American Territory Research Articles

Connected Empires, Connected News

This paper analyzes the information that was disseminated in the Netherlands and Spain—and other territories connected to the latter such as Portugal and Flanders under Habsburg rule—about the taking by the Dutch of the city of San Salvador de Bahia in Brazil, and his subsequent recovery by a Spanish-Portuguese expedition (1624–1625). Despite the different communicative structures, these national journalisms shared professional strategies to inform about the conflicts that occurred in the distant Brazilian lands. Given the difficulty of informing promptly and truthfully, the discourse of the Dutch and Spanish newspapers about their colonies alternates between the information explosion and silence, depending on the alternation between victories and defeats in American territory. News was as connected as were the empires that controlled vast territories in Europe and America, despite the ideological and religious differences of the era.

Aguas dulces entre Chile y Bolivia: el Silala en su laberinto

Las tensiones históricas entre Chile y Bolivia son un tema constante en la agenda de la política internacional de ambos países y por cierto de América del Sur. El 1 de octubre de 2018, la Corte Internacional de Justicia falló a favor de Chile en el caso de la demanda marítima y declaró que este país no tenía obligación alguna de negociar una salida soberana al mar para Bolivia, derivado de la pérdida de acceso a las costas y territorios tras la Guerra del Pacífico (1879–1883). Sin embargo, este no era el único pleito por aguas entre los dos países. Detrás de la demanda boliviana, se produjo un pleito sucesivo, pero esta vez, una demanda de Chile contra Bolivia el año 2016. Se trata de las aguas de unos manantiales en el altiplano andino a la altura de la ciudad de Antofagasta de Chile, conocidas con el nombre del Silala, aguas que surgen en Bolivia y que transitan hacia Chile. La investigación demuestra que el uso de las aguas dulces, y en particular las del Silala, acuífero que une a Chile y Bolivia en la zona del Departamento de Potosí y la Región de Antofagasta en Chile, trasciende la gobernanza del agua y se relaciona con el manejo de la crítica relación histórica entre Chile y Bolivia. El texto explora el origen del conflicto, las características de estos recursos compartidos, el rol de los organismos internacionales, la presencia de las tensiones y conflictos bilaterales durante el gobierno de Evo Morales, y las implicancias que estas aguas representan para ambos países en el área político–estratégica.

Temporal trends of cutaneo-mucous histoplasmosis in persons living with HIV in French Guiana: Early diagnosis defuses South American strain dermotropism.

Histoplasmosis is the most frequent opportunistic infection and the first cause of mortality in HIV-infected patients in French Guiana and presumably in much of Latin America. Mucocutaneous lesions of histoplasmosis are considered as rare and late manifestations of the disease. It has been debated whether the greater proportion of cutaneo-mucous presentations in South America relative to the USA was the reflection of Histoplasma strains with increased dermotropism or simply delayed diagnosis and advanced immunosuppression. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, frequency, prognosis and temporal trends of cutaneomucous histoplasmosis in French Guiana. A retrospective study of patients with AIDS-related disseminated histoplasmosis followed in the three hospitals of French Guiana was performed between 1981 and 2014. Incident cases of histoplasmosis, proved by pathology and/or mycological examinations, were studied. Mucocutaneous histoplasmosis was confirmed by a positive cutaneous or mucosal biopsy. Mucocutaneous lesions were polymorphic. Ninety percent of patients were profoundly immunocompromised patients (CD4<50/mm3) and over 80% were not on antiretroviral treatment. The frequency of mucocutaneous forms and case fatality of disseminated histoplasmosis within one month of antifungal treatment significantly decreased over time (p<0,001). In this South American territory, diagnostic and therapeutic improvements have led to the quasi disappearance of cutaneous manifestations. There may be South American dermotropism in the laboratory but at the bedside early diagnosis seems to be the main parameter explaining the proportion of cutaneomucous presentations in South America relative to the USA.

