American Pharmaceutical Association Research Articles

Study on α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity and DPPH free radical scavenging of green coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora)

Abstract: α-glucosidase enzyme is one of the important molecular targets in the treatment of diabetes. In addition, free radicals are the cause of insulin resistance, damage β- cell pancreatic, glucose uptake disorders and induced diabetes. In this study we evaluated the inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase enzyme and antioxidant effect by using DPPH free radical scavenging method of green coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora) and its fractions. Coffee beans were pulverized, extracted with ethanol 70% by sonications, and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) solvents. Our results showed that coffee bean extract has a strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity, especially EtOAc fraction with an IC50 value of 2.21 ± 0.04 µg/mL. Furthermore, the coffee bean extract has an antioxidant effect by DPPH radical scavenging ability, and EtOAc fraction has the highest effect with an IC50 value of 25.69 ± 3.08 µg/ml. Our results show that green coffee beans and EtOAc fraction have potential effect in preventing and supporting for the treatment of diabetes.
 Keywords
 Coffee; Coffea canephora; free radical; α-glucosidase; DPPH.
 References
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ASHP Past President Grover C. Bowles dies at 99.

Grover C. Bowles Jr., who led the pharmacy department at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, for 3 decades and served terms as president of ASHP, the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, died June 23 at the age of 99 years. “Grover was an exceptional leader and a legend in our profession,” said ASHP Chief Executive Officer Paul W. Abramowitz. “His contributions to ASHP in its early years and throughout his entire career played an important role in building the strong foundation that has helped ASHP to continue to grow and thrive for 77 years. Grover will be missed by everyone, but his legacy of service to pharmacy and the positive impact he had on so many individuals will always be with us.” Sheila Mitchell, currently dean of the Union University College of Pharmacy in Jackson, Tennessee, called Bowles her mentor and pharmacy hero. “He epitomized everything we would want to be or would want the profession to become,” she said.

Fifty-Eight Years and Counting: High-Impact Publishing in Computational Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mechanism-Based Modeling

With this issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, we celebrate the nearly 6 decades of contributions to mechanistic-based modeling and computational pharmaceutical sciences. Along with its predecessor, The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association: Scientific Edition first published in 1911, JPharmSci has been a leader in the advancement of pharmaceutical sciences beginning with its inaugural edition in 1961. As one of the first scientific journals focusing on pharmaceutical sciences, JPharmSci has established a reputation for publishing high-quality research articles using computational methods and mechanism-based modeling. The journal’s publication record is remarkable. With over 15,000 articles, 3000 notes, and more than 650 reviews from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies around the world, JPharmSci has truly been the leader in advancing pharmaceutical sciences.

Saudi Managed Care Pharmacy (SMCP): New Initiative System of MOH Prescriptions Dispensed Through Community Pharmacies

Saudi Managed Care Pharmacy (SMCP) is one the initiative's project at King of Saudi Arabia. It is application part of Saudi Vision 2030 and could be transformation model of pharmacy practice at Ministry of Health. The project spent several years for meeting and discussions until completed idea born on the ground. Task forces committee from consultant pharmacist and headed by the author had several meeting, discussions, and comparisons with some Gulf and international development countries. The authors used modified American Pharmaceutical Association (APHA) and American College of Clinical Pharmacy Ambulatory Care business model to formulate the project. The system will save millions of dollars and do several hundreds of pharmacy jobs. The Vision, Mission, Value and goals of the program, Saudi Managed Care Pharmacy strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat (SWOT) Analysis, the requirement of SMCP, the requirement of SMCP, and Overcome the limitations in full text below. In addition to some suggested Policy and Procedures items for Managed Care Pharmacy and pharmacy practice and clinical pharmacy program for Managed Care Pharmacy. The system is potential pharmacy practice in the coming future and change overall pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia. Key words: Managed Care Pharmacy, Community Pharmacy, Health Insurance, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.

