American Journal Research Articles

Analysis of Hip Preservation Questions on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination Over the Past 20 Years.

The orthopaedic in-training examination (OITE) is a 275-question test for orthopaedic residents administered annually. As the field of orthopaedics changes, the OITE evolves its content. The incidence of hip preservation-related procedures has increased substantially over the past decade; nonetheless, an analysis of the trends of hip preservation questions on the OITE has not yet been performed. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the number and type of questions on the OITE related to hip preservation to determine whether trends over time paralleled the increases in hip-related care in clinical practice. It was hypothesized that the frequency of hip preservation questions on the OITE would increase with time. Cross-sectional study. Each OITE between 2002 and 2021 was reviewed for questions related to hip preservation. The types of questions included under "hip preservation" were those related to femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), athletic soft tissue injuries of the hip, acetabular labral tears, hip arthroscopy, and surgical management of adult hip dysplasia-excluding arthroplasty. Questions were quantified and categorized by topic, taxonomy level, associated imaging, and cited sources. There were 30 hip preservation-related questions between 2002 and 2021. Of these, 77% occurred within the past 10 years. Also, 14 questions (47%) had associated images in the question stem-the most common being radiographs (n = 8 questions). The most commonly tested subcategories were FAI (n = 11 questions [37%]), athletic injuries (n = 7 questions [23%]), and anatomy (n = 7 questions [23%]). Over the last 10 years, 97.9% of citations were from journal articles-the most common being the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, and the American Journal of Sports Medicine. The frequency of hip preservation-related questions on the OITE has increased with time, reflecting trends in clinical practice.

CYP450 Inhibition on Cerebral Hemodynamics in Healthy, Young Males and Females During Simulated Hypovolemia

Animal models have shown that cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP450) is involved in vascular control within the cerebrovasculature. However, the role sex plays on CYP450 within human cerebral circulation has not been examined. PURPOSE: To determine the contribution of CYP450 to cerebrovascular hemodynamics between healthy young males and females at rest and during mild simulated hypovolemia. METHODS: 18 subjects (9 females, tested during days 1-5 of early follicular phase) participated in 1 familiarization and 2 experimental visits. During experimental visits, subjects ingested a CYP450 inhibitor (fluconazole, FLZ 150mg) or placebo (PLC, 250mg microcrystalline cellulose) in a randomized, single-blind, crossover design. Following ingestion and 120 minutes of supine rest, middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv, cm/s, Transcranial Doppler) and mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg, finger photoplethysmography) were continuously measured during 5 minutes of supine rest and 5 minutes of lower-body negative pressure (LBNP, -20mmHg). Cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi) was calculated as MCAv/MAP. RESULTS: Means ± SD. Resting values for all variables were not different between treatments (p > 0.05). Therefore, all data are presented as a change (Δ) from rest to LBNP. There was no treatment*time*sex effect for MCAv or CVCi (p = 0.52, pη2 = 0.08; p = 0.34, pη2 = 0.06, respectively). MCAv responded similarly to LBNP between sexes within PLC and FLZ with a low-to-moderate effect (M -4.2 ± 5.2 vs. F -2.4 ± 7.3, p = 0.63, r = 0.11; M -4.2 ± 6.2 vs. F -8.1 ± 6.3, p = 0.06, r = 0.45, respectively). Similarly, male and female CVCi responses to LBNP were similar within treatments with a low effect (PLC M -0.04 ± 0.05 vs. -0.02 ± 0.08, p = 0.69, r = 0.09; FLZ M -0.06 ± 0.06 vs. -0.08 ± 0.05, p = 0.31, r = 0.24). Two one-sided testing (TOST) analysis, used to assess equivalence between groups (1), revealed that the differences between PLC and FLZ ΔMCAv and ΔCVCi were non-equivalent between the sexes (Mean = 5.67, t(13.84) = 0.42, p = 0.55; Mean = 0.05, t(15.02) = 0.34, p = 0.63, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although no significant differences were seen between sexes, small-to-moderate effect sizes and TOST analysis suggest male and female hemodynamic responses to LBNP are not equal following CYP450 inhibition. These data argue that CYP450 may have differential contributions to cerebral vascular control between the sexes and further exploration is warranted. 1. O’Brien MW, Kimmerly DS. Is “not different” enough to conclude similar cardiovascular responses across sexes? American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 322: H355–H358, 2022. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00687.2021. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