‘No more occasion for Puffendorf nor Hugo Grotius’: the Spanish rights of possession in America and the Darien venture (1698–1701)

ABSTRACT Set within the framework of international intellectual history, the present article focusses on the propaganda campaign undertaken by the Company of Scotland to prove the legality of its settlement in the Darien province. It first shows how a group of Scottish authors appropriated sixteenth-century natural law arguments from Spanish sources to reject the claims based on the Bulls of Donation and conquest, which underpinned Spain’s sovereignty over its American territories. Acting individually and collectively, anonymously and under pseudonyms, pro-Darien propagandists instrumentally quoted and restated the contents of major works from Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de Las Casas. Additionally, the Scots also deployed the theories elaborated by Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf to refute discovery and occupation as further means of acquisition of American lands. In contrast with Spanish expansionism, the Scottish colony eventually grounded its claims on the consent of the indigenous Cuna rulers and on the official treaties recognizing the latter's sovereignty over Darien, emulating the Dutch commercial model of empire and colonial practices.

Navigating Citizenship and National Identity in American Territories: Nationalism in American Samoa and Puerto Rico

Navigating Citizenship and National Identity in American Territories: Nationalism in American Samoa and Puerto Rico

Coral reef restoration efforts in Latin American countries and territories

Coral reefs worldwide are degrading due to climate change, overfishing, pollution, coastal development, coral bleaching, and diseases. In areas where the natural recovery of an ecosystem is negligible or protection through management interventions insufficient, active restoration becomes critical. The Reef Futures symposium in 2018 brought together over 400 reef restoration experts, businesses, and civil organizations, and galvanized them to save coral reefs through restoration or identify alternative solutions. The symposium highlighted that solutions and discoveries from long-term and ongoing coral reef restoration projects in Spanish-speaking countries in the Caribbean and Eastern Tropical Pacific were not well known internationally. Therefore, a meeting of scientists and practitioners working in these locations was held to compile the data on the extent of coral reef restoration efforts, advances and challenges. Here, we present unpublished data from 12 coral reef restoration case studies from five Latin American countries, describe their motivations and techniques used, and provide estimates on total annual project cost per unit area of reef intervened, spatial extent as well as project duration. We found that most projects used direct transplantation, the coral gardening method, micro-fragmentation or larval propagation, and aimed to optimize or scale-up restoration approaches (51%) or provide alternative, sustainable livelihood opportunities (15%) followed by promoting coral reef conservation stewardship and re-establishing a self-sustaining, functioning reef ecosystems (both 13%). Reasons for restoring coral reefs were mainly biotic and experimental (both 42%), followed by idealistic and pragmatic motivations (both 8%). The median annual total cost from all projects was $93,000 USD (range: $10,000 USD-$331,802 USD) (2018 dollars) and intervened a median spatial area of 1 ha (range: 0.06 ha-8.39 ha). The median project duration was 3 years; however, projects have lasted up to 17 years. Project feasibility was high with a median of 0.7 (range: 0.5-0.8). This study closes the knowledge gap between academia and practitioners and overcomes the language barrier by providing the first comprehensive compilation of data from ongoing coral reef restoration efforts in Latin America.

La Era del Imperio y el colonialismo poscolonial: conceptos para una historia de las “fronteras de la civilización” en América Latina

Este artículo recoge, discute y articula un conjunto de conceptos significativos para la historización de la expansión de Estados nacionales y mercados imperiales sobre territorios y pueblos americanos independientes hasta finales del siglo XIX. Con el objetivo de relevar las particularidades locales en perspectiva continental y transnacional, se aborda el impulso imperial europeo como denominador común de la transformación de soberanías indígenas y nacionales. Trabajando sobre un corpus documental conceptualmente seleccionado, se discute la pertinencia de divorciar los conceptos de soberanía, expansión nacional e imperialismo, fronteras internas y externas, colonialismo y poscolonialidad.

Does Private Equity Ownership Make Firms Cleaner? The Role Of Environmental Liability Risks

This paper studies how Private Equity (PE) firms affect firms' environmental outcomes in the oil and gas industry. On average PE ownership leads to a 70% reduction in the use of toxic chemicals and a 50% reduction in satellite-based measures of CO2 emissions. However, this average effect hides significant heterogeneities. PE-backed firms increase pollution in locations and periods where environmental liability risk is low, as shown by a novel natural experiment that reduced these risks for projects located on federal and Native American territories. Overall, high-powered incentives to maximize shareholder value may benefit environmental outcomes when the risk of environmental regulation is high.