Report of the 2015–2016 APhA-ASP National President

Established in 1969 as the Student American Pharmaceutical Association, APhA-ASP has supported the development of student pharmacists by serving as their collective voice, providing opportunities for professional growth, improving patient care, and envisioning and advancing the future of pharmacy. This year, with a goal of reminding students of what motivates and continues to inspire them each day, student pharmacists across the nation were challenged to recall their passions and use these passions to drive their actions—to Live Their Why. Lucianne West, Student Pharmacist, Northeastern University, 2015–2016 APhA-ASP National President

Pharmacists' Behavior in Clinical Practice: Results from a Questionnaire Survey of Pharmacy Students

A questionnaire survey was performed to obtain pharmacy students' impressions of pharmacists' behavior, to classify these based on professionalism, and to analyze the relationship between these experiences and students' satisfaction with their clinical practice in Japan. The questionnaire was answered by 327 5th-year pharmacy school students upon completing clinical practice at community pharmacies from 2011 to 2012. They rated their satisfaction with their clinical practice using a 6-point Likert scale, and provided descriptions of their experience such as, "This health provider is professional", or "What a great person he/she is as a health provider". We counted the words and then categorized the responses into 10 traits, as defined by the American Pharmaceutical Association Academy of Students of Pharmacy-American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Council of Deans Task Force on Professionalism 1999, using text mining. We analyzed the relationship between their experiences with respectful persons, and satisfaction, using the Mann-Whitney U-test (significance level<0.05). Most students (337 of 364, 92.6%) reported experiences with respectful health providers. These students experienced significantly more satisfaction than did other students (p<0.001). We analyzed 343 sentences written by 261 students, using text mining analysis after excluding unsuitable responses. The word most used was "patient" (121 times). Many students noted their impression that the pharmacists had answered patients' questions. Of the 10 trait categories, "professional knowledge and skills" was mentioned most often (151 students).

JAPhA and Elsevier: A new beginning

Beginning with this issue, the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (JAPhA) is now published by Elsevier. Since its inception, APhA (then called the American Pharmaceutical Association) began to publish the APhA Proceedings, a predecessor to JAPhA. Following a variety of formats and journal names, in 1996 the APhA Board of Trustees committed to the present-day JAPhA, whose able editorial staff included L. Michael Posey as pharmacy editor and then executive editor through mid-2015. I am grateful for his and others’ many contributions over the years of JAPhA’s evolution to its present-day form. But change is inevitable. Sir Winston Churchill is credited with the quote, “There is nothing wrong with change, if it is in the right direction.” I am pleased with this strategic partnership with Elsevier, as it helps position JAPhA well for the future. Most people are unaware that APhA had always self-published JAPhA. Following a thorough comparative

ASHP Past President Thomas J. Garrison dies at 75.

Thomas J. Garrison, FASHP, president of ASHP from 1983 to 1984, died in his hometown of Kansas City, Missouri, on July 19 at the age of 75. He had had pneumonia. Over the course of more than 40 years as a pharmacist, Garrison served as the director of pharmacy at three Kansas City hospitals and an officer of numerous pharmacy and civic organizations. Garrison helped found the Missouri Society of Hospital Pharmacists (MSHP) in 1970 and served as its fifth president from 1974 to 1976. In 1985, when MSHP’s research and education foundation established its first award, the group created the Garrison Award and made the first presentation to its namesake. Garrison served as a member of the ASHP Board of Directors from 1971 to 1976 and the American Pharmaceutical Association’s board of trustees from 1987 to 1989. “He was a humble, quiet leader” who achieved work–life balance “way before anybody knew it was needed,” said Harold N. Godwin, who preceded Garrison as ASHP president by one year.

