American Migrants Research Articles

Capital Controls as Migrant Controls

The disparate treatment of capital and labor reflects one of globalization’s central asymmetries: the law often allows financial capital, but not people, to move freely across borders. Yet scholars have largely neglected the intersection of these two regimes, the legal restrictions on migrants’ capital, particularly when the migrants themselves are deemed illegal. These restrictions on migrants’ capital abound even while migratory capital generally faces few such restrictions. As such, capital controls may operate as migrant controls. This Article canvasses established and emerging examples of capital controls as migrant controls and the pressing legal questions these controls raise. Capital is guarded when remittances are taxed, particularly when the taxation is explicitly conditioned on immigration status. Capital is expelled when capital receipts, such as Social Security benefits, are made contingent on departure and non-residency. And capital is marginalized when financial laws require particular identity and immigration documents on penalty of exclusion from key financial services. As I describe, such taxation, receipt contingencies, and identity requirements often distinguish on the basis of immigration status and implicate core questions in constitutional and immigration law. These questions include the scope of traditional state powers such as taxation; how such controls create unconstitutional choices and conditions; and how statutory and administrative ambiguities in banking law may marginalize migrants. More generally, these controls contribute to our understanding of who—Congress, federal agencies, municipalities and states, or social movements outside the law—controls, and who may legally control, American migration.

Systemic Terror, Silent Mourning, and Postcolonial Hope: The Case of Forcibly Separated Migrant Families

Abstract The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, it investigates how the historical and structural injustice has to do with the Central American migration crisis in the U. S. Second, this paper explores immense yet largely unrecognized socio-psychological trauma that forcibly separated migrant families, especially children and their parents must endure. Lastly, this paper develops the concept of postcolonial hope as a practical theological response to the Central American migration crisis and the US biopolitical separation of migrant families. The authors argue that postcolonial hope is conceived as people’s resistance against the state’s anti-immigration biopolitics to reckon with the structural sins of dehumanization and terrorization.

Waterproofing the State: Migration, River-Borders, and Ecologies of Control

ABSTRACT Transboundary waters serve critical bordering functions and are often obstacles for migrants transiting throughout the globe. This article focuses on migrant encounters with Mesoamerican river-borders, as highlighted in recent media images of river crossings – from individuals to migrant caravans – that show how people use waterbodies to evade state capture. Analysing widely circulated images of migrant death at the Rio Grande (US–Mexico) and the caravan spectacle at the Suchiate River (Mexico-Guatemala), I attend to contemporary migrations taking place at the intersection of securitisation, border-making, and ecology. Reflecting on historical events such as the Río Sumpul Massacre in El Salvador, recent Central American caravan migrations across Mexico-Guatemala, to the widely circulated river death of migrants Óscar and Valeria Martínez Ramírez in mid-2019, I consider the environmental relations, cultural practices, and social forms that emerge around river-borders. I highlight ongoing processes of terraforming that are shaping borderland biomes and that are subsequently disrupting boundary dynamics linked to popular mobility, informal economies, and ecosystem health. Juxtaposing migrant sociality at river-borders with contemporary border-formation, I show how migrant movement is discouraged and repelled in service of sealing borders through the making of ecologies of control.

We Are a Garden: A Story of How Diversity Took Root in America by Lisa Westberg Peters

