American Emigration Research Articles

Los Centroamericanos en Estados Unidos

Considerando la importancia de la emigración centroamericana como fenómeno social y económico, el artículo hace una descripción cuantitativa de los movimientos de población de cada país de la región hacia los Estados Unidos (EUA), utilizando principalmente la información del último censo de población de este país, realizado en 2010. El estudio inicia enfatizando la importancia de los migrantes tipificados como latinos o hispanos en cada estado de la unión norteamericana, clasificando los estados según la presencia numérica de migrantes así como el crecimiento en número que ellos han tenido durante el último período intercensal. Se seleccionan indicadores socioeconómicos para comparar los entornos que rodean a los emigrantes de cada país centroamericano antes y después de efectuar el movimiento migratorio; es decir, las condiciones que les rodeaban primero en su respectivo país de origen y luego en los estados de EUA donde los emigrantes de cada uno de esos países son mayoritarios entre la emigración centroamericana, para derivar de esa información el cambio experimentado por ellos al trasladarse de uno a otro ambiente, o si regresan a su lugar de origen. Esta comparación se efectúa advirtiendo al lector las restricciones en disponibilidad de información, así como las diferencias conceptuales que pueden esconderse tras los indicadores y asimismo sobre las diferencias de calidad al obtener los indicadores en los diferentes países. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v8i0.919 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 8, 2012 pp.51-75

A New Midwesternism in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye

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A Hungarian aristocrat in Civil War America: Count Béla Széchenyi's 1862 study trip to the United States of America

The written account of Count Béla Széchenyi's 1862 trip to the United States, published in 1863, represents a unique chapter in Hungarian travel writing on the New World. The author was the first-born son of Count István Széchenyi, an iconic figure of Hungary's Age of Reform in the 1820s to 1840s. Following Hungary's defeat in the 1848–9 Revolution and War of Independence against the Habsburgs, István was locked up in a mental asylum outside Vienna, where he committed suicide in 1860. Unlike his father in the 1820s, Béla was allowed to travel to the United States, and his account clearly reflects the time he lived in and the concerns he entertained. Béla had done his Grand Tour in Germany, England, France and Spain, and was an experienced traveller. He sympathised with the more aristocratic South in the Civil War, although he never visited there. His book focuses on issues of slavery and race (Native Americans and African Americans), American democracy (he presents both the US and the Confederate Constitutions, but does so without any commentary), the character of the Yankee, and American progress. He then offers a detailed agenda for the development of Pest-Buda, but, unlike his father, separates issues of progress and national independence, arguing that the former would inevitably bring about the latter. This unique piece of travel writing combines the imperial view of West European travellers in the new world with the highly personal account of a young aristocrat who has just lost his father, and who was trying to come to terms with his loss. Amerikai utam is clearly censored, but in the absence of relevant documents it is impossible to draw the balance between self- and enforced censorship. This little book represents a transition in the history of Hungarian travel writing on the United States between the Age of Reform (which focused on political agendas, especially issues of democracy) and the Dualist period (1867–1918, which discussed American progress and emigration from Hungary).

Manliness and Manifest Racial Destiny: Jamaica and African American Emigration in the 1850s

Manliness and Manifest Racial Destiny: Jamaica and African American Emigration in the 1850s

Diasporas in the new media age: identity, politics, and community

The explosion of digital information and communication technologies has influenced almost every aspect of contemporary life. Diasporas in the New Media Age is the first book-length examination of the social use of these technologies by emigrants and diasporas around the world. The eighteen original essays in the book explore the personal, familial, and social impact of modern communication technology on populations of European, Asian, African, Caribbean, Middle Eastern, and Latin American emigrants. It also looks at the role and transformation of such concepts as identity, nation, culture, and community in the era of information technology and economic globalization. The contributors, who represent a number of disciplines and national origins, also take a range of approaches - empirical, theoretical, and rhetorical - and combine case studies with thoughtful analysis. Diasporas in the New Media Age is both a discussion of the use of communication technologies by various emigrant groups and an engaging account of the immigrant experience in the contemporary world. It offers important insights into the ways that dispersed populations are using digital media to maintain ties with their families and homeland, and to create new communities that preserve their culture and reinforce their sense of identity. In addition, the book is a significant contribution to our understanding of the impact of technology on society in general.