John Cymerman Craig

John C Craig, an Emeritus Professor of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of California, San Francisco, died suddenly on 26 September of complications related to cardiac disease. John was 92 years old and still maintained an office at the School of Pharmacy at UCSF. His final research was a series of six papers with colleagues at the London School of Tropical Medicine to find out ‘just how the antimalarials kill the parasites inside the human red blood cells.' John's career began at the University of London where he received Bachelor of Science degrees in both Physics and Chemistry (with first class Honors) followed by a PhD in Organic Chemistry from Imperial College, London. From 1942 to 45 John was a Gas Identification Officer and instructed both military and civilians in Chemical Defense, for which he was awarded the Defense Medal. John taught at London University's Charing Cross Hospital in Organic Chemistry, was Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry at the University of Sydney (St Paul's College) from 1948 to 1961, and also received the D.Sc. degree from Sydney University in 1962, for his research in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry. In 1958 he became Visiting Scientist at The National Institutes of Health and Walter Reed Army Medical Center for research in anti-radiation drugs. John began his 30-year career at UCSF in 1960, teaching both at the undergraduate and graduate level. He was Professor of Chemistry from 1963 to 1971, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Chairman from 1963 to 71, and Associate Dean of Research from 1971 to 1992. He was selected by the UCSF Academic Senate as the Annual UCSF Faculty Research Lecturer in 1974, and received the first Academic Senate UCSF Service Award in 1993. His research produced over 250 publications in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and focused on chemical structure and biological activity, including work on the synthesis of vitamin A, chemotherapy of tuberculosis and malaria, and development of stable isotope tracer technology for diagnostic tests for genetic diseases in infants and newborns (to replace the use of radioactive tracers). John was awarded the Research Award in Natural Products from the American Pharmaceutical Association Foundation in 1967, and the Research Achievement Award in Pharmaceutical Analysis from the American Pharmaceutical Scientists in 1988. He was elected to Fellowship in the Academy of Pharmaceutical Scientist in 1967 and to membership in the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in 1975. For the past 21 years John was a member of the UCSF board of the Faculty Emeriti Association and served as Vice chairman, Chairman and Historian of the state-wide Council of UC Emeriti. John was active in amateur radio from the age of 14 years. In San Francisco he was a member of the SF Radio Club and the Cathay Radio Club. He participated in the UCSF Emergency Network. Since finding a rare early English cookery book (the earliest cookery books were full of medicinal cures) on a barrow in London as a student, John was busy collecting antiquarian English cookery books. In 1988 the Bancroft Library, University California Berkeley presented 100 volumes of John's collection in an exhibit titled ‘Four Hundred Years of English Diet and Cookery: 1541–1939'. He was a member of the Bancroft Council, Bancroft Library, 1989–1997, and edited ‘The Cookery Manuscript of Lillie Hitchcock Coit, 1870–1890, San Francisco' which the Bancroft published in 1998. He is survived by his wife Elaine of San Francisco, his daughter, Elizabeth (Eric) and grandchildren Benjamin and Katherine of Park City, Utah; his son, Anthony (Ruth) of Dorset, UK, and grandsons Thomas (Kelly) of Perth, Australia, and Matthew (Ruth) of Devon, UK, and four great grandchildren.

Perspectives on a pharmacokinetics legend: C versus T (contributions over time)

Leslie Z. Benet is Professor and Former Chair at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Professor Benet has had a profound impact on the development of fundamental concepts in pharmacokinetics, and the application of these principles in patient care and drug development. This theme issue is dedicated to Professor Benet in tribute to his significant contributions to the pharmaceutical sciences. An outstanding commentary that details Professor Benet’s career path and scientific achievements over the past 50 years was published recently in Pharm Res.1 We chose to provide a different perspective for the reader by focusing this commentary on those intangible factors that make Professor Benet truly a legend in the pharmaceutical sciences. In gathering information for this “C versus T” commentary, we interviewed Professor Benet and contacted scientific colleagues, professional mentees, and family. We asked each to share a brief perspective from their vantage point on this giant in the field. Many great “Les Benet” attributes emerged including energy, pas-

The Dream of Pharmaceutical Care: The Role of Emotions in Galvanizing the Rank and File

In this paper, we seek to understand the actions of the American Pharmacy Association (AphA) in response to the post WWII mass manufacturing of medications that made the knowledge and skills of pha...

