed to distinct environmental stimuli. However, little is known about the metabolic signatures of rainbow trout under different temperatures. In the present study, a 56-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and metabolic signatures of liver tissues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles exposed to seawater at 7 °C (T7), 11 °C (T11), 15 °C (T15) and 19 °C (T19), nearly covering the temperature ranges in aquaculture industry during different seasons. The results indicated that individuals cultured at 15 °C showed growth performance with significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate than the others. Furthermore, a total of 24 liver samples (6 replicated samples × 4 treatment groups) were performed for non-targeted metabolomics analysis, resulting in 4852 and 5688 effective ions detected by ESI+ and ESI− modes, respectively. Of them, 474 and 425 metabolites were systematically identified and annotated in ESI+ and ESI− modes, respectively. Nearly half of metabolites (43.94%, 395) were classified as lipids and lipid-like molecules in HMDB database. Based on the strict thresholds, a total of 150, 66 and 45 differential metabolites (DMs) were determined in three different comparisons, including T7 vs. T15, T11 vs. T15 and T19 vs. T15. It was noted that these DMs could be further grouped into 4 clusters according to their abundance tendencies as temperatures increased from 7 °C to 19 °C. The relative abundance of DMs associated with sphingolipid metabolism was continuously increased with the elevated temperatures, while a decreasing tendency was observed in these DMs related to glycerophospholipid metabolism. Meanwhile, DMs in phenylalanine and histidine metabolism displayed the highest abundance at 15 °C, and N-acyl taurine and vitamin metabolism was induced by high temperature (19 °C). Taken together, different temperatures strongly affected both amino acid and lipid metabolism in liver tissues of rainbow trout. The study provides insight into the potential physiological basis for the better cultivation and fisheries management of rainbow trout at different temperatures.

Relative uptake of organic and inorganic nitrogen by common weed species

AbstractThe extent to which weed species vary in their ability to acquire and use different forms of nitrogen (N) (inorganic and organic) has not been investigated but could have important implications for weed survival and weed–crop competition in agroecosystems. We conducted a controlled environment experiment using stable isotopes to determine the uptake and partitioning of organic and inorganic N (amino acids, ammonium, and nitrate) by seven common weed and non-weed species. All species took up inorganic and organic N, including as intact amino acids. Concentrations of 15N derived from both ammonium and amino acids in shoot tissues were higher in large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv] than in common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum bicolor (L.) ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan]. In contrast, the concentration of 15N derived from nitrate was higher in wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) shoots than in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) shoots. Root concentration of 15N derived from ammonium was lower in sorghum-sudangrass compared with other species, except for A. retroflexus and A. fatua, while root concentration of 15N derived from nitrate was lower in A. retroflexus compared with other species, except for C. album and S. arvensis. Discriminant analysis classified species based on their uptake and partitioning of all three labeled N forms. These results suggest that common agricultural weeds can access and use organic N and differentially take up inorganic N forms. Additional research is needed to determine whether species-specific differences in organic and inorganic N uptake influence the intensity of competition for soil N.

Comparative study of ovarian development in wild and captive-reared long-whiskered Sperata aor (Hamilton, 1822)

Long-whiskered catfish Sperata aor is a freshwater catfish known for its supreme flesh quality and fast growth, whose captive-reared broodstock denotes a difficult challenge for aquaculture. The reproductive dysfunctions in long-whiskered catfish raised in tank conditions were observed by comparing tissue biochemical composition and ovarian histology of wild female broodstock. Sixty (60) female broodstocks were used in the current study, consisting of 30 reared at sandy-muddy soil tank bottoms in captive conditions and 30 wild individuals collected from the haor basin during the breeding season. The fish reproductive state was investigated using the biometric and reproductive parameters, biochemical composition and levels of amino acids in the different tissues, and histological analysis of ovarian development. Results revealed that the biometrical parameters of wild and captive female broodstocks exhibited no remarkable difference (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the wild fish had remarkably higher (p < 0.05) GSI (8.73%), oocyte weight (0.45 mg/egg), and ripeness (27.08%) in comparison with captive-reared broodstock. The total length and body weight, body weight and ovary weight, ovipositor diameter and ovary weight, and GSI and HSI displayed a positive relationship with R2 = 1, R2 = 1, R2 = 0.993, and R2 = 0.973, respectively, for wild broodstock, while R2 = 0.994, R2 = 0.806, R2 = 0.804, and R2 = 0.896, respectively, for captive broodstock. Additionally, the proximate composition in oocytes and liver tissues in both broodstocks did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). However, two essential amino acids (EAA), i.e., lysine and phenylalanine, and two non-essential amino acids, i.e., glutamic acid and glycine, were highly significant differences (p < 0.05) in the oocytes and liver of wild broodstock compared to the captive-reared broodstock. On the other hand, the EAA, e.g., isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and arginine, were highly dominated in both wild and captive female brood oocytes and liver. The ovarian histological slides from each fish group showed three oocytes developmental stages that indicated the asynchronous-reproductive ovarian oocytes of this fish. This study may be useful to fully understand the factors affecting the spawning and reproduction of S. aor broodstock, crucial for management in captive conditions as well as conservation and protection for sustainable aquaculture management of S. aor.

