American Scientific Journals Research Articles

From “Brilliant study” to “One Woman’s outcry Against Her Nature”: “The Second Sex” in the 1950s American Scientific Journals

Simone de Beauvoir?s The Second Sex has been considered as one of the most crucial books that influenced the second wave feminists, who mobilized during the 1960s and 1970s new massive feminist movement in America. This article analyses reception of the book in the American scientific/academic journals, and in that way, contributes to the field of periodical studies. This article, first, analyses post-war American context with the focus on status and role of women in the society, and then, moves on to enquire into the reception of The Second Sex in five American scientific journals, published during 1953 and 1954. The political context is intertwined with the absence of the critical reflexion among the first American authors who wrote about The Second Sex regarding the role of women in the 1950s America. The article analyses the language, key topics for the authors of critiques (that the book is primarily French; that it cannot apply to American women and context; that the book is non-scientific, despite the publisher?s promotion, and that it does not provide directions for the social changes Beauvoir calls for; and finally, that the book has problematic arguments regarding motherhood and the status of married women).

Comunicación de las organizaciones no gubernamentales en revistas científicas latinoamericanas

Las revistas científicas son un instrumento de validación y difusión de investigaciones, así como una importante herramienta para compartir el conocimiento producido. Este artículo pone de relieve la publicación de estudios vinculados a la comunicación organizacional de uno de los actores frecuentemente marginados: las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs). En este artículo se realiza un estudio bibliométrico de 34 artículos científicos publicados en revistas científicas latinoamericanas indizadas en el Scimago Journal Ranking (SJR) de Scopus y del catálogo de Latindex, que hacen referencia a la comunicación organizacional de las ONGs. Los resultados indican que los aportes teóricos son heterogéneos, aunque el enfoque de la comunicación estratégica evidencia un proceso de consolidación. Los métodos más utilizados son la revisión documental y el análisis de casos, lo que sugiere el interés por la construcción de una perspectiva singular y latinoamericanista de un área temática que aún se encuentra en etapa incipiente.

Use and translation of abbreviations and acronyms in scientific texts

Most new concepts both in the Russian and English languages are expressed using phrases or compound words, because such complex words make it possible to represent a particular concept with completeness and accuracy. But multicomponent terms—complex words and phrases—are cumbersome; therefore, there is a need to abbreviate them in one way or another. In some cases this leads to the use of short versions of the term in the form of only one main component, while in others, various types of abbreviations are used, which can save time. However, their imprecise or incorrect translation can change or confuse the intended meaning. The paper discusses the differences in using abbreviations and acronyms in British and American scientific texts, as well as difficulties of their translation and optimal strategies of interlanguage adaptation. The investigation is performed using various research techniques, including a comparative method, a continuous sampling method, semantic structure analysis, and contextual analysis. It is shown that the existing modern classifications of abbreviations greatly differ in linguistic scientific literature and lexical units are abbreviated using various methods. It is found that there exist various traditions of their usage in scientific and technical texts. It is demonstrated that various standards for introducing, spelling, and punctuating abbreviations and acronyms in British and American scientific journals pose additional difficulties in the work of a translator in the field of science and technology, provokes translation errors and requires the use of normalization and explication as the main strategies for their translation. The paper may be of interest for those who translate scientific texts for British and American readership.

Prácticas editoriales en materia de visibilidad de revistas científicas latinoamericanas en Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

This research addresses the editorial practices in terms of visibility carried out by Latin American scientific journals and their influential factors. The applied technique of data collection was surveyed. The sample was composed by journals classified in Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR), all of them associated to five subject categories in the Latin American context: Philosophy, Theology, Law, Political Science and Psychology. The main finding was that Web 2.0 tools are underused by the analyzed journals, we could infer that the positioning of a journal is not directly related with the usage of this kind of technological tools. From the results obtained, it is suggested, as a future research line, the identification of other factors that positively affect the visibility of the journals.

