American Administration Research Articles

Влияние геополитических концепций на стратегию национальной безопасности США

The article examines the geopolitical concepts of “Heartland”, “Rimland” and American isolationism as factors influencing the development and implementation of the national security strategy of the United States. In the context of the transformation of the world order, the American administration is forced to turn to the geopolitical theories of the past in order to justify the aggressive nature of the United States geostrategy and preserve the Western-centric liberal model of the world order. The strategic planning documents of the United States – the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy, as well as in accordance with the concepts of “Heartland” and “Rimland”, substantiate the need to contain their main geopolitical opponents – China and Russia. The ideas of isolationism that arise in the public consciousness of American citizens do not have a decisive influence on public authorities and the adoption of military and political decisions by the American administration. Studying the geopolitical factors of the national security strategy of the United States makes it possible to understand the goals and priorities of their policy towards individual countries and entire regions of the world, which is contradictory, to assess the military and political situation in the world more deeply, to identify trends in the development of Washington's foreign and military policy, to predict the likelihood of using American armed forces in the future.

SOME UNITED STATES OF AMERICA APPROACHES TO CYBER DETERRENCE

The intensive development of information and communication technologies and the digitalization of all spheres of public life create not only conditions for the progressive development of mankind but are also accompanied by the emergence of new threats in cybernetic space. In the context of unprecedented scientific and technological progress, information flows are rapidly growing, while the number of malicious cyber-attacks on the information infrastructure of countries is increasing. To prevent and combat cyber threats, some States turn to the theory and practice of the concept of deterrence. The article examines the approaches of the United States to deterrence in cyberspace. The authors analyzed the conceptual apparatus, while the cybernetic space and the information space are considered as a part and a whole. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the US guiding documents on strategic planning, the evolution of the views of the American administration on deterrence in cyberspace is being investigated. It is concluded that cyber support has become one of the priorities in US defense policy, it is based on the integrated use of all instruments of state power (diplomatic, information, military, economic, financial, intelligence, legal), the conduct of offensive cyber operations not only in wartime, but also in peacetime, the development of inter-domain cooperation with allies and partners, the use of new artificial intelligence and quantum computing technologies. The conceptual approaches of American scientists to conducting deterrence operations in cyberspace at various stages of the development of a military conflict and the use of public attribution of cyber-attacks are studied. The influence of cyber deterrence on international information security and national security of Russia is considered.

Indo-American Relations during Donald Trump Era: Implications for Pakistan

The Indo-American relations during the Donald Trump era undertook a noteworthy transformation, from January 20, 2017, to January 20, 2021. Major components of the relationship between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and American President Donald Trump and the implications of their relationship for Pakistan are stated in this research. Throughout Trump's Presidency, there was a fusion of worries and strategic collaborations in Indo-US relations. The American administration recognized and admitted India as a vital player in the Indo-Pacific region to counterbalance China's rising influence there. This was mirrored in the "2+2" dialogues and the "Howdy Modi" event as these events indicated the firming of economic, military, and political assistance. The extending Indo-American cooperation carried serious implications for Pakistan's traditional alliance with the United States. The United States forced Pakistan to address subjects like terrorism and stability of the region and this pressure stressed bilateral ties.

Взгляды военно-политического руководства США на защиту критически важных объектов от угроз кибернетического воздействия

The study examines the potential threats of cybernetic impact on critical U.S. facilities that support the activities of the armed forces, and the measures of the American administration to identify and neutralize them. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the destructive impact on critical infrastructure undermines the military potential of the state and the combat capability of the armed forces. The multidimensional and cross-border nature of threats objectively necessitates the search for ways to prevent and eliminate such threats, as well as the development of interdepartmental and international cooperation in combating cyber threats. This requirement places a burden on state and military leaders to possess knowledge not only in the realm of military security but also in the field of national cybersecurity. Significant cross-industry risks are associated with energy infrastructure, particularly with the supply of gas to electricity producers. The most vulnerable parts of infrastructure are the energy systems that are utilized to supply electricity to military bases and other U.S. military facilities located abroad. A crucial aspect of ensuring the cyber security of energy infrastructure is the regulation of the supply chain for information technology products. Awareness of vulnerabilities within the cybersecurity framework of the U.S. defense infrastructure can be leveraged to refine the list of critical targets of a potential adversary and inform the planning and execution of information operations by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Climate migrations as a subject of the American national security policy

This article draws attention to the growing importance of climate migration as a subject of national security. The United States of America (USA) was cited as a global leader upon which the international community places its hopes in combating climate change. With this in mind, an analysis was conducted on the institutional and normative actions of the American administration during the presidency of Joe Biden, which were a direct response to the effects of the climate crisis. These actions show the increased involvement of the USA administration in trying to define climate migration as a serious national security problem. In the article, we argue that with the change in the presidency in 2021, there was an increased commitment to climate migrants accompanied by a growing awareness of climate change. In the analysis of the cognitive problem, research methods characteristic of the following sciences were used: political (decision-making method), legal (dogmatic method), and historical sciences. The article is descriptive and explanatory.