Liberia and the Atlantic World in the Nineteenth Century: Convergence and Effects

William C. Burke, an African American emigrant in Liberia, wrote the following to an acquaintance in the United States on 23 September 1861: This must be the severest affliction that have visited the people of the United States and must be a sorce [sic] of great inconvenience and suffering and although we are separated from the seane [sic] by the Atlantic yet we feel sadly the effects of it in this country. The Steavens not coming out as usual was a great disappointment and loss to many in this country.Burke's lamentation about the impact of the American Civil War on the distant Atlantic shores of Africa underscores a problem—and opportunity—in Liberian historiography. Burke's nineteenth-century world extended past the distinct national boundaries that separated the United States and Liberia. Geographically, this was the vast littoral of the four continents—Africa, Europe, North America, and South America—abutting the Atlantic Ocean. But the Atlantic world, as historians now dubbed this sprawling transnational zone, was much more extensive. Societies near and faraway were also drawn into the web of socioeconomic activities in the basin. The creation of the Atlantic world spanned almost four centuries, from the late fifteenth to the waning decades of the nineteenth century. In this period, an unprecedented multitude of migrants crisscrossed the Atlantic creating a vast network. For example, by the nineteenth century, regular transatlantic packages such as the Mary Caroline Stevens whose delay Burke called “a great disappointment,” transported passengers, provisions, and dispatches between the United States and Liberia.

"Like a Roaring Lion": The Overland Trail as a Sonic Conquest

In the opening paragraph o? Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims (1883), the Paiute leader Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins compared the coming of the whites into her homeland to lion, yes, ... a A small child when Euro-Americans first invaded her people's land near present-day Humboldt Lake in Nevada in the 1840s, Hopkins never forgot the onslaught. In her narrative and on-stage presentations to north eastern reformers during the mid-1880s, Hopkins detailed the environmental and social devastation wrought by Euro-American conquerors, including the depletion of game, homicides, sexual assaults, and other physical violence. Yet her opening observation sug gests that indigenous peoples also experienced invasion as a sonic conquest. The phrase roaring lion alludes not only to the aural volume of conquest but also to the biblical passage that describes the devil as a lion. Mary Peabody Mann, the book's edi tor and a leading Christian reformer, may even have selected the phrase herself to evoke the sinfulness of the Euro-American invasion. Although arguably none of the Euro American emigrants on the Overland Trail, commonly referred to as overlanders, who traveled through the Paiutes' land would have described their trek or America's expan sion as diabolical, many did liken their invasion to a roar. In their diaries, journals, and reminiscences, overlanders speculated about the aural impact of their wagon trains on the indigenous peoples and animals of the western wilderness; they portrayed their sounds as having the power to subdue the savage wilds and help transform the West into American territory.1

On a Case-by-Case Basis: Ethnicity and Los Angeles Courts, 1850-1875

In his important study A History of American Law, Lawrence Friedman commented that by 1850, in addition to American emigrants, what traveled west, more important than form, was the general legal culture, the general ways of thinking about law. . . . The notion was: organize or die; and it was the theme of American law, East and West, in the last half of the nineteenth century, in every area and arena of life.1 Friedman also pointed out that, in late antebellum America, [a]t best, criminal justice trembled on the brink of profes sionalism, although he was referring specifically to large Eastern metropolises such as Philadelphia, Boston, and New York.2

What Explains Emigration Out of Latin America?

Summary Why do emigration rates vary across Latin America? Since more than three-quarters of Latin America’s emigrants go to the United States, the paper estimates a model of emigration to the United States to isolate the fundamentals driving Latin American emigration. The model is estimated separately for all sending countries and for Latin America, asking whether migrants from the two respond differently to fundamentals. They do not. The estimates are then used to identify the sources of Latin American emigration since the early 1970s and compares them with those of Africa and Asia.