Tissue and plasma free amino acid detection by LC-MS/MS method in high grade glioma patients.

The changes in serum amino acid profiles are evaluated in different types of cancers and screening tests were developed for estimating the risk of cancer by rapid analysis of plasma free amino acid (PFAA) levels. There is scarce evidence about the metabolomics analysis of PFAA in malignant gliomas. The aim of the present study was to identify the most promising diagnostic amino acid biomarkers that could be objectively measured for high-grade glioma and to compare their level with the tissue counterpart. In this prospective study, we collected serum samples from 22 patients with the pathological diagnosis of high-grade diffuse glioma according to WHO 2016 classification and 22 healthy subjects, and brain tissue from 22 controls. Plasma and tissue amino acid concentrations were analyzed applying liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Serum alanine, alpha-aminobutyric acid (AABA), lysine (Lys) and cysteine concentrations were significantly higher in high-grade glioma patients despite low levels of alanine and Lys in the tumor tissue. Aspartic acid, histidine and taurine were significantly decreased in both serum and tumors of glioma patients. A positive correlation was detected between tumor volumes and serum levels of latter three amino acids. This study demonstrated potential amino acids which may have diagnostic value for high-grade glioma patients by utilizing LC-MS/MS method. Our results are preliminary to compare serum and tissue levels of amino acids in patients with malignant gliomas. The data presented here may provide feature ideas about the metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis of gliomas.

High doses of rosuvastatin induce impaired branched-chain amino acid catabolism and lead to insulin resistance.

What is the central question of this study? Is there a risk of developing diabetes associated with statin treatment? What is the underlying mechanism of the increased incidence rate of new-onset diabetes in patients treated with rosuvastatin? What is the main finding and its importance? Rosuvastatin therapy reduced intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and changed the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs) in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Protein phosphatase 2Cm knockdown completely abolished the effects of insulin and rosuvastatin on glucose absorption. This study provides mechanistic support for recent clinical data on rosuvastatin-related new-onset diabetes and underscores the logic for intervening in BCAA catabolism to prevent the harmful effects of rosuvastatin. Accumulating evidence indicates that patients treated with rosuvastatin have an increased risk of developing new-onset diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we administered rosuvastatin (10mg/kg body weight) to male C57BL/6J mice for 12weeks and found that oral rosuvastatin dramatically reduced intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. Rosuvastatin-treated mice showed considerably higher serum levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) than control mice. They also showed dramatically altered expression of BCAA catabolism-related enzymes in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, including downregulated mRNA expression of BCAT2 and protein phosphatase 2Cm (PP2Cm) and upregulated mRNA expression of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK). The levels of BCKD in the skeletal muscle were reduced in rosuvastatin-treated mice, which was associated with lower PP2Cm protein levels and increased BCKDK levels. We also investigated the effects of rosuvastatin and insulin administration on glucose metabolism and BCAA catabolism in C2C12 myoblasts. We observed that incubation with insulin enhanced glucose uptake and facilitated BCAA catabolism in C2C12 cells, which was accompanied by elevated Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) phosphorylation. These effects of insulin were prevented by co-incubation of the cells with 25μM rosuvastatin. Moreover, the effects of insulin and rosuvastatin administration on glucose uptake and Akt and GSK3β signaling in C2C12 cells were abolished when PP2Cm was knocked down. Although the relevance of these data, obtained with high doses of rosuvastatin in mice, to therapeutic doses in humans remains to be elucidated, this study highlights a potential mechanism for the diabetogenic effects of rosuvastatin, and suggests that BCAA catabolism could be a pharmacological target for preventing the adverse effects of rosuvastatin.