Topic Modeling and Textual Analysis of American Scientific Journals, 1818–1922

When performing a distant reading of some of the most prominent American scientific publications in the nineteenth-century U.S., some very clear patterns emerge. LDA topic modeling and textual analysis methods of over one hundred years of the American Journal of Science (AJS), Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (PAAAS), and the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) between 1818 and 1922 helps historians to understand how these journals evolved over the nineteenth-century. Overall, there was an increase in discussion of business and professional issues and a shift in the journals that scientists used to discuss these issues. This shift happened during a very specific period, 1870-1890, the very same time that specialized scientific societies, particularly the American Chemical Society, split from the more generalized American Association for the Advancement of Science. Further analyses of these datasets may help to better understand shifts American science in the nineteenth century, and topic modeling methods allow historians of science to better identify this evolution of American science.

La reinterpretación de visibilidad y calidad en las nuevas políticas de evaluación de revistas científicas

This study analyzes the development of Latin American scientific publications from 1980 to present day in the context of the scientific assessment policies during that period. The analysis leads to the proposal of three eras in the development of Latin American scientific journals, which are analyzed in relation to the creation of regional systems such as Latindex, SciELO, and RedALyC. In the context of the third period –“internationalization”– the new journal evaluation policies of Mexico and Colombia (2016) are further analyzed and inconsistencies with the objectives of the previous periods are identified. In particular, the document analysis highlights how these policies shift the discourse and approach away from those seeking visibility and quality and towards citation as the only valued measure of publications. This change in approach is discussed along with the perceived advances and setbacks from the previous periods. The authors conclude that the scientific community would do well to return to the principles and values established in the first two periods where science and scientific publications were moving towards a regional and cooperative model under the governance of the scientific community.

Textual analysis and the history of scholarly communication

ABSTRACTThis paper uses topic modeling and statistical analysis of keywords within early American scientific journals in order to better understand the professionalization of American science in the late 19th century. The Journal of the American Chemical Society was one of the first professional scientific journals developed in the United States and analyzing its content may help to understand the professional concerns of 19th century American scientists. How did these early scientists view their profession? What did chemists see as the most important scientific issues of their time? By using computational and statistical analysis of the first 40 years (1879–1922) of the journal, it becomes clear that the professionalization of chemistry took roughly 20 years and had much to do with external factors affecting science in the United States.

Elsevier´s journal metrics for the identification of a mainstream journals core : a case study on Mexico

INTRODUCTIONGarfield's Journal Impact Factor (JIF) has been the bibliometric indicator most commonly used by librarians, researchers and research managers. Although JIF has faced criticism, and reports of malpractices have surfaced, it is still considered by some authors the most relevant indicator to evaluate the influence of scientific journals (Zitt, 2012). However, arguments against the arbitrary use of this indicator in research evaluation are well-known, and many authors have disclosed unethical manipulations by journal editors and common misuses by individuals who lack competence in the field of quantitative studies of science (Archambault & Lariviere, 2009; Pendlebury & Adams, 2012; Smith, 2012; Weingart, 2005). Hence, bibliometricians have expressed a need for greater rigor and accuracy in journal assessments, as well as for more inclusive and viable alternatives.The relevance of JIF is directly related to the essential role of the citation indexes created also by Eugene Garfield since 1963, currently covered by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (WoS). These sources were considered the mainstream of scientific bibliometric analysis for more than four decades. Over the last ten years, the emergence of new citation indexes and wide-ranging scientific databases as Google Scholar or Scopus has in turn brought about the emergence of new journal indicators, long sought after by the academic community (Brown, 2011; Fragkiadaki & Evangelidis, 2014). Scopus, the database of peerreviewed literature developed by Elsevier, has become one of the main data sources for new journal indicators, which have been developed and tested with the aim of complementing and overcoming the limitations of the impact factor highlighted by the scientific literature (Leydesdorff, 2009; Torres-Salinas & Jimenez-Contreras, 2010). Journal Metrics, a new Web service launched by Elsevier in 2014, provides free accessible indicators to measure the citation impact of the journals indexed by Scopus. The impact metrics provided are based on methodologies developed by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CTWS) of Leiden University (The Netherlands) and the SCImago Research Group (Spain).Among the journal metrics provided (free of charge) at this website, there were two that were considered as viable alternatives to JIF: the Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) and the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR). Thomson Reuters also took the initiative to include advanced journal indicators in its Journal Citation Report as the Eigenfactor Score (EFS) (Jacso, 2010). However, judging by Scopus' wide coverage and quality, SNIP and SJR have positioned themselves ahead of JIF and EFS as real contenders to measure the influence and prestige of scientific journals (Falagas, Kouranos, Arencibia-Jorge & Karageorgopoulos, 2008; Leydesdorff & Opthof, 2010; Moed, 2011; Schoepfel & Prost, 2009; Torres-Salinas & Jimenez-Contreras, 2010). Thus, in the race to obtain advanced bibliometric indicators as support tools for peer review, both alternatives are gaining an important degree of acceptance.In spite of their relevance, studies about the use of these new indicators to analyze the behavior of Latin American scientific journals are still scarce. Most of the bibliometric studies of Latin American journals use Thomson Reuters' citation indexes as data sources (CollazoReyes, 2014; Collazo-Reyes, Luna-Morales, Russell, & Perez-Angon, 2008; Gomez, Sancho, Moreno & Fernandez, 1999; Macias-Chapula, 2010; Torricella-Morales, Van Hooydonk & Araujo-Ruiz, 2000).The search for a strategy to enhance the visibility of Latin American journals and to realize their inclusion in the mainstream core, has been an objective of regional scientific policies since the beginning of the 1990s (Gomez, Sancho, Moreno & Fernandez, 1999; Meneghini, Mugnaini & Packer, 2006; Velez-Cuartas, Lucio-Arias & Leydesdorff, 2016; Vessuri, 1995). …