Reviewed by: We Are a Garden: A Story of How Diversity Took Root in America by Lisa Westberg Peters Deborah Stevenson, Editor Peters, Lisa Westberg We Are a Garden: A Story of How Diversity Took Root in America; illus. by Victoria Tentler-Krylov. Schwartz & Wade, 2021 [40p] Library ed. ISBN 9780593123140 $20.99 Trade ed. ISBN 9780593123133 $17.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780593123157 $10.99 Reviewed from digital galleys Ad 5-7 yrs “Long ago, a strong wind blew. It blew people, like seeds, to a new land.” That’s the description, in Peters’ American migration story, of the first people to come to North America. As millennia and centuries go by, the wind blows those people to every corner of the continent, and then it blows in conquistadors and colonists, enslaved people and voluntary immigrants, from east, west, and south, and it still does today. The garden is an engaging metaphor for both diversity and migration, and the book is honest in its inclusion of enslavement, genocide, and colonization. However, the image homogenizes some very different migrations and renders participants ahistorically passive; there’s also little acknowledgment that the included lines from Emma Lazarus’ “The New Colossus” contradict the experience of many of those blown seeds featured in the book. Tentler-Kylov (herself an immigrant) employs agile watercolors in energetic, dynamically composed spreads; while one spread confusingly differs from the text (the art features conquistadors on horseback [End Page 394] while the text describes colonists with wagons), illustrations are otherwise thoughtful, individualized, and appropriately diverse. Despite the book’s flaws, the garden concept offers a new way to talk about national identity and diversity, and listeners may appreciate the tempered optimism. Appended are a glossary, notes to each spread that provide specifics about the pictured events, and a list of sources. Copyright © 2021 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Introduction: African American Migration to Smaller Midwestern Cities

IntroductionAfrican American Migration to Smaller Midwestern Cities Brie Swenson Arnold (bio) In recognition of the centennial of the Great Migration, this special issue of Middle West Review highlights the prevalence and significance of African American migration to smaller midwestern cities during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In focusing on the cities of Beloit, Wisconsin; Parsons, Kansas; Burlington, Iowa; and Saginaw, Michigan, the four central essays in this volume recover experiences of migration and community-building in lesser-known midwestern cities and examine the contours of racial discrimination in the region as a whole. Through these community studies, we explore why Black men and women relocated to the Midwest and how they moved within predominantly White communities while simultaneously building up Black "communities within communities" across the region.1 Like other works in this expanding field, the essays in this volume speak to broader questions about the African diaspora, the many phases of the Great Migration, struggles for Black freedom and civil rights, the importance of place in addition to race, the diversity and multiplicity of midwestern people, places, and experiences, and the development and distinctiveness of the Midwest as a region.2 While the story of post-World War I migration to larger midwestern cities like Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland is well known, Black settlement, community formation, and activism in the region's smaller cities have been largely overlooked, as have earlier migrations.3 Yet, from the forced relocations of slavery to self-liberations during enslavement to post-emancipation migrations, the Midwest has long been an important destination for Black people. At many points, it was the region to which a majority of African Americans relocated.4 Those migrations and the communities formed by millions of Black men and women across the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Midwest decisively shaped migrants' lives, the midwestern region, [End Page ix] and the nation. African Americans who chose the region—the nation's fastest growing, most influential region between the Civil War and World War I—often saw it as a still-malleable place capable of offering alternatives in education, employment, personal safety, political participation, and other dimensions of their own visions of freedom.5 They established the homes, businesses, churches, clubs, and civic groups that became core to the region's communities. At the same time, Black Midwesterners continually faced racial discrimination, segregation, and economic inequality. They confronted such conditions by pressing their communities to live up to the Midwest's potential to be the nation's most egalitarian, pluralistic, prosperous-for-all region.6 Individually and collectively, the essays in this volume show how Black men and women have been fundamental to the creation, character, and vibrancy of midwestern communities and the entire region for generations, as have the anti-Black hostility, discrimination, and assertions of unbelonging they faced there. In Francis Gourrier's study of Beloit, we see how visions of the Midwest as a "promised land" were tempered by midwestern racism and how influential chain migration and Black women were in combatting segregation and expanding civil rights activism in midwestern places. Bryan Jack then explores migration to rural towns like Parsons and the continuity of Black society and activism, as well as segregation, there from Reconstruction to the present. Dwain Coleman's survey of Burlington takes the story farther back, tracing experiences of Black freedom and unfreedom in that Mississippi River town from the 1830s to 1920s. Michelle S. Johnson continues considerations of freedom struggles by highlighting the enduring ways African Americans in antebellum-era through present-day Saginaw were connected to broader networks of emancipation commemoration. Additionally, in this issue, William Green offers a special essay on anti-Black police violence in nineteenth-century Minnesota that extends reflection on the long history of hostile and contradictory actions toward Black residents of supposedly progressive midwestern places. Such explorations of the presence and influence of Black people and anti-Black racism in the Midwest have taken on renewed salience in the wake of recent events in cities like Minneapolis, Ferguson, Flint, Cleveland, and Kenosha, which have pulled into sharp focus the ways centuries of White supremacy and systemic inequality—as well as Black activism and community building—have shaped...