Effect of Stocking Density on Culture Efficiency and Physiological Indicators of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) under Recirculating Water Conditions in Land-Based Round Ponds

To identify the optimal stocking rate of Micropterus salmoides culture in a land-based round pond recirculating aquaculture system, five stocking densities were tested, i.e., D1–D5 with 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 fish/m2, respectively. The water temperature of the experimental pond was 20.0–26.5°C. The effects of stocking density on culture productivity and physiological indexes of M. salmoides (initial body weight 50.83 ± 7.28 g) were examined. The D1 and D5 treatments exhibited significantly improved growth performance. The population weight gain in the D5 treatment was the highest, which increased by 63.73%, 52.82%, 60.93%, and 45.08%, compared with groups D1–D4 ( P &lt; 0.05 , each), and the feed conversion ratio was the lowest, which was decreased by 5.65%, 12.03%, 26.42%, and 21.48% compared with groups D1–D4. The levels of crude protein, essential amino acids, and total free amino acids in muscle tissue of group D3 were higher than those in the other groups. Stocking density did not differ significantly on muscle fatty acid composition P &gt; 0.05 , each). The activities of serum AKP and LZM and liver SOD, AKP, and LZM in group D5 were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Thus, 100 fish/m2 was the optimal stocking density of M. salmoides at a size stage of 50.83∼130.13 g in the circulating water of land-based round ponds.

Effects of microbial biostimulants (Trichoderma album and Bacillus megaterium) on growth, quality attributes, and yield of onion under field conditions

Microbial biostimulants (MBs) promote plant growth and stress tolerance in a sustainable manner. However, precise field trials of MBs are required in natural setting with a range of crop varieties to harness the benefits of biostimulants on crop yield improvement. This study investigated the effects of two MBs, Trichoderma album and Bacillus megaterium, on an onion cultivar's growth, nutritional qualities, antioxidant properties, and yield potentials under field conditions for two successive years. Before transplantation, onion bulbs were gelatin-coated with 2.0 and 4.0 g L−1 of each of the MB. Results revealed that MBs-pretreated onion plants exhibited better growth indices, photosynthetic pigment contents, and yield-attributing features like bulb weight than control plants. Nutraceutical analysis demonstrated that T. album-pretreated (by 2.0 g L−1) onion cultivar enhanced the level of K+ (by 105.79%), Ca2+ (by 37.77%), proline (by 34.21%), and total free amino acids (by 144.58%) in bulb tissues over the control plants. Intriguingly, the pretreatment with both T. album and B. megaterium (by 2.0 g L−1) increased the levels of total soluble carbohydrates (by 19.10 and 84.02%), as well as antioxidant properties, including increased activities of superoxide dismutase (by 58.52 and 31.34%), catalase (by 164.71 and 232%), ascorbate peroxidase (by 175.35 and 212.69%), and glutathione-S-transferase (by 31.99 and 9.34%) and improved the contents of ascorbic acid (by 19.1 and 44.05%), glutathione (by 6.22 and 33.82%), and total flavonoids (by 171.98 and 56.24%, respectively) in the bulb tissues than control plants. Although both MBs promoted the growth and nutraceutical qualities of onion bulbs, T. album pretreatment showed better effects than that of B. megaterium in the field settings. Based on the morphophysiological attributes and biochemical properties, a low dose (2.0 g L−1) was more effective than a high dose (4.0 g L−1) of T. album in promoting onion growth. Overall, the current research findings imply that T. album might be a potential MB in improving growth and quality attributes, and hence the productivity of onion cultivars under field circumstances.

Effect of acute and chronic salinity exposure on the amino acid composition in muscle, intestine and gill tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The present study sought to compare the effect of different salinity stress on amino acid (AA) composition in tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Juveniles of O. niloticus weighing 25.30 ± 4.82 g were exposed to five (5) different salinity concentrations (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 g/L) for a period of 30 days. Samples of fish tissues (muscles, intestine, and gills) were collected after 3 h (acute) and 30 days (chronic) of salinity exposure for their AA composition analysis. The effect on both acute and chronic salinity exposure on AA composition in the muscles, intestine, and gills of the fish were determined using a Sykam s-433d automatic AA analyzer. Muscle tissue recorded the highest values for both essential AAs (EAAs) and non-essential AAs (NEAAs) with the intestine and gill being second and third, respectively. Both salinity and time (acute and chronic salinity exposures) had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the concentrations of the various AAs measured in the fish muscle. Lysine, Alanine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Serine and Cysteine significantly increased (P < 0.05) in muscle tissue of O. niloticus at high salinity, whereas Arginine, Histidine, Valine, Proline and Tyrosine decreased significantly (P < 0.05) under the same conditions. Comparisons between acute response and chronic response also recorded significant increases (P < 0.05) in concentrations of Arginine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Valine, Alanine, Glycine, Proline, and Tyrosine at high salinity concentrations. In the intestine of the fish, salinity did not affect the concentration of AAs. However, both salinity and time altered the tissue AAs compositions of gills as AA concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) at high salinities for both acute and chronic responses, except for Methionine, Proline, and Cysteine.