Towards Agricultural Development: A Study of the Americas Public School System in Bukidnon 1901-1940

The resettlement of Bukidnon following its separation from the Misamis province in 1907 was formalized under the Special Provincial Governmental Act, also known as Act 1693. This transition sparked various resistance movements within the province, including the Tauidis outlaws and the Tungud movement, both formed to oppose America's resettlement campaign in Bukidnon. After its suppression by the constabulary the American administration introduced an education system aimed at pacifying the Bukidnon population while fostering economic self-sufficiency in the province. This paper aims to analyze and evaluate the role of the education system in Bukidnon as a crucial component of America's pacification and integration campaign in the province. It addresses key questions such as: How did the America introduce education in Bukidnon? What were the education policies implemented by America in the region? And what impact did education have on the economic and political integration of Bukidnon? The study uses an archival approach, relying on primary sources including the Reports of the Director of Education from 1906 to 1938, as well as the Annual Reports of the Philippine Commission, the Report of the Auditor of the Philippines, and the Annual Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands. These sources offer a descriptive and narrative account of education in Bukidnon within the broader context of America's campaign of pacification and integration. This research is significant as it rationalizes the impact of America's education on the agricultural systems and food production in the province. By examining the development of the education system, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of colonial governance and its impact on local communities.

Публичная дипломатия США в отношении центральноазиатских стран

Introduction. Public diplomacy is an effective foreign policy instrument of the state. Public diplomacy is understood as the activity of an actor aimed at achieving foreign policy objectives by establishing and deepening long-term interstate relations. The purpose of such activities is to inform foreign audiences as well as broadcast the principles of national policy beyond the borders of one’s own state. Public diplomacy is designed to influence those who have the opportunity to shape public belief systems. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the study was a transnational approach, which allows us to reveal the role of state and non-state actors in international relations. The work uses a systematic approach in order to form a holistic view of American public diplomacy as an instrument of “soft power.” To identify the individual tools used by the United States in promoting public diplomacy in each individual Central Asian country, a comparative method was used. Analysis and results. Public diplomacy seems to be an important tool of the American administration in the most important foreign policy areas. The priority instrument of US public diplomacy in the Central Asian region is the support of civil society and non-profit organizations. Using grant support mechanisms, the role of public organizations is strengthened, and dialogue between civil society and government authorities is encouraged in the formation and development of socio-economic policy. The second relevant tool is media support and working with information consumers among various segments of the population. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that these projects were most effectively implemented in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan. The third most successful tool is education, whose work is based on grant programs both in the republics and in the United States. Systematic work carried out, taking into account a deep understanding of the internal processes in the Central Asian republics as well as the active use of public diplomacy tools, allows the United States to strengthen its foreign policy potential in the region.

‘A paradise among leprosariums’: Hansen’s disease and affective containment in the Panama Canal Zone

ABSTRACT The Panama Canal Zone’s American administration established Palo Seco Leper Colony in 1907 in order to contain individuals with Hansen’s disease. Yet containment was never a simple strategy. This article argues that American observers used rhetoric to transmute their fear of Hansen’s disease into pity, imagining isolation as a form of care and buttressing the United States’ claim that the curative violence of incarceration was part of a beneficent global project of humanitarianism, civilization, and modernity. At the same time, residents at Palo Seco often reworked or simply rejected these affective claims, and close attention to the archival record finds examples of their anger, love, and hope, as well as pain, stigma, and loneliness. Residents were labelled and consigned, ostensibly made static and ordered through diagnosis, but the site hosted a dynamism and disorder—in both senses of the word—that American imperialism professed to control, but never could. Palo Seco was a kind of emotional contact zone where managers, commentators, and residents negotiated the affective scripts and sentiments of their imperial encounter. Attention to these subjectivities testifies to the humanness, the ragged edges, and the profound affect of the imperial enterprise and its ableist institutions.