APhA–ASP honors student supporters

APhA–ASP honors student supporters

Growing professionalism in pharmacy students

IMU is one of 17 institutions of higher learning conducting the Bachelor of course in Malaysia. The White paper on pharmacy student professionalism by the Task Force of the American Pharmaceutical Association Academy of Students of together with the American Association of Colleges of Council of Deans mentioned 10 essential traits of a professional, recommending their early development. Since the beginning of the IMU Bachelor of (BPharm) (Hons) course in July 2004 on Registration Day, IMU has adopted the concept of developing professionalism in the pharmacy student from the very first day of university, by having the White Coat Ceremony where the entire class takes the Pledge of Professionalism (adapted from the Task Force) against the Code of Conduct for Pharmacists and Bodies Corporate by the Board of Malaysia in the presence of the Senior Director of the Pharmaceutical Services Division of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia and the President of the Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society (MPS). Throughout their 4 years in IMU, the pharmacy students are exposed to various aspects of professionalism in different subjects in their curriculum. On 23 rd April 2012, when the fifth cohort of BPharm students received their final examination results, Pharmacy Professional Day was launched. The graduating students took the Oath of a Pharmacist (adapted from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy's Oath with slight amendment). Talks by alumni and speakers from MPS aimed to facilitate the transition of the new graduate to working life as a pharmacist.

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1961–1977) and American Pharmacy (1978–1995)

The American Pharmaceutical Association continued its 20-year practice of separating the scientific and practice journals. In January 1961, the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Pharmacy Edition was renamed the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, dropping the edition designation and once again restarting its volume numbering at 1, adding the designation NS to indicate the start of a new series. The lead editorial explained what the editors termed “the pharmaceutical complex,” consisting of more than 700 different associations and societies.

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1940–1960)

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1940–1960)

The Influence of Pharmaceutical Education Upon the Functions of State Boards of Pharmacy

As we stand assembled here today to pay tribute to the School of Pharmacy of the University of Maryland, upon the occasion of the completion of the first century of its proud history, our minds quite logically go back to 1841 as the point from which to get our bearings and from which to rechart the course of events which have transpired since that day. To really understand the event which we commemorate, and to utilize this understanding as a stimulation to still greater achievement, we must sense the conditions which gave rise to the school in the first instance, and then grasp the meaning of the succession of environments in which the school was progressively placed. In other words, we must put ourselves in the school's shoes, and retrace step by step the long and tortuous journey from 1841 up to now. It will, however, not be a thankless undertaking. We shall find ourselves rewarded not only by the mental stimulation which such a task assures, but we shall learn much, and from this learning shall come a new sense of appreciation of the significance of things past and a truer sense of evaluation of things to come. To some, history may be bunk, but certainly no rational person would dare deal so trivially with the vast and varied experience which presses so closely upon us on this very historic occasion. If we can learn nothing from a consideration of the crowded career of this venerable institution, then experience is a lifeless thing, and the past no more than dead leaves which we need not stir or disturb. In 1841. when the School of Pharmacy of the University of Maryland, then known as the Maryland College of Pharmacy, first set sail upon the adventure which fortunately gives no signs of coming to a close, there were no pharmacy laws, no boards of pharmacy, and thus no standards of education or qualifications of experience demanded of those entering upon the practice of pharmacy. There were drug stores, of course, but they were insignificant and unimposing, and had little about them to impress their value upon the public mind. A good drug store, in those days, had an annual sales volume of $1,500 to $2,500. and this in itself affords a fair picture of their economic plight and professional standing. Pharmacy itself was not fully emancipated from the domination and control of the medical profession of that day. Physicians were both medicos and pharmacists, and many drug stores were operated by physicians as an adjunct to their medical practice. In fact, as late as 1858, according to a report issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association, covering an extensive survey of pharmaceutical conditions, it was stated that the pharmacists of Baltimore were, with some striking exceptions, a rather incompetent group of drug vendors, and that a true sense of professional pride had not yet begun to play much part in the pharmaceutical standards of that time. Drug stores were simply stores, and what competitive advantage the pharmacist had over drug vendors came from the awe and superstition which surrounded his calling, rather than from any protection afforded him by law. Drug stores were opened in response to personal likes and dislikes, and in accordance with personal predilections. One wanted to open a drug store and practice pharmacy, so he forthwith opened a drug store and practiced pharmacy. There were no legal or educational standards, and not the merest semblance of restrictions, limitations, prohibitions, regulations or restraints. It was a calling free and open to all and it was engaged in by all and sundry kinds of people. There is little to indicate that there was any great enthusiasm for the School of Pharmacy when it was first established, and we can well surmise that it was looked upon more or less as a curiosity by the rank and file of pharmacists, who had not the remotest conception of the value of organized education in their field of endeavor. …