Independencia o Constitución: América en el Trienio Liberal

The Liberal Triennium was the second opportunity to establish a constitutional monarchy in Spain and the American territories. The deputies of America who participated in the parliamentary debates raised, once again, the proposals for self-government and autonomy that the constitutional system allowed them. In this sense, they put their hopes in the Constitution of 1812 that, although it was inclusive, its rigidity prevented the modification of the legal and territorial structure of the empire. In this work, I intend to approach the proposals and political debates that on the possible modification of the Constitution were held in the Liberal Triennium Courts (1820-1823) to understand why in the framework of the liberalism of the twenties, it was not possible keeping the monarchy together and the presence of the constitutional text ended up being an impediment to American self-government and another cause for embracing independence. Fecha de envio / Submission date: 12/02/2020Fecha de aceptacion / Acceptance date: 28/04/2020

Dialectical Unity in Central America? An Analysis of its Dialectical Lexicon

The lexicon that coincides with the geographic region formed by the six countries of the American isthmus has not yet been examined as part of a single dialectical area. Our inquiry proposes to analyse and classify the lexical units that are recorded in dialectical dictionaries as a means to answer the question of whether this is a single dialectical area. Through a quantitative and qualitative methodology, we discover that the Central American territory presents two groups according to lexical repertoire. The results demonstrate that the first includes El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, which have a greater number of coinciding words compared to Costa Rica and Panama. Data about the indicators that shed light on etymological origin and lexical-semantic creation, adoption and adaptation to understand the trends followed by each group are also provided. This work contributes to the possibility of considering Central America as a dialectical unit.

Initial Development of Carnival Fish of Sweet Water: Systematic Review of Literature

The initial development of carnivorous fish in farms requires intensive care regarding nutrition and management, in order to avoid the stress that can lead to cannibalistic behavior, a major cause of mortality in larvae and juveniles of cultivated carnivorous species. The objective of this article was to evaluate the initial development of carnivorous freshwater fish in South American territory, focusing on the development of the digestive tract and feeding, through a systematic literature review, resulting from research in scientific databases, with the strategy of searching for the key-words: fish and larvae and development and digestive and Brazil and "name of the different species found", besides manual searches made in the bibliographical references of the articles selected. At the end of the selection, 17 articles, published between 2007 and 2017, were included in the review. It was verified that the ontological evaluation of the digestive system of the larvae’s is of major importance to adapt the nutritional management to the needs of the young animals, reaching higher productivity of carnivorous fish.

La globalización hispana del comercio y el arte en la Edad Moderna

Este artículo muestra algunos aspectos destacados de un fenómeno histórico de dimensiones planetarias: la globalización comercial y artística que, iniciada en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, tuvo como principal protagonista durante la Edad Moderna a los territorios americanos, asiáticos y europeos de la Monarquía Hispánica. Los intercambios internacionales (básicamente, plata americana a cambio de objetos asiáticos más o menos lujosos) que siguieron al descubrimiento, en 1565, por Urdaneta del “tornaviaje” entre Manila y Acapulco tuvieron profundos efectos sobre las formas de producir y de consumir tanto en el Viejo Mundo y como en el Nuevo. La trascendencia histórica de estas interacciones sin precedentes tal vez ha pasado un tanto inadvertida a los economistas e historiadores económicos españoles. Probablemente, el papel central desempeñado en esta globalización por el Virreinato de la Nueva España tampoco ha sido valorado adecuadamente.

Agricultural family schools in the «Pampa Gringa», historical traces between the particular and the universal

Agricultural Family Schools have been the way to concretize a model of pedagogy of alternation, an education modality that has been little investigated from a historical point of view. This article aims to present the emergence of alternating pedagogy in Europe, its influence in the South American territory, and to analyse in more detail its expansion in Argentina from the late 1960s. We are interested in dwelling on these alternative modes of conceiving and building schools not only because of their value as a contribution to agricultural education at the secondary level, but also as a contribution to research on specific historical experiences which constitute areas for inscription of school innovations, pedagogical debates, struggles and resistance (McLeod, 2014). Likewise, we are interested in analysing this alternative modality of schooling from the conceptual debate on the tension between the particular and the universal, which is expressed in this different way of conceiving teaching and learning and analysing the hegemony of the school format (Southwell, 2008). To do this, we carry out a historical analysis of the testimonies that recorded the emergence, debates and expansion of these institutions, as well as the educational concepts that were configured in the historical journey developed until today.