Academic Production on Communication, Development and Social Change in Latin American Scientific Journals

The article presents the results of a study on the current state of scientific production in Communication, Development and Social Change in Latin America. The methodology is based on the content analysis of the articles published in the last five years (2009-2013) in the Latin American communication magazines with the best ranking in the h-index in Google Scholar in 2013. After presenting some features such as country, year of publication, genre and institution affiliation, a set of findings about the issues, approaches and methods of the articles are presented. Some of them are: the low level of empirical research, the poor contact with the communities from participatory methodologies, the openness to new issues and approaches, and the permanent dynamism in the field of Communication for Development and Social Change.

Do Latin American Scientific Journals Follow Dual-Use Review Policies?

During the past decade, a number of journals have implemented dual-use policies in order to analyze whether the papers submitted for publication could raise concern because of the potential for misuse of their content. In this context, an analysis was performed on Latin American scientific journals to examine whether they apply formal written dual-use review policies and whether they inform their authors and reviewers about potentially sensitive issues in this area, as other international journals do. Peer-reviewed life sciences journals indexed in Latindex from Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile were analyzed. The Guide for Authors and the Instructions to Referees of 216 journals included in the Latindex catalogue (which means that they meet the best quality standards of the Latindex system) were screened for biosecurity-related information using the keywords biosecurity, biological weapons, and dual-use research of concern. Results showed that the screened publications had a total lack of dual-use review policies, even though some of them pointed out ethical behaviors to be followed related to authorship, plagiarism, simultaneous submission, research results misappropriation, ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, guiding principles for the care and use of animals in research, research standard violations, and reviewer bias, among others.