The American Journal of Psychiatry: Table of Contents

The American Journal of Psychiatry: Table of Contents

Research hotspots and evolving trends of barrier dysfunction in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome

Endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction due to increased permeability and heightened inflammatory reactions influences the emergence of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Nevertheless, bibliometric research comparing endothelial and epithelial barriers is limited. Therefore, this bibliometric study analyzed the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) of the Science Citation Index Expanded literature to explore present research priorities and development tendencies within this field. We conducted a comprehensive search (October 18, 2023) on WoSCC from January 1, 2010, to October 18, 2023, focusing on articles related to endothelial and epithelial barriers in ALI and ARDS. Retrieved data were visualized and analyzed using R-bibliometrix, VOS viewer 1.6.19, and CiteSpace 6.2. R4. Functional enrichment analysis of gene targets identified in the keyword list using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene ontology databases, and based on the STRING database to construct a PPI network to predict core genes. A total of 941 original articles and reviews were identified. The United States had the highest number of publications and citations and the highest H-index and G-index. According to the Collaboration Network Analysis graph, the United States and China had the strongest collaboration. Birukova AA had the most publications and citations among all authors, while eight of the top ten institutions with mediator centrality were located in the United States. The American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology was the leading journal and had the most well-established publication on endothelial and epithelial barriers in ALI and ARDS. Bibliometric analysis revealed that the most frequently used keywords were acute lung injury, ARDS, activation, expression, and inflammation. RHOA appeared most frequently among gene-related keywords, and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway had the highest count in KEGG pathway enrichment. Research on endothelial versus epithelial barriers in ALI and ARDS remains preliminary. This bibliometric study examined cooperative network connections among countries, authors, journals, and network associations in the cited references. Investigation of the functions of the endothelial and epithelial barriers in ALI/ARDS associated with COVID-19 has recently gained significant attention.

Treatment of late‐life depression improves cognitive function, review finds

A systematic review and meta‐analysis based on 22 studies has concluded that antidepressant treatment for late‐life depression improves cognitive function, particularly in the domains of memory and learning. Results supported an association between reduced depressive symptoms and improvement in cognition. Results of the review and meta‐analysis were published online Feb. 7, 2024, in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

RETRACTION: A predictive model of herpes zoster after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: VZV reactivation following antiviral prophylaxis discontinuation.

Retraction: Feng, C-J. , Zhao, P. , Fu, H-X. , Yan, C-H. , Wang, C-C. , Zhu, X-L. , He, Y. , Wang, F-R. , Zhang, Y-Y. , Mo, X-D. , Kong, Y. , Han, W. , Wang, J-Z. , Wang, Y. , Chen, H. , Chen, Y-H. , Zhao, X-Y. , Chang, Y-J. , Xu, L-P. , Liu, K-Y. , Huang, X-J. , Zhang, X-H. (2023) A predictive model of herpes zoster after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: VZV reactivation following antiviral prophylaxis discontinuation. American Journal of Hematology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.27090. The above article, published online on 29 September 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief Carlo Brugnara and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed following notification by a third party who identified methodological errors in the published article. The journal conducted an investigation including post-publication review by an independent expert, who confirmed that the errors were substantial. The authors provided a point-for-point response to the journal about these concerns. However, the journal concluded that while some errors could be corrected, the methodology and data still would contain fundamental errors that invalidate the conclusions. The authors disagree with this retraction."

Exploring publications in 3 major orthodontic journals: A comparative bibliometric analysis of two 10-year periods (2002-2011 and 2012-2021)

This study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis examining contributing countries and collaborative networks, authors and collaborative relationships, the performance of the institutions, and cocited journals and references in 3 major orthodontic journals (American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, European Journal of Orthodontics, and Angle Orthodontist) over two 10-year periods (2002-2011 and 2012-2021). In this study, 4432 publications in the first decade and 4012 publications in the second decade were quantitatively analyzed and visualized using visualization software such as VOSviewer (Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands), CiteSpace (Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa), and Scimago Graphica (SCImago Lab, Spain). Institutions in the United States had the highest number of publications through the 2 decades, whereas Brazil, South Korea, and China achieved significant improvements in performance in the second decade compared with the first. Closer collaborative networks among scholars were revealedin the second decade. The cocitation analysis of the journals showed that highly cited journals included more professional orthodontic journals in the second decade than in the first decade. Bibliometric analysis of publications in 3 major orthodontic journals over two 10-year periods revealed a trend of diversification in countries and institutions participating in publishing, international collaborations, and collaboration networks among authors in the field of orthodontics during the 2 decades.