Ciudades y villas. Construcción y representaciones de la comunidad en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglos XVI y XVII

La idea de ciudad en el contexto del poblamiento hispanoamericano puede encontrarse en tratados políticos y urbanísticos del siglo XVI. No obstante, este no es un discurso que deba analizarse unilateralmente, como algo impuesto desde arriba por la Corona o por sus oficiales reales. Más bien, puede cuestionarse el hecho de que los tratados reflejaban el pensamiento extendido en la población o cómo circulaban las ideas y el conocimiento en torno a la ciudad en diferentes esferas de la sociedad. Este artículo no intenta definir lo que era la ciudad sino llamar la atención sobre uno de los aspectos que no ha sido atendido por la historiografía: la apropiación social y política del concepto de ciudad a partir de su definición como civitas, como comunidad política. Para ello se toma como referencia centros urbanos que atravesaron momentos de crisis o coyunturas en las que sobresale el arraigo y aprovechamiento de la idea de ciudad por sus habitantes hispanos. Así, se busca analizar la idea de ciudad desde abajo, desde los pobladores de los núcleos urbanos, soldados, oficiales de cabildo y gobernación que estaban construyendo las ciudades o villas en territorio americano para notar cómo se configuró la realidad política. Estos tenían una visión particular de la esencia de la ciudad, la ponían en práctica en sus diversas manifestaciones y negociaciones con la Corona.

"Oh Señora, la sabiduría es tonta". Trascendencia e inmanencia en Sur, de Diana Bellessi

Este artículo propone la existencia, en la obra bellessiana, particularmente en el poemario Sur, de una "utopía de la representación", que da cuenta de toda otredad, y establece un vínculo respecto del paisaje, en tanto densa manifestación de la cultura, revelando lo que este expone como ofrecimiento para la contemplación como aquello que oculta en su figuración de "lo enterrado", duplicidad que exige a la vez un recorrido territorial como una búsqueda en profundidad de la mirada y la lengua. Son estas las que intentan (re)construir una identidad que ha hecho historia a los pueblos americanos a partir de la violencia que implicó el dominio, el exterminio y el mestizaje de los pueblos prehispánicos, en un arco que recorre el territorio desde el extremo Sur hasta el Norte de América. Se trata del español como una lengua impuesta que en la poesía de Bellessi se encuentra intervenida y transfigurada por el testimonio de las hablas originarias, y de los modelos de representación que porta consigo, ante los que la sujeto elabora un intenso ejercicio de cuestionamientos y proyecciones, como sucede en el Poema de Chile, la última obra de su precursora, Gabriela Mistral. Sur se presenta, entonces, como un texto sapiencial, que se aproxima a una verdad espiritual, y encarna una intensa disputa de saberes a partir de lo inmanente y lo fragmentario, una fuga en el deseo de una divinidad encarnada en la naturaleza, aquí mayoritariamente femenina.

The Lion of Mars by Jennifer L. Holm

Reviewed by: The Lion of Mars by Jennifer L. Holm Kiri Palm Holm, Jennifer L. The Lion of Mars. Random House, 2021 [272p] Trade ed. ISBN 9780593121818 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780593121832 $9.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R Gr. 4-6 Eleven-year-old Bell is part of the first generation of humans to grow up on Mars—or more specifically, a settlement beneath the surface of Mars. Rules are important for the safety of Bell's small group, and the two most important are "Do not go beyond the boundaries of the American territory" and "Do not make contact with other foreign nations." Bell and his pals break both rules spectacularly when they take a joyride on a rover, leading to what they perceive as a hostile encounter with neighboring France and reinforcing the isolationist tendencies of Sai, the cohort's leader. When all of the adults in the settlement come down with a terrible virus, however, the kids are left to fend for themselves, and they are soon forced to reach out to potential enemies for help. As in Rodkey's thought-provoking We're Not From Here (BCCB 2/19), it's clear here that any blank slate offered by Mars to humanity will quickly be made messy by the nature of humanity and that political strife often has its origins in very personal conflicts. There's genuine warmth among the crew, with the kids very much rebellious teens and tweens and the adults their exasperated but loving guardians, and as much as Bell begins to resent the idea of staying in one place for the rest his life, he understands Sai's need to protect the group. While the ending dismisses some of the genuine themes of conflict touched on [End Page 215] earlier, readers will nonetheless be intrigued by Bell's life on the red planet and the way it's dramatically different from and very much the same as life on Earth. Copyright © 2021 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

A Saúde na Agenda 2030 de Desenvolvimento Sustentável na América Latina: Quem está publicando?