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1912–1939)

The birth of the new monthly Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (JAPhA) was delayed for a year by the death of its editor-in-waiting, Carl Hallberg. The final decision had not been made for his successor; at the 1911 annual meeting outgoing president Eugene Eberle suggested that the newly chosen general secretary (today’s CEO) James Hartley Beal should become the new editor-in-chief. 1. Eberle E.G. Address of the president. Bulletin of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1911; 6: 381-399 Google Scholar Eberle, himself the owner and editor of the Southern Pharmaceutical Journal, spoke with passion about the role that he foresaw for the new Journal. He echoed President Hopp’s 1904 comments about the Journal serving as a way to keep and grow membership: “It should be the means whereby the members are held together for a common purpose, becoming the monthly visitor, the influence of which prevents estrangements, develops interest and keeps them fully informed relative to all activities of the Association.” 1. Eberle E.G. Address of the president. Bulletin of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1911; 6: 381-399 Google Scholar

Status of Pharmacists in the Government Service and Under Selective Service

For many years each of the three national associations, American Pharmaceutical Association, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, had a standing or annually appointed a committee on the Establishment of a Pharmaceutical Corps in the United States Army. The committees were appointed for the purpose explained by the committee title.

APhA publications: The Bulletin and the Year Book

In 1904, American Pharmaceutical (now Pharmacists) Association (APhA) President Louis Hopp noted the Association's lack of publicity and suggested that the low membership was partly a result of this oversight. As a solution, he championed a monthly publication devoted to Association news that could be mailed to members and nonmembers.1 The following year, the recommendation was taken up by President James H. Beal, who championed a “frequently issued medium which will enable its members to realize that they belong to a live and active organization, that will help them to increase their knowledge of its internal workings, and thereby stimulate their interest in its welfare.”2 Beal specified that the new publication, titled the Bulletin of the American Pharmaceutical Association, would be issued monthly and that the subject matter would be “restricted exclusively to Association news, not to contain advertising, and not to transgress upon the general field of pharmaceutical journalism.”2 The council voted to establish the Bulletin, unanimously nominating and subsequently electing Carl Svanté Nicanor Hallberg of Chicago founding editor, as well as the chair of the Committee on Publicity.

ASHP past president Herbert S. Carlin dies at 78

Herbert S. Carlin, M.S., D.Sc., who had pharmacy students go on patient rounds in the 1960s and traveled the country advocating repeal of antisubstitution laws in the 1970s, died March 4 after an extended illness. He was 78 years old. Carlin served as president of two of the country’s national pharmacist associations: ASHP, in 1970–71, and the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) in 1984–5. For 25 years, he chaired the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) committee that develops policies on drug nomenclature and considers the patient safety issues of product labeling. His work in the pharmaceutical industry helped to make possible an annual free softbound collection of ASHP practice standards. Carlin received some of the pharmacy profession’s top accolades: the Harvey A. K. Whitney Lecture Award, hospital pharmacy’s highest honor; the Hugo H. Schaefer Award, for outstanding voluntary contributions to society, the profession, and APhA; and the Beal Award for Distinguished Volunteer Service, from USP.