“Allowing Space for Voice…All Our Voices”: Understanding Ho‘ouna Pono Implementation Through Educational Leadership Perspectives in Rural Hawai‘i Schools

Epidemiological research over the past two decades has highlighted substance use disparities that affect Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander youth, and the lack of effective approaches to address such disparities (Okamoto et al. in Asian American Journal of Psychology 10(3):239–248, 2019). The Ho‘ouna Pono curriculum is a culturally grounded, teacher-implemented, video-enhanced substance use prevention program that has demonstrated efficacy in rural Hawaiʻi in a large-scale trial (Okamoto in Asian American Journal of Psychology 10(3):239–248, 2019). Despite its potential to ameliorate health disparities and address youth substance use, prevention programs such as Ho‘ouna Pono have been poorly disseminated and implemented across Hawaiʻi, raising the question: Why are effective prevention programs not used in communities that most need them? The present study used concept mapping to understand previously identified implementation barriers and develop implementation strategies for Ho‘ouna Pono. Seven Hawaiʻi Department of Education (HIDOE) educational leaders and administrators sorted Ho‘ouna Pono implementation barriers (e.g., “There is a lack of HIDOE funding to support prevention curricula”), named concepts, and rated barriers’ perceived impact and difficulty. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis yielded a five-cluster solution: (1) Kumu (Hawaiian word for teacher) Controlled, (2) School Level Buy-in, (3) Curriculum, (4) Student Attitudes + Mindsets (Family + Community), and (5) Policy. Participant ratings identified eight high-impact and low-difficulty barriers. Discussion revealed important intersections among barriers indicating the need for coordinated and cross-level implementation strategies to support Ho‘ouna Pono sustainment. Brainstormed implementation strategies using participants’ own language highlighted a need for participatory methods in school settings to bidirectionally share ways to best sustain substance use prevention programs.

Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of evidence reported in the leading orthodontic journals

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of research reporting of the most recent orthodontic literature published in three of the highest impact factor orthodontic journals. Material and Methods: The American Journals of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (AJODO), European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO), and Angle Orthodontist (AO) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from January 2018 to March 2022. Trials were evaluated using the consolidated standards of reporting trial (CONSORT) checklist. Independent t-test was used to compare pre-COVID and post-COVID RCTs across CONSORT percentages and to compare journals where those trials were published. Multiple linear regressions were used to study the association of different characteristics with the CONSORT percentage scores. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 117 RCTs were retrieved from the three journals between January 2018 and March 2022. Thesample was classified as 63 pre-COVID studies (53.8%) and 54 (46.2%) post-COVID studies published in three orthodontics journals (27 in AJODO [23.1%], 45 [38.5%] in AO, and 45 [38.5%] in the EJO). The mean percentage of CONSORT compliance was 84.51% ± 14.34%. There was a statistically significant association of CONSORT scores with journals where the trials were published. Compared to AJODO, AO had a lower CONSORT percentage by an average of 18.81, P < 0.001. Independent t-test was performed to compare RCTs pre/post-COVID across CONSORT percentages. It showed no statistically significant difference as the mean compliance was 84.96 ± 16.01 for the pre-COVID studies and 83.99 ± 12.25 for post-COVID (P = 0.711). Conclusion: Overall, CONSORT mean score was 84.51% ± 14.34%. AJODO had the highest CONSORT compliance score while AO had the least compliance score. The quality of reporting of RCTs in orthodontic journals was not affected by the pandemic.

The Top 100 Cited Articles Focusing on Acute Lung Injury and ARDS: Bibliometric and Visualization Analyses.