Jana Sverdljuk, Terje Mikael, Hasle Joranger, Erika K. Jackson, Peter Kivisto, Nordic Whiteness and Migration to the USA: A Historical Exploration of Identity (review)

111 R E V I E W S Jana Sverdljuk, Terje Mikael Hasle Joranger, Erika K. Jackson, and Peter Kivisto, eds., Nordic Whiteness and Migration to the USA: A Historical Exploration of Identity London and New York: Routledge, 2020. Pages vii–­ xv + 192. Mike Hill Nordic Whiteness, the first “systemic study of whiteness . . . from the historical perspective of Nordic immigration to the USA” (2), adds new complexity to scholarly consensus on the temporal, geographical, and categorical specificity of a once presumedly ubiquitous racial default setting. In particular the book focuses on the hundred-­ year period between the agricultural era of the late eighteenth century and the industrialization of the United States by the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following recent developments within American migration history, and what is recognized, controversially, as the ethnographic subfield of “whiteness studies,” its authors “proceed from the poststructuralist view of identity as a ‘creative and chaotic space of existence’” (5). The book’s introduction and several of its chapters give due recognition to David Roediger’s influential Marxist critique of whiteness as a “symbolic wage” (4). According to this thesis, whiteness has historically prevented European migrants from achieving “strong [class-­ based] alliances with African-­ American workers” (7). But there is no sign of class-­ reductionism in Nordic Whiteness, nor are its references to non-­ whiteness confounded by a simple white-­ black binary, as the prefix non-­might imply (182). “Whiteness was not a monolithic notion and could be challenged and/or nuanced by other forms of identity” (1). Sometimes 112 reviews in their encounters with whiteness Nordic peoples (Danes, Swedes, Finns, Norwegians , and Sámi) were made into “marginalized figures” (1); other times Nordics were opposed against African Americans, Native Americans, and Chinese, so as to make their affiliation with white identity “as advantageous as possible” (182). The overall emphasis on “fluidity,” and such similar terms as “complexity ” (xiii; 1; 9; 146), “fluctuation” (xiii; 38), “contradiction” (1), “division” (1; 146), “destabilization” (1), “ambivalence” (10, 38), and so on, should not be taken as too strongly “poststructuralist.” The Nordic pluralization of whiteness does not bespeak some vaguely identifiable “chaos” beyond human ken. Rather, one of the great strengths of Nordic Whiteness is not just to redivide whiteness once again, but also to add it up in a newly complete way: the divisions its authors identify within the supposed uniformity of the dominant American race (see here the legal equation in 1790 between U.S. “citizenship” and “free white persons” [5]) lead to a more expansive understanding of humanity on the move than either the terms “America” or “race” have allowed. The volume is carefully organized to debunk six discretely named “color-­ blind myths about Nordic immigration” (2): myths of “empty lands”; “ethnic homogeneity”; “attachment to egalitarian values”; “harmony with other ethnic groups”; “easy assimilation”; and “political and ideological consensus between Nordics and the white Anglo-­ Saxon elite.” Six corresponding sections comprised one or more chapters uniquely aimed to “expose each previously mentioned myth” (6). In the first section, “Whiteness as Epistemological Ignorance,” Bergland examines “land policy in Wisconsin in the aftermath of the Dakota war in 1863, and Norwegian centennial celebrations of 1914 and 1925” (6). In section two, “Not Quite White,” Jensen examines “the racialization of Norway’s indigenous people” (38), the Sámi population. In section three, “White Immigrants and the Failure of Class Solidarity,” Rasmussen tests Roediger’s theory of whiteness as the obstruction of multiracial class solidarity, showing how antislavery endorsements could devolve into “Old World racial ideology” by adhering to “American ideals of land ownership” (56). A fourth section is called “Nordic Superiority and 113 reviews the Derogatory Representation of Others.” Two chapters, one by Brøndal on the “construction of the Nordic self in relation to Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese immigrants,” and others (8), and one by Grav on Norwegian resistance to “becoming white” (99), serve as counterpoints to the way whiteness was variously affirmed or rejected by different kinds of Nordic identities at their more granu­ lar levels. Section five, “Challenging Intersections of Whiteness and Ethnicity,” contains chapters by Joranger and Lovoll challenging the centrality of “economic inclusion” to the pressures of white assimilation (10...