Religion and Social Policy

Chapter 1 Introduction: Religion and Social Policy: Fresh Concepts Part 2 I. Religious Freedom, Identity and Global Social Policy Chapter 3 1. Globalization, Social Policy, and Christianity at the Dawn of a New Millenium: Some Reflections from a Latin American Emigrant Perspective Chapter 4 2. Public Policy Toward Minority Religions in the United States: A Model for Europe and Other Countries? Chapter 5 3. The Tension between an Established Church and Equal Opportunites in Religion: The Case of Prison Chaplaincy Chapter 6 4. American Indian Religious Identity and Advanced Colonial Maligancy Chapter 7 5. Tensions, Religious Freedom, and the Courts: The Seventh-day Adventist Experience Part 8 II. Religion and Social Domestic Policies Chapter 9 6. Immigrant Congregations as Social Service Providers: Are They Saftey Nets for Welfare Reform? Chapter 10 7. Islam, Women's Organizations and Political Rights for Women Chapter 11 8. Woman Abuse and Faith Communities: Religion, Violence and the Provision of Social Welfare Chapter 12 9. Work and Its Discontents: Two Cases of Contemporary Religious Response to Unemployment Chapter 13 10. Religious Judicatories and Social Policy Advocacy Part 14 III. Further Local and Global Complexities Chapter 15 11. Putting it Together in the African American Churches: Faith, Economic Development and Civil Rights Chapter 16 12. Civic Challenge of Virtual Exchatology: Heaven's Gate and Millenial Fever in Cyberspace Chapter 17 13. Religion, Race and Community Organizing: The Movimento Negro in the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil Chapter 18 14. Religious Syncretism and a Post-Imperial Source of Healing in Korea Chapter 19 15. The Future of Religious Pluralism and Social Policy: Reflections from Lambeth and Beyond

And the winds blew cold: Stalinist Russia as experienced by an American emigrant

The Main Personalities in the Book Prologue: My Years with Eva The Early Years in Moscow The First Wave of Terror The War Years The Second Wave of Terror In the Labour Camps Freedom Epilogue Letters from Eva Index.

“Come You all Courageously”: Irish Women in America Write Home

WHAT we know about immigrants has too often been seen through official lenses. Documentation beyond official sources is scarce because few immigrants conducted their lives with an eye to biographer. If world of immigrants is to be recovered, historians must be innovative in identifying and using nonconventional sources. Personal documents like letters are an especially appropriate source for research on immigrant and ethnic women, whose lives are so often hidden. In this essay I examine some of themes that appear in letters written by Irish women. (1) In Ireland two scholars based in Ulster were responsible for emigrant letters being given due place as historical documents. The late Rodney Green of Queen's University, Belfast, was first to collect emigrant letters systematically, and it was he who first alerted many of us to their importance as documentary sources. Brian Trainor, while director of Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, also ensured collection and preservation of emigrant letters, encouraging researchers such as myself to work in a receptive atmosphere. Drawing attention to their documentary significance, Professor Green said that while emigrant letters are highly subjective material as historical documents, they do nevertheless allow one to make some valuable generalizations about emigration/ immigration experience. (2) Among other conclusions, he noted the favourable reaction of emigrants to American conditions.... (3) Most emigrants would have agreed that, on balance, America offered more than had Ireland. Their letters, replete with statistical information about wages and prices, are valuable sources for economic history, demonstrating that immigrants often had a sophisticated awareness of local as well as international markets. Emigrant letters have been extensively used by some American scholars. Arnold Schrier used letters as historical documents in his pioneering and evocative study, Ireland and American Emigration, 1850-1900, published in 1958. (4) Drawing on 222 emigrant letters as documentation, he opened what has become a lively and continuing discussion about use of letters as sources. Twenty-five years later, Patrick O'Farrell used emigrant letters to document lives of Irish in Australia, while Kerby Miller drew on a wide array of letters in his influential study, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and Irish Exodus to North America, published in 1985. (5) Donald Harmon Akenson challenged adequacy of these earlier approaches in an article drawing on a selection of letters from Irish in Australia, New Zealand, and North America. (6) More recently, David Fitzpatrick has used detailed and informed textual analysis to elucidate Irish-Australian letters, extending range of what historians can achieve with such sources. (7) My own method has been to use textual analysis to create a computerized database with five main categories: family name, letter author name, collection, recipient, and characteristics of each letter. The letters were analyzed in terms of subcategories such as push-and-pull conditions, mention of remittances, evidence of bad family relations, renewal of ties, choice of spouse, poetry, religion, and education. The themes were analyzed in two different ways, one using individual letters, other using individual authors as unit of observation. Collections of emigrant letters are likelier to contain letters from men than from women, although some evidence suggests that women tended to write more often. Thus my research efforts located only ninety-five letters from forty-five female authors, while there were five hundred forty-four letters from one hundred seventy-six male authors on which to base an analysis. (8) The letters were collected from several sources in Ireland and America. (9) Following an examination of how letters of women and men differed, I will explore a number of themes appearing in women's letters. …

Ourselves Alone: Women's Emigration from Ireland, 1885-1920.