In recent years, acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS have emerged as critical health concerns, drawing considerable attention from clinicians. The volume of published articles on ALI/ARDS is on the rise, indicating the expanding research interest in this field. However, the precise quantity and quality of studies on ALI/ARDS remain unclear. Consequently, we employed bibliometric and visual techniques to comprehensively analyze the patterns and focal points of these articles. To investigate the characteristics of highly referenced papers on ALI/ARDS and offer insights into the progress and advancements in research on ALI/ARDS, we conducted a comprehensive search in the core Web of Science database for cited articles using the terms "ALI," "acute lung injury," "ARDS," or "acute respiratory distress syndrome." A total of 60,282 citations were retrieved by narrowing the scope to reviews, articles, and publications in English. From the obtained citations, we selected materials for analysis from the top 100 articles with the highest number of citations. Subsequently, the articles were visualized and analyzed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and bibliometric techniques. This analysis focused on identifying trends related to authors, journals, countries, institutions, collaborative networks, key words, and other relevant factors in the field of ALI/ARDS research. Among the top 100 cited articles, the highest and lowest number of citations were 6,957 and 451, respectively. The 100 articles were published between 1991-2020, with a peak in publications observed in 2004, 2005, and 2012 (no. = 7). Among 29 journals, The New England Journal of Medicine (no. = 21) had the highest number of publications, followed by the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (no. = 14). Among the 29 countries represented in the top 100 cited articles, the United States (no. = 51) emerged as the leading country in the number of publications, followed by Canada (no. = 19) (there was some overlap in paper output between countries due to co-publication). The 3 predominant keywords identified in studies within the ALI/ARDS domain were ALI, mechanical ventilation, and PEEP. This study provides a historical perspective on the scientific advancements in ALI/ARDS research, highlighting the need for further investigation and development in specific areas within the field. Bibliometric analyses revealed that the United States is the predominant force in the field of ALI/ARDS, contributing significantly to its development. Through an examination of highly cited papers on ALI/ARDS, we have identified global research trends, assessed the quality of studies, and identified hot topics in the field of ALI/ARDS.

Italian research on anterior cruciate ligament: a bibliometric analysis.

This study analysed thetrend of publications on anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) in Italy. It was hypothesised that publications on this topic have quickly increased in recent years due to increased knowledge of both clinical and radiological pathology. PubMed and Scopus were accessed on 29/11/2023. This retrieved 838 articles from PubMed and 1050 from Scopus. We analysed the top 10 authors, and journals in publication numbers, citation numbers, and citations per year. We have also looked at the top 10 institutions publishing on anterior cruciate ligament from Scopus as PubMed does not give this information in the output. Data mining was performed using the Orange software, Mac version 3.32.0 ( https://orangedatamining.com/ ) from the titles of all articles. A word cloud analysis of titles, authors, journals and universities was performed. The peak of citations was in 2017 with 1529, whilst the peak of publications was in 2019 with 59 articles published. Analysing the number of publications and citations for the journal, the most impacted journal is Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy with 5472 citations and 183 articles, followed by The American Journal of Sports Medicine, with 2722 citations and 56 articles and Arthroscopy with 1990 citations and 62 articles. Considering also international collaborations, the most cited author is Della Villa F. in 2020 with 43.67 citationsper year.The Italian author with the major number of publications is Zaffagnini S. with 39 articles, whilst the author with the higher number of citations is Aglietti P. with 1612 citations. ACL reconstruction has gained growing interest amongst the scientific community. Publications and citations presented a rising trend, the majority of the highly cited papers were contributed by few centres, and clinical trials were the most cited study designs. The long-term outcomes of ACL lesions have attracted interest. The authors hypothesised that shortly there will be an increase in articles analysing the results of ACL revisions, the use of lateral extra-articular tenodesis, and meniscus transplants. Cross-Sectional Study.

Sex estimation research trends in forensic anthropology between 2000 and 2022 in five prominent journals.

In forensic anthropology, osteological sex estimation methods are continuously reevaluated and updated to improve classification accuracies. Therefore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of recent trends in sex estimation research in forensic anthropology, a content analysis of articles published between 2000 and 2022 in Forensic Science International, the Journal of Forensic Sciences, the International Journal of Legal Medicine, the American Journal of Biological Anthropology, and Forensic Anthropology, was performed. The main goals of this content analysis were to (1) examine trends in metric versus morphological research, (2) examine which areas of the skeleton have been explored, (3) examine which skeletal collections and population affinities have been most frequently utilized, and (4) determine which statistical methods were commonly implemented. A total of 440 articles were coded utilizing MAXQDA and the resulting codes were exported for analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing the Cochran-Armitage and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests for trends, as well as Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests. The results demonstrate that sex estimation research published in these journals has prioritized metric over morphological methods. Further, the most utilized skeletal regions continue to be the skull and pelvis, while the most popular classification statistics continue to be discriminant function analysis and logistic regression. This study also demonstrates that a substantial portion of research has been conducted utilizing U.S. and Europe-based collections and limited populations. Based on these results, future sex estimation research must continue exploring the use of long bones and other postcranial elements, testing newer methods of analysis, as well as developing population-inclusive methods.