Performances of Suffering in Latin American Migration: Heroes, Martyrs and Saints by Ana Elena Puga and Víctor M. Espinosa

Reviewed by: Performances of Suffering in Latin American Migration: Heroes, Martyrs and Saints by Ana Elena Puga and Víctor M. Espinosa Debra A. Castillo Puga, Ana Elena and Víctor M. Espinosa. Performances of Suffering in Latin American Migration: Heroes, Martyrs and Saints. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 372 pp. This collaboration between a sociologist and a theatre scholar begins with a classic social science move: a melodramatic anecdote drawn from fieldwork in a migrant shelter, one that takes a surprising turn into a deep questioning of ethical dilemmas, both in the researcher and in the two migrant women of the anecdote. For the latter, these dilemmas derive from the context of life-and-death decisions that they are forced to make about how to perform their identities when kidnapped, where the wrong choice could cost them very dearly indeed, and then how to reframe this performance for an audience of activists, journalists, or scholars like the authors of this book. This powerful story allows the authors to frame their book in a way that asks hard questions of performance studies scholars and activist readers alike, along with anyone else who has been involved in the discussion and circulation of cultural production about migrant sufferings. “Can there be such a thing as strategic, efficacious melodrama?” they ask, or do we inevitably fall back into “fantasies of egalitarian participation”? (1). The book is divided into three parts: “Rescuers,” “Mothers and Fathers,” and “Children and Youth,” each with two chapters. These include analyses of a wide range of writings by migrant advocates, journalism about migrants, documentary and fiction film, television, live protests, and the discussion of a few scripted plays, all focusing on material created between the mid 1980s to 2018. The larger context of this study is an interdisciplinary interweaving of social science, history, and humanities and arts research. As Puga and Espinosa argue, convincingly, “a certain amount of ethnographic research was necessary to better understand how people ‘stage’ migrants in daily life and how migrants perform themselves” (28). Thus, the social science fieldwork opens up the question of performance, history provides the ballast, and the focus in the individual chapters is much broader than study of traditional theatrical melodramas about Latin American migration to the USA. This [End Page 251] is a deeply researched book that wears its learning lightly. Reading it, I was reminded strongly of Hannah Arendt (whose Origins of Totalitarianism they cite) and the rigorous and scathing thinking in her article, “We Refugees”: “the less we are free to decide who we are or to live as we like, the more we try to put up a front, to hide the facts, and to play roles.” The readers of this journal who are interested in theatrical productions and in new plays on the migrant experience will want to turn to the superb discussions of Javier Malpica’s 2005 play, Papá está en la Atlántida and the 2003 dance theater piece, Nine Digits. However, the more important question that Puga and Espinosa ask us to consider is that of how reading this historical moment through the theoretical and methodological lens of melodramatic performance can help us come to a deeper and more empathic understanding of the suffering of the very real migrants all around us right now in our communities. Debra A. Castillo Cornell University Copyright © 2021 The Center of Latin American Studies

Las políticas migratorias en México ante el cambio de gobierno (2018-2024)

En las últimas cuatro décadas, la migración internacional de mexicanos a Estados Unidos se convirtió en una válvula de escape a los problemas económicos, sin que el Gobierno mexicano manifestase preocupación por el diseño de políticas públicas de desarrollo económico, migración y derechos humanos que incidan en las causas estructurales de los flujos migratorios. Las políticas sobre migración fueron parciales, reactivas y tardías, y forman parte de las políticas de seguridad del Estado mexicano. Estas no consideraron la causa estructural de las mismas, ni los derechos humanos de todos los migrantes que salían, llegaban, pasaban y retornaban a México. Ante este panorama, el nuevo Gobierno mexicano enfrenta el doble reto de construir y aplicar una nueva estrategia de desarrollo nacional, soberana, con empleo, equidad y seguridad humana para todos y, al mismo tiempo, la necesidad de incluir una política de Estado que involucre el desarrollo integral, la migración y los derechos humanos, la cual contemple las siete dimensiones migratorias del país como espacio de origen, tránsito, destino, retorno, desplazamientos, asilo y refugio. Asimismo, que integre la migración proveniente de Centroamérica como parte importante de la misma, en razón de la trascendencia creciente que tiene ya en varias de esas dimensiones en los diferentes flujos poblacionales del país.