ABO entrou no Sistema ScholarOne

The editorial process of a scientific journal involves highly specialized skills and hard work of many con­ tributors, including editors and reviewers. These tasks require not only the intellectual competence of each but also hours of administrative work, evaluating manuscripts and maintaining the flow of publications in progress. The flow of the peer review process in ABO initiates through the editorial office to ensure that ma­ nuscripts have fulfilled all technical conditions before being sent for editorial review. It is up to the office to ensure that the limits of text and figures have been complied with in accordance with the different types of articles accepted, and confirm that the forms of potential conflicts of interest, authors’ participation and appro­ val by research ethics committees are adequate. Once these assumptions have been met, the manuscripts are forwarded to the chief editor who initially evaluates the manuscript to ensure that the text conforms to the scope of the journal, and suggests to the associate editor the strengths, weaknesses and the scientific questions that can be considered during peer review. The associate editor is responsible for overseeing the manuscript until its final decision, whether to be published or rejected. To make this decision, the associate editors rely on help from reviewers, who anonymously evaluate manuscripts, making suggestions as to con­ tent and form, with the goal of improving the final work. Reviewers are divided into members of the editorial board, listed by name in all publications and on the website of the ABO, and reviewers “ad hoc” that are cited in an annual thanks note published in the journal. After a few rounds of evaluation between authors and re­ viewers, under the coordination of associate editors, each accepted manuscript is forwarded to the technical teams of editors, layout and printing. Next year will begin the renovation of the national and international members of the ABO editorial board and, as recognition, many reviewers “ad hoc” will be listed in the editorial board of the journal. The goal is to keep as a member of the editorial board only persons who have helped to accelerate the peer review process with quality and timely revisions. The flow of peer review is managed in different ways in different scientific journals. From a physical process, mailing hard copied articles or the use of simplified electronic processes as electronic messaging or the use of automated systems with internet­based interfaces. The ABO, like all other scientific journals, has gone through all these stages over the past 15 years. Two years ago we started using the SciELO submissions system and have more than 360 manuscripts evaluated using this interface, from which about 50% have already been published. This system was created by SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and is an initiative that has the support of FAPESP (Foundation for Research Support of the State of Sao Paulo), BIREME (Regional Library of Medicine) and CNPq (National Council of Scientific and Technological Development). This interface utilizes a system based on an open­code software called Open Systems Journal, developed by the Public Knowledge Project (PKP). Although the platform has been built with options for several languages, the increase of its use has generated some difficulties for authors, especially international ones. With the advancement of global exposure of ABO, many authors who do not master the Portuguese lan­ guage have considered our journal for their publications. Over the past 24 months, among the manuscripts sent for review, about 45% were not in English and 15% not included Brazilian authors. This fact opens the door for the Brazilian ophthalmology to be internationally recognized and increases our responsibility. Maintaining its continuous support to Brazilian and Latin American scientific journals, SciELO decided to start a partnership with Thomson Reuters for the use of ScholarOne system of peer review. ABO was invited by SciELO recently, and we are one of the first journals to be part of this partnership. The possibility of being part of ScholarOne offers to authors the opportunity to use a submission system already known and used by renowned journals such as IOVS or the British Journal of Ophthalmology. We believe that this feature will further increase the exposure of, and demand for ABO worldwide.

Mathematics Sent Across the Channel and the Atlantic: British Mathematical Contributions to European and American Scientific Journals, 1835–1900

Summary This paper will consider the range of British participation in mathematics internationally during the nineteenth century through an analysis of British mathematical contributions to scientific journals outside of Britain. Viewing scientific papers contained in journals as significant indicators of research, we consider scientists who authored or read and responded in print to papers in a given area within a given group of journals to constitute a publication community. The extent of publication by British mathematicians in these journals can help characterize the role of foreign publication in nineteenth-century British mathematics. Moreover, the isolation of educational, societal, and personal circumstances which motivated British mathematicians to present their work to foreign journals highlights limited but concentrated groups of mathematicians committed to developing and strengthening international mathematical ties with Britain.

Análisis de la relevancia de las revistas latinoamericanas a través de un factor de impacto renormalizado

In this work we use a renormalized impact factor to analyze the time evolution of Latin American scientific journals from 1991 to 2000. Our analysis shows oscillant behavior in journals’ relevance in the international context in the last years.

Innere Medizin in den deutschsprachigen Ländern und in den USA

Scientific relations in Internal Medicine between German-speaking countries and the United States were characterized by various stages during the last hundred and twenty years. From 1870 to the First World War German medical research and teaching as well as the competitive German university system were regarded as a model for US Medical Schools. After World War I, however, things changed as a result of American Medical Schools’ reforms which had been implemented. On the other hand, financial equipment of German universities was decreasing due to inflation and unemployment. Furthermore, between 1933 and 1945, many excellent scientists and clinicians were forced to emigrate from Germany and Austria to the US because of persecution by the Nazis for political or “racial” reasons. After the end of World War II, scientific and technical leadership of American Internal Me-dicine remained unchallenged; today many European physicians complete their training in the biomedical sciences in the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, German-speaking internists increasingly publish the results of their research in American scientific journals.