Este artigo apresenta um trabalho que consistiu no levantamento quantitativo das publicações sobre a Agenda 2030 de Desenvolvimento Sustentável na América Latina, ou que foram escritas por autores afiliados às instituições da região, focando no tema saúde. Foram realizadas buscas em bancos de dados, para o período entre janeiro de 2009 e maio de 2017, e encontradas 127 publicações voltadas para o Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 3 – Boa Saúde e Bem-Estar. A maior parcela dos resultados (92%) é constituída de artigos científicos que foram descritos segundo o ano e veículo de publicação, instituições de filiação dos autores e sua localização. Quase a metade das publicações (47%) foi feita sem a participação de organizações latino-americanas e em apenas 30% dos casos o primeiro autor pertence a uma organização latino-americana. Esse quadro se torna mais nítido quando se observa a concentração da produção latinoamericana em torno de organizações brasileiras: a produção científica sobre as resoluções da Agenda 2030 em relação à saúde ainda está ausente em grande parte do território latino-americano.

Producción de azúcar de caña en El Salvador y su relación con la variabilidad de la Actividad Solar y Geomagnética: Un enfoque de la Bioeconomía y el Cambio Climático

El presente trabajo es una contribución de la Bioeconomía en el sendero productivo de Eco intensificación, donde los efectos de la variabilidad climática inciden en los niveles de productividad de la producción de Caña de Azúcar. La Actividad eruptiva del Sol y el Clima Espacial son importantes elementos del medio ambiente cósmico que inciden en la variabilidad del clima del planeta y numerosos procesos de la Biosfera y el Medio Ambiente. Se analizaron las series de tiempo de la productividad en la industria azucarera en El Salvador para un período de 31 años (1985-2015) a partir de los datos publicados en el Anuario de Estadística Agropecuaria, D.G.E.A-M.A.G, en relación con el régimen lluvioso para ese mismo periodo y con dos índices del Clima Espacial. El trabajo se realizó en distintas fases en Cuba, El Salvador y México. El objetivo del trabajo, consistió en valorar la hipótesis que establece la asociación entre estas variables (series de producción azucarera e índices del clima espacial) y al mismo tiempo confirmar la posible influencia para este territorio centroamericano, y la muestra con que se contrasto. Se muestra que existe una estrecha sincronía entre la Actividad Solar y Geomagnética y los índices de producción de caña de azúcar, melaza y azúcar, manifestándose claramente en estas últimas un ciclo multianual de aproximadamente 10 a 12 años.

Geological-geomorphological and geochemical control on low arsenic concentration in the Lerma valley groundwater between the two high arsenic geologic provinces of Chaco-Pampean plain and Puna

Argentina is known for having one of the most extensive areas with high arsenic (As) concentration in groundwater in the world. These areas correspond to two geological provinces, the Altiplano-Puna plateau and the Chaco-Pampean plain. In this large territory, there are some specific environments where the As concentration in groundwater is lower, and in some cases within the recommended limits for drinking water. In our study, we analyze and interpret the low As concentrations reported for the Lerma valley, the easternmost intermontane basin of the Cordillera Oriental, located between the aforementioned high‑arsenic areas. The groundwater from this valley is used for the consumption of >600.000 inhabitants in the city of Salta and nearby towns. The incipient geological development of the valley since the late Miocene and the subsequent tectonic and climatic evolution favored low As concentrations with respect to the Altiplano-Puna plateau and the Chaco-Pampean plain. The high-energy sedimentary environments that characterized the area during Plio-Quaternary times and the composition of the sediments have controlled the characteristics of the multilayered aquifer. Moreover, the absence of geogenic As sources, climate, high rain infiltration rate, near neutral pH, redox conditions, and wells construction with screens settled in coarse productive layers favor groundwater of good quality. The geological and tectonic evolution of the Lerma valley could be extrapolated to other similar valleys in NW Argentina and can be a useful tool for exploration of good quality groundwater. This is of high importance in Latin American territories with high As concentration in groundwater such as Argentina.

Problemática del tránsito Binacional de una Nación territorialmente dividida: EL Caso de los Tohono O’Odham

En el presente trabajo se analiza el hecho de que la Nación Tohono O'odham haya quedado dividida territorialmente al perder México parte de su territorio, lo cual plantea para su población, una serie de problemas como lo son la división de su territorio, la pérdida de la identidad cultural, la separación de familias, problemas que se enmarcan en la imposibilidad de transitar libremente entre la frontera Arizona - Sonora.