MIGRAÇÕES, COLONIALISMO E EFEITOS PSICOSSOCIAIS EM TERRITÓRIOS LITORÂNEOS NEGRO-INDÍGENAS DA BAHIA

This text proposes a reflection on the territorial and psychosocial dimension of the interface between migration and colonialism. In the light of ethnic-racial relations and psychism, as Social Psychology conceives, we seek to point out how the migration of Europeans and north americans and the resulting presence, performance and camouflage of these image bodies in traditional territories of the Atlantic Forest on the South Coast of Bahia impact objective and subjective life of the brazilian afro-indigenous local populations historically linked to this territory and reveal colonialism, and psyche, adjacent to the relationship between traditional peoples and white European in the brazilian scenario.

The Great Migration of Black Americans from the US South: A guide and interpretation

The Great Migration from the US South is a prominent theme in economic history research not only because it was a prime example of large scale internal migration, but also because it had far-reaching ramifications for American economic, social, and political change. This article offers a concise review of the literature focused on questions of timing, selection, and migrants’ outcomes, and then offers a more speculative interpretation of how the Great Migration fostered the advancement of Civil Rights. It concludes by pointing out areas where further exploration would be valuable.

Documenting the undocumented: Valeria Luiselli’s refugee children archives

This article reads comparatively Valeria Luiselli’s essay Tell Me How It Ends: An Essay in Forty Questions and her novel Lost Children Archive in the context of critical debates about the uses of archival documents in contemporary literature and in relation to archival theory (Foucault, Derrida, Farge). Both texts draw on a wealth of archival materials to explore the causes of mass migration from Mexico and Central America to the United States since 2014, and especially the plight of refugee children who disappear in the desert, in detention centres, and through deportation. I argue that these texts use the archive as a compositional method to confront restricted representations of Mexican and Central American migration with a plethora of documents that propose a historical and transnational perspective. The proliferation of archives stands in for missing evidence and foregrounds multiple points of view on the refugee children, compelling readers to imagine their migrant journeys more vividly.

‘Sometimes you gotta get out of your comfort zone’: retirement migration and active ageing in Cuenca, Ecuador

AbstractThe article extends notions of ‘active’ and ‘successful’ ageing by exploring the narratives of ageing in the retirement migration of Canadian and American older adults in Cuenca, Ecuador. The article is based on 83 semi-structured qualitative interviews (11 of which are follow-up interviews), most conducted in the first half of the 2010s. I explore how notions of finite time and imaginaries of a fourth age of decline and death inform the migration decisions and imaginaries of Canadian and American retirement migrants. I argue that their desire to seek self-expansive, new experiences through migration and contact with cultural difference dialogues with an increasingly competitive neoliberal culture of ageing, that emphasises success through activity, youthfulness and consumption. While there are certainly other ideals that help inform North American migration to Ecuador, I argue that these particular ideals illustrate how discourses of ‘active ageing’ have been taken up ‘from below’, by ageing North American adults, many of whom identify with the aspirations of policy and corporate discourses of activity and success, but who find themselves ageing into material conditions that preclude them. Migration to a lower-cost country, like Ecuador, helps them to experience these aspirations more positively, but may have uneven effects on lower-income workers and their ability to remain in place in the communities marketed for this type of migration.