Chinese Family and Society.Olga Lang

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsChinese Family and Society. Olga Lang Margaret Park RedfieldMargaret Park Redfield Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 52, Number 5Mar., 1947 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/220061 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Katarina Loncarevic, Marko Simendic From “Brilliant study” to “One Woman’s outcry Against Her Nature”: “The Second Sex” in the 1950s American Scientific Journals, Glasnik Etnografskog instituta 70, no.11 (Jan 2022): 223–247.https://doi.org/10.2298/GEI2201223L

Obituaries

WE regret to announce the following deaths: Dr. J. McKeen Cattell, editor of Science since 1894, and also of other American scientific journals, on January 20, aged eighty-three.

Chair of Chemistry in University College, Bangor

UNDER the late Prof. Kennedy Orton, the Department of Chemistry of the University College of North Wales, Bangor, became one of the first of those modern schools of research which are concerned with the elucidation of the nature and mechanism of the reactions of organic chemistry. It therefore seems appropriate that Dr. Edward David Hughes, one of Prof. Orton's many distinguished pupils, should follow Prof. J. L. Simonsen in Prof. Orton's chair. After graduating in Bangor with first class honours in chemistry in 1927, Dr. Hughes commenced, under the leadership of his professor and of Dr. H. B. Watson, then on the College staff at Bangor, his first researches in the general field to which he has contributed so considerably. For this work he was awarded the Ph.D. degree and a studentship of the University of Wales in 1930. In that year he proceeded to University College, London, and there, first as a research student under Prof. C. K. Ingold, than as a research fellow, and finally as a member of the College staff, he continued the work which brought him in rapid succession the highest research degrees of the University of London, the British Ramsay Fellowship, and, in 1936, the Meldola Medal of the Institute of Chemistry (awarded for the most distinguished chemical work carried out under the age of thirty). Dr. Hughes is author or joint author of more than seventy papers published in British and American scientific journals. His most noted work relates to the establishment of ionization (or 'heterolysis') as controlling phase in a large class of substitution and elimination reactions of saturated molecules and ions, the discovery of the rules governing the spatial orientation of substitution (including a demonstration, by the use of radio-halogens, of the invariability of Walden inversion in bimolecular substitution), and the. elucidation of circumstances which control the appearance of steric hindrance in substitution processes.

Journal of the Franklin Institute

IN spite of the difficulties of Atlantic transport, copies of the principal American scientific journals continue to reach us. The Journal of the Franklin Institute is outstanding from those of general interest and the December 1941 number, including the index to Vol. 232, maintains the usual high standard and variety of interest. A paper by Carl van Doren on Franklin himself deals with the remarkable American after whom the Institute is named. His qualities as man of science, diplomatist, statesman, business man, economist, printer, humorist and wit, writer and sage are all surveyed. Two technical papers are followed by notes from the National Bureau of Standards and the Biochemical Research Foundation, and a lively group of notes on current topics and book reviews. The Journal is published monthly from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.

The Production of Sound by Heat

THE ‘singing tube’ has been the subject of a number of short sketches by mo in American scientific journals. There is one form of it, however, that was exhibited at the Cavendish Laboratory in February last that, has never been published, and a brief description of the tube in general and of this special form may be of interest to the readers of NATURE.

The Lower Carboniferous Chert Formations of Derbyshire

THE origin of chert has of late been discussed with renewed activity, especially in American scientific journals. Difference of opinion centres mainly round the question of the source of the silica; whether it is of direct inorganic origin, or the result of the solution and redeposition of organic silica. Further points at issue relate to the age and formation of the chert; whether it is an original deposit contemporaneous with the country rock, or a metasomatic replacement of the latter and therefore of later age.