Comparison of Antioxidant Capacity and Muscle Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Nervous and Calm Hu Sheep.

This study determined the effect of temperament on antioxidant capacity and the relationship between antioxidant capacity and the contents of amino acids (AA) and fatty acids (FA) in muscle of Hu sheep. Organ and muscle samples of five calm and five nervous Hu sheep were collected to determine the antioxidant capacity and the contents of AA and FA in muscle tissue. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide excretion enzyme (SOD) in muscle and intestinal tissue of calm Hu sheep were lower than those of nervous Hu sheep (p < 0.01), and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver of calm Hu sheep was significantly higher than that of nervous Hu sheep (p = 0.050). The content of AA of calm Hu sheep was higher than that of nervous Hu sheep, especially the content of reductive amino acids, which was significantly higher than that of nervous Hu sheep (p = 0.029). Fatty acid content of nervous Hu sheep was higher than that of calm type, and saturated fatty acid content was significantly higher than that of calm type (p = 0.001). The SOD content in muscle tissue was positively correlated with the contents of aspartic acid (Asp), alanine (Ala) and lysine (Lys). Catalase (CAT) activity was positively correlated with Ala content. There was a significant positive correlation between total antioxidants (T-AOC) and glutamate (Glu) (p < 0.05). MDA concentration was positively correlated with lauric acid (C12:0), triseconic acid (C13:0), myristic acid (C14:0) content (p < 0.01), and ginkgo acid (C15:0) content. The total antioxidants (T-AOC) was negatively correlated with stearic acid (C18:0) (p < 0.05). Our conclusion is that the antioxidant capacity of calm Hu sheep is superior to that of nervous Hu sheep, which may be due to the higher AA (especially reductive amino acids (Arg, Lys, Ala and Glu)) content in the muscle and the lower FA (especially SFA) content, which improve the antioxidant capacity of the organism and allow for further exploration of the mechanisms by which animal temperament affects antioxidant performance.

Antibiotics-induced dysbiosis in gut microbiota affects bumblebee health via regulating host amino acid metabolism.

The gut bacteria can provide nutrition for the host, and regulate host physiological functions and host behavior. In this study, we specifically examined the important roles of free amino acids in the gut microbiota-host interaction. Bumblebees were treated with different concentrations of antibiotics (ampicillin combined with low/high concentrations of tetracycline). Then the effect of antibiotic treatments on the host body weight, gut microbiota, and the free amino acid profiles in the hindgut, hemolymph and brain of bees was evaluated. The results showed that antibiotic treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the host body weight at 11days of age, the total bacterial load and the abundance of Bifidobacterium bohemicum and Gilliamella apicola in the bumblebee's hindgut. Additionally, the higher the concentration of antibiotics (tetracycline), the greater their impact on the body weight and intestinal microbiota of bumblebees. Further, we found that antibiotic treatments caused changes of free amino acids in different tissues, especially in the hindgut and hemolymph, including particularly the decrease of several types of essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids. Our results suggest that the gut microbiota may modulate the host growth via specific essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids, which further reveals the crucial roles of free amino acids in the gut microbiota-host interplay.