Migrantes LGBT+ en las caravanas centroamericanas hacia Estados Unidos: dilemas y posibilidades para la construcción de redes de hospitalidad

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el escenario de la migración centroamericana en México y en su paso hacia Estados Unidos, con especial atención en el surgimiento del contingente LGBT+ en las caravanas migrantes en 2018. A partir de un estudio cualitativo, se muestran las causas que originan la emigración de personas LGBT+ en Centroamérica, sus experiencias durante el tránsito migratorio, las reacciones generadas en México con su llegada en caravana y las iniciativas de la sociedad para acompañarles. Derivado de esto, se reflexiona sobre algunos elementos asociados a la hospitalidad, para dar cuenta de la complejidad que subyace a este concepto y repensar las formas de construir las micro redes de solidaridad con esta comunidad desde la sociedad civil.

Experiencias formativas y migración latinoamericana: aportes de la etnografía a una perspectiva intercultural en educación

Entre propuestas que alternan mandatos nacionalistas, con discursos democratizantes e inclusores, los inmigrantes (mayoritariamente provenientes de países de la región) acceden a la escuela, pero sus trayectorias educativas son más dificultosas que las de los nativos. El trabajo busca aportar al conocimiento de los procesos educativos y la migración latinoamericana en Argentina. Pone en relación las formas subordinadas de inclusión educativa con las experiencias formativas de niños/as y jóvenes migrantes en distintos espacios de práctica, no reducidos a lo escolar. Tal recorte se inscribe en un contexto en el que se fueron consolidando dentro del campo de la antropología y educación, investigaciones que tematizan la interculturalidad como perspectiva para el campo pedagógico, y problematizan la transmisión de saberes y referencias de identidad étnica y nacional, entre distintas generaciones.La temática es abordada desde la investigación etnográfica con población migrante proveniente de regiones rurales de Bolivia, en la que se analizan los procesos educativos de niños, niñas y jóvenes de un barrio popular de Buenos Aires. El artículo da cuenta de las tensiones entre distintos sentidos de lo educativo y reconstruye un proceso de creación de categorías de adscripción étnica y nacional que permiten leer y valorar las distintas experiencias formativas de los jóvenes, en términos de experiencias polivalentes.

Migration, Family Formation and Fertility in the Americas

In many low- and medium-income countries that are the traditional sources of international migrants, total fertility rates have dropped to levels at or near replacement. In this context of low fertility, we expect migration’s effects on fertility to operate primarily through marital timing and marital stability. We examine the effects of international migration on age at first marriage, union dissolution, timing of first birth, and completed fertility, using retrospective life-history data collected in Mexico and eight other Latin American countries by the Mexican Migration Project (MMP) and the Latin American Migration Project (LAMP). Using discrete-time hazards and Poisson regression models, we find clear evidence that early migration experience results in delayed marriage, delayed first birth, and a higher rate of marital dissolution. We also find evidence among women that cumulative international migration experience is associated with fewer births and that the estimated effects of migration experience are attenuated after taking into account age at union formation and husbands’ prior union experiences. As fertility levels in migrant origin and destination countries continue on their path toward convergence, migrant fertility below native fertility may become more common due to migration’s disruptive effects on marital timing and marital stability and the selection of divorced or separated adults into migration.

Connecting Past and Present: Central America’s Forced Migration as an Unfinished Project of Building Just Nations Post-Colonization and Post-Conflict

In this white paper, we aim to explicitly connect today’s Central America’s forced migration phenomena to the broader largely failed project of liberating the people from the Northern Triangle from the terrible grip of failed nations. We do this despite the obvious: neither civil wars nor incredibly ambitious peace processes have been terribly successful to help these nations transition to stronger and just democracies. The risk is great that we will fail to provide viable solutions to the Central American forced migration phenomena. We feel strongly, however, that our frame must embrace the complexity of forced migration’s root causes in the region and at least try to take up the daunting task of offering solutions that aim to innovate while at the same time contextualize a project of building just nations post-colonization and post-conflict that has been going on for more than a century. We proceed in three parts. First, we provide a framework for understanding the concept of failed nations in Central America, with a particular focus in the Northern Triangle. Second, we provide a brief account of the heroic and monumental post-conflict nation-building efforts in the Northern Triangle, both the gains and unfinished tasks, to contextualize the recommendations that follow in Part III. In part III, we attempt to modernize a vision for building just nations in the Northern Triangle by (1) providing prescriptions that, inter alia, deemphasize, at least in the short term, the role of federal nation states in favor of more decentralized solutions that include local governments and communities (2) include important cross-border solutions that account for the ever present transnational agency of the problems in the region and (3) take up issues, both old and new, through evolving frameworks connecting human rights to sustainable development.