In early April of 1888, sixteen-year-old Mary Ann Donovan stood alone on the quays of Queenstown in county Cork waiting to board a ship for Boston in far-off America. She was but one of almost 700,000 young, usually unmarried women, traveling alone, who left their homes in Ireland during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in a move unprecedented in the annals of European emigration. Using a wide variety of sources -- many of which appear here for the first time -- including personal reminiscences, interviews, oral histories, letter, and autobiographies as well as data from Irish and American census and emigration repots, Janet Nolan makes a sustained analysis of this migration of a generation of young women that puts a new light on Irish social and economic history. By the late nineteenth century changes in Irish life combined to make many young women unneeded in their households and communities; rather than accept a marginal existence, they elected to seek a better life in a new world, often with the encouragement and help of a female relative who had already emigrated. Mary Ann Donovan's journey was representative of thousands of journeys made by Irish women who could truly claim that they had seized control over their lives, by themselves, alone. This book tells their story.

Historical Mythmaking: Richard Henry Dana and American Emigration to California, 1840-1850

THE SUMMER OF 1840, a young Boston lawyer and Harvard College graduate named Richard Henry Dana Jr. set out upon the road to literary fame with the publication of his book Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea. In the literary circles of both New and Old England the book was an instant and enormous success. With one magnificent stroke of his pen the twenty-five-year-old scion of one of Boston's finest families had earned the literary accolades that have eluded many a capable writer, including his own father.

The love of liberty brought us here (an analysis of the development of the settler state in 19th century Liberia)

Recent years have witnessed a revival of interest among radical scholars in the peripheral state as a specific object of study within the broad realm of political economy. Important debates have focused on the concept of the ‘over‐developed’ post‐colonial state, the historical transformation of the state during the de‐colonisation process, the form of the peripheral state and its class character, with discussions being based on case studies of former European colonies. This focus, however, leaves aside the form of the peripheral state in societies which did not experience a typical colonial situation — the state in settler societies being a case in point. While the state as found in settler societies such as Algeria, Kenya and Rhodesia has attracted some scholarly attention, the case of the settler state in Liberia has not been discussed in any rigorous or systematic manner.. The failure of the literature on Liberian political economy to establish the specificity of the early form of the Liberian state prompts the present article which reflects a process of working through the historical development of the Liberian state between 1822 (when the first black American emigrants arrived in Liberia) and 1904 (when the settler state was sufficiently established along the coast to attempt inland expansion of its authority), directed by central issues raised in debates on the peripheral state. These issues include: the form of the Liberian state, ie: its function, organisation and class character, the relationship between the state and the class structure and the nature of state intervention in the economy. The discussion presented here is intended as a preliminary sketch in what is a largely under‐researched area of study, the political economy of 19th century Liberia.

Joint Venture: North American Emigrant Possessing Skills Not Readily Available in Australia, Family Reunion Immigrant, or Native-Born Australian Unrelated to Foreigners of the Same Name?

A comparison of joint ventures and partnership concludes that while a joint venture can be distinguished from partnership in the United States and Scotland this is not so in Australia where “joint venture” is merely a fancy pretentious alternative (and needless) variant of “partnership”.

The American Emigrant in Canada: Trends and Consequences

"This article discusses the nature of out-migration from the United States to Canada and assesses the consequences of such emigration for the two countries. It is concluded that, excluding the British born population, being foreign born is a handicap in Canada, not as asset, and the American born overcome this occupational disadvantage by virtue of their higher social origins and education."

The American Emigrant in Canada: Trends and Consequences

The American Emigrant in Canada: Trends and Consequences

American emigration

American emigration

Mark Twain and Baroness Alexandra Gripenberg

N JUNE 7, i888, Baroness Alexandra Gripenberg, Finnish author and a leader in Finland's woman suffrage and temperance movements, arrived in Hartford, Connecticut, to visit her friend Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker.' Born in 1857, of an illustrious Swedish-Finnish family, Baroness Gripenberg had come to America as a delegate from Finland to the meeting of the International Council of Women which convened in Washington, D.C., on March 26, i888. After the convention she traveled extensively through the United States, visiting Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, among other cities, before reaching Hartford. In the charming little state capital of Connecticut the Finnish writer was delighted to meet not only her hostess's sister Harriet Beecher Stowe but also two other famous authors, Charles Dudley Warner and Mark Twain.2 The meeting between Mark Twain and Baroness Gripenberg took place on June IO3 at the home of Mr. and Mrs. George Warner.4 (George Warner, president of the American Emigrant Company, was the brother of Charles Dudley Warner, the author.) At eight o'clock in the evening when Alexandra arrived at the Warners', Mr. and Mrs. Clemens were already there. Alexandra was immediately impressed by Mark Twain's tanned and weatherbeaten appearance, his face creased with innumerable small and