Effects of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) on Nutrient Uptake of Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] Seedlings

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), an important free amino acid in plant tissues, plays an essential role in all stages of plant growth and development. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of GABA on the nutrient absorption of loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] seedlings. The effects of applying exogenous GABA in different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 g L−1) on the nutrient uptake of loquat seedlings were studied. GABA increased the biomass (dry weight) and contents of photosynthetic pigments in loquat seedlings to a certain extent. GABA concentration exhibited a quadratic polynomial regression relationship with the biomass. Exogenous GABA in different concentrations increased the total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in loquat seedlings, whereas only 0.5 and 1.0 g L−1 of GABA increased the potassium (K) content. Similarly, GABA concentration also had a polynomial regression relationship with the total N, P, and K contents. Compared to the control, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L−1 of GABA increased the shoot total N content by 27.30, 32.99, 15.41, and 12.93%, respectively, and also increased the shoot total P content by 26.12, 37.52, 21.99, and 9.61%, respectively. Furthermore, correlation and grey relational analyses showed that the carotenoid content, root biomass, and soil alkali-hydrolyzable N concentration were the indicators most closely associated with the uptakes of N, P, and K in shoots. This study shows that exogenous GABA can promote the growth and nutrient uptake of loquat seedlings at an optimum concentration of 1.0 g L−1.

The study of the nutritional and biological value of functional semi-finished fish products "fish balls"

In the context of the problem of the organization of high-quality nutrition for consumers, the ways of its solution by expanding the range of products based on raw fish materials are considered. The necessity of creating combined semi-finished products with adequate substitution for plant components is justified, which allows increasing the amount of dietary fiber consumed and reducing the caloric content of the product, enriching minced fish with carbohydrates (polysaccharides and dietary fibers), amino acids, as well as macro- and microelements. Thus, a comparative analysis of the content of essential amino acids in the muscle tissue of fish in the inland waters of the Republic of Kazakhstan with some oceanic and marine fish showed that the content of amino acids such as leucine, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine is slightly higher. They are characterized by a high content of essential amino acids limiting the biological value, g/100 g of protein: lysine – 8.8-11.6; methionine – 2.1-3.1; tryptophan – 1.0-1.1. The data analysis shows that a higher pH value of fish meat corresponds to a higher elasticity value. The pH shift to the alkaline side of more than 7.5, although it promotes the release of myosin, reduces the elasticity of meat. In our study, we used minced fish from Carp, Pikeperch, Bream, and Pike. It was found that with the addition of 30% of the functional supplement of kelp, the moisture-retaining capacity of the fish semi-finished product was 48.6% and pH 6.67. With the addition of 30% of the functional pumpkin additive, the moisture-retaining capacity of the fish semi-finished product was 49.27% and pH 6.04. Developing semi-finished fish products with plant components makes it possible to obtain products of high biological value with a juicy consistency, which meets modern trends in healthy nutrition.

Aumento acentuado da leucina como fator de mau prognóstico na doença da urina de xarope de bordo - relato de caso

INTRODUCTION: Leucinosis or Maple Syrup Disease (MSD) is an innate metabolism error caused by a deficiency in the activity of the alpha-keto acid-dehydrogenase enzyme complex, which leads to the accumulation of essential branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine), leucine is particularly toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVES: Report a case of maple syrup disease in a 10-day-old newborn (NB), born to consanguineous parents, with late diagnosis, with high levels of leucine, with an unfavorable prognosis. COMMENTS: MSD is a rare condition, of autosomal recessive origin, which occurs due to the accumulation of essential branched-chain amino acids in tissues(leucine, valine, and isoleucine). The accumulation of amino acids mainly affects the CNS. Studies have shown that the elevated leucine concentration decreases the serum sodium concentration and increases intracellular water, causing cerebral edema. Neurological damage will depend on the degree and time of tissue exposure to metabolites. Despite the unfavorable outcome of the case presented, the prognosis of MSD can be modified with strict diet control and early and aggressive management of metabolic crisis.

Mice, Rats and Guinea Pigs Exhibit Significant Variations in the Plasma, Urine and Tissue Levels of Taurine, Betaine, Sarcosine and Other Osmolyte-Active Amino Acids.

Osmolytes are naturally occurring compounds that protect cells from osmotic stress in high-osmolarity tissues, such as the kidney medulla. Some amino acids, including taurine, betaine, glycine, alanine, and sarcosine, are known to act as osmolytes. This study aimed to establish the levels of these amino acids in body fluids and tissues of laboratory animals used as models for human diseases in biomedical research. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to quantify taurine, glycine, betaine, alanine, beta-alanine, and sarcosine in plasma, urine, and tissues of adult, male mice, rats and guinea pigs. Among the species analyzed, taurine was found to have the highest tissue concentrations across all compounds, with the heart containing the greatest amount. In guinea pigs, betaine levels were higher in the renal medulla than in the renal cortex (p < 0.01), while in rats and mice, there were no significant differences in betaine levels between the kidney cortex and medulla. The urine of guinea pigs had lower levels of sarcosine compared to rats (p < 0.001), while the plasma (p < 0.05; > 0.05), heart (p < 0.05; < 0.05), lungs (p < 0.01; < 0.01), liver (p < 0.001; < 0.05), and kidneys (p < 0.01; < 0.01) of rats exhibited notably higher concentrations of sarcosine compared to both mice and guinea pigs, respectively. There are pronounced differences in the concentrations of taurine, betaine, and other amino acids across the investigated species. It is important to acknowledge these differences when selecting animal models for preclinical studies and to account for variations in amino acid concentrations when selecting amino acids doses for interventional studies.

Bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles prevent gut inflammation by regulating lipid and amino acid metabolism.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global health problem in which metabolite alteration plays an important pathogenic role. Bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) have been shown to regulate nutrient metabolism in healthy animal models. This study investigated the effect of oral mEVs on metabolite changes in DSS-induced murine colitis. We performed metabolomic profiling on plasma samples and measured the concentrations of lipids and amino acids in both fecal samples and colonic tissues. Plasma metabolome analysis found that mEVs significantly upregulated 148 metabolite levels and downregulated 44 metabolite concentrations (VIP > 1, and p < 0.05). In the fecal samples, mEVs significantly increased the contents of acetate and butyrate and decreased the levels of tridecanoic acid (C13:0), methyl cis-10-pentadecenoate (C15:1) and cis-11-eicosenoic acid (C20:1). Moreover, the concentrations of eicosadienoic acid (C20:2), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) were decreased in colonic tissues with mEV supplementation. In addition, compared with the DSS group, mEVs significantly increased the content of L-arginine, decreased the level of L-valine in the fecal samples, and also decreased the levels of L-serine and L-glutamate in the colonic tissues. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that mEVs could recover the metabolic abnormalities caused by inflammation and provided novel insights into mEVs as a potential modulator for metabolites to prevent and treat IBD.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КАЧЕСТВА МЯСА КУР-НЕСУШЕК ПРИ ПРИМЕНЕНИИ ПРЕПАРАТА НА ОСНОВЕ ГИДРОЛИЗАТА БЕЛКА ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

This article presents the results of a study of the domestic preparation based on soy protein «Abiotonic» on the quality indicators of laying hen meat. The introduction of the feed additive "Abiotonic" into the diet at a dose of 1.0 ml/l of water contributed to an increase in the amount of nonessential, partially nonessential and essential amino acids in the muscle tissue in the ratio of 10.0%, 8.5% and 6.7%, respectively, in relation to In the control group of birds, there was also a tendency to increase selenium in meat by 29.4% and iron - by 20.0% in relation to the control group, thanks to such indicators, this feed additive helps to increase the biological value of meat.

Determination of histamine levels in fresh fish using Near Infrared (NIR) technology

Fresh fish and fish products are highly perishable food. Development of fast, secure and non- destructive technique for estimation the presence and quantity of components which are related with safety of food products is of great interest for science but also and for the industry sector. Above-mentioned idea is the aim of this research work, precisely, determination of histamine levels in fresh fish with the use of different near infrared handheld devices. Histamine is one of biogenic amines among putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine which are non-volatile amines produced post mortem and are formed from decarboxylation of specific free amino acids in fish or shellfish tissue. Reason why we choose to developing technique for evaluation of histamine levels is EU Regulation 2073/2005 requires the determination of histamine at three different levels: 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. For reaching the goal we decided to use paper-based technology for collecting samples for evaluation using Whatman grade 2 qualitative filter papers. In the first phase for validation of NIR devices specifications, and for creation of calibration curve we used histamine solution with 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 %. Results showed regression of R2 = 0.69 which indicates that NIR devices can be promising tools for spotting histamine beside small molecular weight.

Effects of PVY-Infected Tobacco Plants on the Adaptation of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

The indirect interaction between viruses and their insect vectors via the host plants can mediate viral transmission. Thus, elucidating these tripartite interactions is crucial for controlling the occurrence of viral diseases. This study examined the feeding behavior and life table parameters of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, using electropenetrography and an age-stage, two-sex life table on PVY-infected and uninfected tobacco plants. Furthermore, the amino acid and soluble sugar contents in tobacco tissue at different stages of PVY infection were determined. The results showed that PVY-infected plants exerted remarkable effects on the feeding activities of M. persicae. Aphids exhibited a reduced non-probing duration and increased phloem sap ingestion on infected plants. Although the nymph development time on the PVY-infected plants was significantly shorter than that of uninfected plants, M. persicae reared on infected plants had reduced fecundity and significantly shortened adult longevity. On day 12, the sugar: amino acid ratio of the PVY-infected plants was significantly higher than that of uninfected plants, whereas the opposite was observed on day 24. Our results demonstrated that PVY could alter the adaptability of M. persicae by modifying the nutritional quality of tobacco plants. In addition, divergent effects on aphids were observed at different infection stages, which are crucial to consider while exploring the interactions between viruses, insect vectors, and host plants. These results provided significant information for comprehending PVY spread and outbreaks.