Latin America: Demographic Dynamics and the Migration Processes Transformation

Latin America is one of the high level migration activity regions. The mass migration flows are the part of the Western Hemisphere South nations history for more than a century and a half. Both the structure and direction of that flows have been significantly transformed during that period. While being the transatlantic flows recipients at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries, the Latin American States turned into donors of human resources in the second half of the XX century due to the profound demographic transformation. The aim of this paper is to analyse the demographic transformations impact on the emigration mobility models development in Latin America and the Caribbean countries. Demographic changes were manifested in different ways in countries with a large share of European migrants and those that were not affected by mass migrations flows at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The Central America countries and Mexico have experienced the most profound population explosion that subsequently affected the intensity of the migration movement to the United States. The paper examines the main migration directions of Latin America and the Caribbean residents, identifies two basic mobility source areas that demonstrate different strategies via different destination countries choice. While the United States has become the leading destination country for Latin American migrants, accounting for 93% of migrants from Central America and Mexico, the South American migration is mostly intraregional. The largest regional integration associations migration policies implementation reflects this difference. Spain has become a significant extra-regional migration destination for South America. At the end of the second decade of the XXI century, global economic transformations affect the migration dynamics of Latin American subregions, producing powerful migration crises and local tensions.

Déficits en la acción socioeducativa dirigida a adolescentes vulnerables latinoamericanos residentes en España

El Sistema de Protección a la Infancia y a la Adolescencia español utiliza los mismos mecanismos con la población tutelada nacional que con la extranjera de origen latinoamericano. Con esta investigación se pretende conocer las dificultades específicas de la juventud procedente de América Latina, en edad de emancipación y que tiene expediente de protección, así como identificar estrategias eficaces para la actuación socioeducativa. Mediante metodología cualitativa, en el marco de la teoría fundamentada, se realizan con juventud tutelada seis seguimientos longitudinales y cuatro relatos de vida. Se concluye con dos grupos de discusión con figuras profesionales especializadas. Los resultados muestran déficits en el acompañamiento socioeducativo, especialmente producto del choque entre las metas del proyecto migratorio y la rigidez del sistema. Se constata la ausencia de redes sociales de apoyo para la emancipación.

Полевое моделирование образа мигранта (на примере современной американской литературы)

The study aims to present the hierarchical structure of the lexico-semantic field “Migrant” basing on the modern American migration literature. The research is novel in that it analyses the content of the lexemes constituting the lexico-semantic field and significant to a linguocultural analysis of the migration literature’s text. As a result of the study, key and additional components of the meaning of the lexemes denominating the migrant image in the fiction text were ascertained and described, and semantic groups of the verbs collocating with the field units were identified. The results showed that there are additional linguocultural characteristics of the migrant image in modern fiction.

Forced Displacement of Central American Communities: Human Rights Violations in Their Transit through Mexico

Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the relationships between forced migration of Central American communities and the global and national exclusion of migrants in their transit through Mexico on their way to the US. It is divided into the following sections: a) description of the main causes of Central America migration; b) responses of the Mexican government from the 1980s to 2018; c) the role of organized crime and the official “war on drugs” (2007-2018) in human rights violations to Central American migrant; and lastly, d) some changes in the Mexican State regarding the management of Central American migration. Although the act of migration is intrinsically human, it has been hard to conceive migration as human rights in the current conversations. “The refugee and migration crisis,” have received unprecedented political and media attention around the world. Transnational migration is one of the core elements of late modernity given the historical acceleration of global processes. There are currently about 244 million people who have migrated from their country of origin, (which is three percent of the world’s population). One third of global migration happens in a south-north direction, while the rest happens in a south-south direction. The focus of this article is to describe and analyze aspects of Central American migration to/through Mexico, human rights violations experienced in transit, and different responses of the Mexican State to the “crisis of migration.”