Evaluating ChatGPT-4's Diagnostic Accuracy: Impact of Visual Data Integration.

In the evolving field of health care, multimodal generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems, such as ChatGPT-4 with vision (ChatGPT-4V), represent a significant advancement, as they integrate visual data with text data. This integration has the potential to revolutionize clinical diagnostics by offering more comprehensive analysis capabilities. However, the impact on diagnostic accuracy of using image data to augment ChatGPT-4 remains unclear. This study aims to assess the impact of adding image data on ChatGPT-4's diagnostic accuracy and provide insights into how image data integration can enhance the accuracy of multimodal AI in medical diagnostics. Specifically, this study endeavored to compare the diagnostic accuracy between ChatGPT-4V, which processed both text and image data, and its counterpart, ChatGPT-4, which only uses text data. We identified a total of 557 case reports published in the American Journal of Case Reports from January 2022 to March 2023. After excluding cases that were nondiagnostic, pediatric, and lacking image data, we included 363 case descriptions with their final diagnoses and associated images. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-4V and ChatGPT-4 without vision based on their ability to include the final diagnoses within differential diagnosis lists. Two independent physicians evaluated their accuracy, with a third resolving any discrepancies, ensuring a rigorous and objective analysis. The integration of image data into ChatGPT-4V did not significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy, showing that final diagnoses were included in the top 10 differential diagnosis lists at a rate of 85.1% (n=309), comparable to the rate of 87.9% (n=319) for the text-only version (P=.33). Notably, ChatGPT-4V's performance in correctly identifying the top diagnosis was inferior, at 44.4% (n=161), compared with 55.9% (n=203) for the text-only version (P=.002, χ2 test). Additionally, ChatGPT-4's self-reports showed that image data accounted for 30% of the weight in developing the differential diagnosis lists in more than half of cases. Our findings reveal that currently, ChatGPT-4V predominantly relies on textual data, limiting its ability to fully use the diagnostic potential of visual information. This study underscores the need for further development of multimodal generative AI systems to effectively integrate and use clinical image data. Enhancing the diagnostic performance of such AI systems through improved multimodal data integration could significantly benefit patient care by providing more accurate and comprehensive diagnostic insights. Future research should focus on overcoming these limitations, paving the way for the practical application of advanced AI in medicine.

The Gender Gap and Academic Publishing in Political Science: Evidence from Canada

ABSTRACT The underrepresentation of women-authored scholarship in political science journals remains a persistent issue. Studies confirm that a gender gap exists in many leading American and European journals and that a key contributing factor is the lack of supply from women authors. To what extent is this gap present in the Canadian Journal of Political Science (CJPS), given the Canadian Political Science Association’s efforts to promote gender equality? To answer this question, we analyze an original dataset of CJPS submissions from 2008 to 2022. We find that a modest gender gap does exist; women tend to submit fewer manuscripts and publish fewer articles in the CJPS relative to men. On the other hand, we find no evidence of bias against women authors during the review process. In fact, they fare as well or better than men across editorial teams and regardless of the handling editor’s gender.

The American Journal of Psychiatry: Table of Contents

The American Journal of Psychiatry: Table of Contents

The Blind Men and the Elephant

Abstract What is the role of the social sciences in international law? This article maps how international law interacts with the social sciences, including its concepts, findings, methods, and epistemologies. It provides a first encompassing genealogy of social science references in six renowned international law journals, including the American, Asian, European, Leiden, and Nordic Journal of International Law as well as the British International and Comparative Law Quarterly, by using a corpus linguistic approach that encompasses more than 15,000 documents from 1907 to 2022. Moreover, it explores how structural factors related to the institutionalization and funding of certain strands of social science-inspired international law scholarship have influenced regional and temporal patterns in Europe, Germany, and Australia.