Peculiarities of the distribution of assimilates in the organs of Schisandra chinensis plants under different soil and climatic conditions

Peculiarities of accumulation of nutrients in the leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and rhizosphere soil under the conditions of its continuous monoculture have been studied. Comparative analysis of the distribution of nutrients in the leaves of plants under different soil and climatic conditions revealed significant differences. It was found that plants grown on podzolic chernozem of Kolomyia State Forest Fund (Otyniia, Ukraine) were characterized by more intensive absorption of such nutrients as Ca, Si, P, Cu, Zn and Mg. The content of P, K, S, Mn was much higher in the foliar tissues of S. chinensis plants cultivated on the territory of the M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine) in the conditions of dark grey forest soil. The high ability of plants to accumulate and release Mg into the rhizosphere soil was revealed, which is fully consistent with the selective ability of plants to release mineral elements into the soil environment in accordance with their ecomorphotypes. At the same time, the amount of Ca in the rhizosphere soil decreased significantly at the end of the vegetative period, which could be explained, on the one hand, by the intensive influx of Ca into plant tissues and, on the other hand, by participation in chemical balancing processes to reduce manganese and nitrogen mobility in the soil. Barrier-free accumulation of Fe, Ca, Mg, Al elements in S. chinensis leaves was revealed, which should be taken into account when developing plant cultivation technology. The studies of allelopathy activity of vegetative and generative organs of plants and rhizosphere soil have shown that phenolic substances accumulate in small amounts in the soil under S. chinensis, which is a prerequisite for successful cultivation of this fruit vine in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine under conditions of continuous long-term cultivation. The largest amount of phenolic substances was in the upper soil horizons, which gradually decreased with depth, which is consistent with the course of redox processes for the studied soil profiles. The pool of free amino acids of S. chinensis plants growing in different soil and climatic conditions was analyzed, the concentration of amino acids in the leaves was the most indicative. Evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative distribution of free amino acids in plant tissues serves as a diagnostic sign of plant sensitivity to soil and climatic conditions.

Amino acid composition of proteins of meristem cells of maize roots under the combined action of lead, cadmium and nickel ions

Heavy metals are one of the main causes of plant damage. The main route of entry of metals into plants is their absorption by the root system from the soil. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants disrupts the flow of biochemical processes. Amino acid metabolism is one of the important factors that ensure biochemical adaptation of organisms to environmental changes. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the content of protein amino acids in the generative tissues of the maize root under the combined action of lead, cadmium and nickel ions at the early stages of ontogenesis. To assess the impact of heavy metals, two-day-old corn seedlings were transplanted to solutions with heavy metal ions of various concentrations, both individually and in a mixture. The content of protein amino acids in the meristem was characterized by significant variation associated with both quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of water-soluble proteins during germination. The level of accumulation of amino acids in the meristem cells of maize roots depended on the concentration of the xenobiotic and the germination period, and the general regularity of the influence of nickel ions was a decrease in the content of arginine, leucine, alanine and an increase in the content of histidine, cysteine, serine, proline, and valine. During the period of germination, the qualitative amino acid composition of plants did not change, while the quantitative content of individual amino acids varied greatly. Various increases in the content of dicarboxylic amino acids (glutamate and aspartate) testify to the intensification of metabolic processes under the influence of the studied substances. However, it cannot be excluded that the increase in the content of glutamic and aspartic acids is associated with a decrease in the speed of their utilization. In addition, heavy metals caused an increase in the content of amino acids of the ornithine cycle (arginine) and the end product of the cycle (proline) to varying degrees. Proline is an amino acid that has a stress-protective effect due to the binding of proline aggregates to surface hydrophobic residues of proteins, which prevents their denaturation. Perhaps a similar protective effect of proline occurs in the case, which is being considered.