Effective Use of Twitter by Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Journals Can Result in Increased Impact Factor

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine if activity on Twitter was corelated with increasing impact factor (IF) among six orthopaedic sports medicine journals. MethodsTwitonomy software was used to collect account activity for the American Journal of Sports Medicine, The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, and Sports Health. Data was collected from 2000-2020. Each journal’s annual IF score was collected via Scijournal.org. A multivariate regression model was used to predict the influence of different Twitter metrics on IF from 2012-2019. The journal name, number of tweets, and the interaction of the two were used to predict IF. Additionally, Pearson correlaxtion was used to assess correlations between Twitter account metrics and IF. ResultsOver the study period, all IFs increased, except for AJSM. The effect size between number of tweets and IF was not the same for each journal. For every additional tweet, AJSM increased their IF by 0.001, (p= 0.18). Sports Health and OJSM increased their IF by 0.01 (p=0.002) and 0.022, (p=<0.001). KSSTA would expect a decrease in their IF by 0.004 (p=0.55), JSES and Arthroscopy would increase their IF by 0.002 (p=0.71) and 0.001 (p=0.99), but this was not significant. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between annual tweets and IF across all journals. ConclusionMarkers of Twitter account activity, specifically the number of annual tweets, was predictive of an increase in IF among the orthopedic sports medicine journals included in this study.

Assessing the Emergence and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Research in Neuroradiology.

Interest in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has been growing in neuroradiology, but there is limited knowledge on how this interest has manifested into research and specifically, its qualities and characteristics. This study aims to characterize the emergence and evolution of AI/ML articles within neuroradiology and provide a comprehensive overview of the trends, challenges, and future directions of the field. We performed a bibliometric analysis of the American Journal of Neuroradiology; the journal was queried for original research articles published since inception (January 1, 1980) to December 3, 2022 that contained any of the following key terms: "machine learning," "artificial intelligence," "radiomics," "deep learning," "neural network," "generative adversarial network," "object detection," or "natural language processing." Articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers, and categorized into statistical modeling (type 1), AI/ML development (type 2), both representing developmental research work but without a direct clinical integration, or end-user application (type 3), which is the closest surrogate of potential AI/ML integration into day-to-day practice. To better understand the limiting factors to type 3 articles being published, we analyzed type 2 articles as they should represent the precursor work leading to type 3. A total of 182 articles were identified with 79% being nonintegration focused (type 1 n = 53, type 2 n = 90) and 21% (n = 39) being type 3. The total number of articles published grew roughly 5-fold in the last 5 years, with the nonintegration focused articles mainly driving this growth. Additionally, a minority of type 2 articles addressed bias (22%) and explainability (16%). These articles were primarily led by radiologists (63%), with most (60%) having additional postgraduate degrees. AI/ML publications have been rapidly increasing in neuroradiology with only a minority of this growth being attributable to end-user application. Areas identified for improvement include enhancing the quality of type 2 articles, namely external validation, and addressing both bias and explainability. These results ultimately provide authors, editors, clinicians, and policymakers important insights to promote a shift toward integrating practical AI/ML solutions in neuroradiology.

Bioethics-CSR Divide

Bioethics-CSR Divide

Duodenal Crohn's disease: Case report and systematic review.

Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, microscopic colitis, and Crohn's disease (CD), has a global impact. This review focuses on duodenal CD (DCD), a rare subtype affecting the duodenum. DCD's rarity and asymptomatic nature create diagnostic challenges, impacting prognosis and patient well-being. Delayed diagnosis can worsen DCD outcomes. To report a rare case of DCD and to discuss the diagnostic challenges and its implications on prognosis. A systematic literature search, following the PRISMA statement, was conducted. Relevant studies were identified and analysed using specific Medical Subject Terms (MeSH) from PubMed/MEDLINE, American Journal of Gastroenterology, and the University of South Wales database. Data collection included information from radiology scans, endoscopy procedures, biopsies, and histopathology results. The review considered 8 case reports and 1 observational study, involving 44 participants diagnosed with DCD, some of whom developed complications due to delayed diagnosis. Various diagnostic methods were employed, as there is no gold standard workup for DCD. Radiology scans [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and upper gastrointestinal X-ray], endoscopy procedures (colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy), biopsies, and clinical suspicions were utilized. This review discusses DCD diagnosis challenges and the roles of CT, MRI, and fluoroscopy. It notes their limitations and compares findings with endoscopy and histopathology studies. Further research is needed to improve diagnosis, emphasizing scan interpretation, endoscopy procedures, and biopsies, especially in high-risk patients during routine endoscopy.