Усилия администрации Джо Байдена по трансформации/реставрации мирового порядка в контексте американских правил

The article shows the efforts and approaches of Joe Biden’s US administration together with the US allies to preserve American hegemony in the world. Americans and their allies oppose the developing countries that disagree with the liberal world order established by the developed countries. The study aims to systematize the existing approaches of the current American administration in conducting foreign policy, as well as to identify the strategic and tactical tools which are used. The study’s objectives are to clarify the theoretical basis of the American Joe Biden doctrine, the practice of its application and the possible consequences of its use in conditions of growing multipolarity and multilateralism. The study’s methodology is based on the method of evaluating competing hypotheses, which made it possible to compare the opinions of various foreign experts on the subject under research. Another method was the domestic method of situational analysis. The situational analysis made it possible to assess the international political development that has developed in the world over the period of the 21st century as a result of the activities of integral dynamic subsystems in the international relations system, to understand the evolution of these subsystems, to obtain research results and draw conclusions on the topic under study. The foreign sources and literature were used as the materials for this study, the analysis of which allowed applying the above methodology. A systematic approach was used as a methodological approach. The analyses of foreign studies over the past decade of the 21st century as well as documents of the legislative and executive authorities during Joe Biden’s presidency revealed the study’s novelty, which lies in the author’s results and conclusions. The study’s results and conclusions were the author’s statements that the doctrinal foundations of the Joe Biden administration’s foreign policy to revive American hegemony remain the intention to exercise global power from a position of strength, using military alliances with its partners as help, and the creation of tensions regional hotbeds far from its borders. The United States is absolutely confident that it is at the beginning of hegemony’s third era when the US is adapting to a new period of competition in an era of interdependence and transnational challenges. This phases results in Americans opinion will be determined by the USAs own choice. The author of the article considers that the United States is still in thrall to its ideological illusions not realizing that Americas position in the contemporary world is determined not so much by the United States strength as by the unwillingness of new power centers to organize the global governance based on multipolarity and multilateralism.

UNITED STATES FOREIGN INTERVENTIONS IN ITALY AND KOREA

The Communist victory in the Italian elections of April 1948, prompted fear to the American administration and U.S. foreign policy makers. The first numbered document issued by the National Security Council, NSC 1/1 of November 14th, 1947 warned that “The Italian Government, ideologically inclined toward Western democracy, is weak and is being subjected to continuous attack by a strong Communist Party.” The NSC recommended, in addition to public support for the beleaguered Italian government, a programme to “actively combat Communist propaganda in Italy by an effective U.S. information programme and by all other practicable means, including the use of undeclared funds.” President Truman approved NSC 1/1 on November 24th. On December 14th, the President signed NSC 4/A giving responsibility for “psychological warfare” to the CIA. A week later, the agency set up the Special Procedures Group (SPG), which laundered over $10 million from captured Axis funds for use in the Italian election campaign. This paper examines the United States foreign interventions in Italy and Korea dictated by the fear of the spread of Communism in Italy and Korea during the cold war.

Climate migrations as a subject of the American national security policy

This article draws attention to the growing importance of climate migration as a subject of national security. The United States of America (USA) was cited as a global leader upon which the international community places its hopes in combating climate change. With this in mind, an analysis was conducted on the institutional and normative actions of the American administration during the presidency of Joe Biden, which were a direct response to the effects of the climate crisis. These actions show the increased involvement of the USA administration in trying to define climate migration as a serious national security problem. In the article, we argue that with the change in the presidency in 2021, there was an increased commitment to climate migrants accompanied by a growing awareness of climate change. In the analysis of the cognitive problem, research methods characteristic of the following sciences were used: political (decision-making method), legal (dogmatic method), and historical sciences. The article is descriptive and explanatory.

Klyuchevye napravleniya blizhnevostochnoj politiki oficial'nogo Vashingtona v period prezidentstva B. Obamy (2009–2017 gg.)

During the presidency of Barack Obama (2009-2017), official Washington identified priority aspects of Middle East policy: preventing the development of nuclear energy by the Iranian leadership and achieving a final peaceful settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The response to the White House's readiness for diplomatic negotiations with the Iranian side without putting forward preliminary conditions was the unwillingness of the Iranian leaders to participate in the negotiation process on curtailing the development of the national nuclear program. As for the Palestinian-Israeli peace settlement, even here, despite a number of positive steps by the American administration, the parties failed to achieve tangible results at the negotiating table.

Official Visits and Economic Freedom

This study examines the effect of U.S. Presidents and Secretaries of State visits to a country on institutional quality, particularly on economic freedom. Hence, the study develops a model that predicts the conditions under which official visits can enhance the quality of institutions. We compile variables on official visits from 1960 to 2019 from the archives of the U.S. State Department to test the predictions of our model. In addition, we use the endogenous treatment model estimation to deal with potential endogeneity. The estimation results show that the official visits have a statistically significant negative effect on economic freedom, particularly in non-democratic countries with less political freedom. The estimation results are robust with different types of visits and samples. The study presents multiple explanations for these results, including the possibility of the following: First, some American administrations adopt a pragmatic approach aimed at achieving strategic objectives while overlooking practices that do not enhance institutional quality. Second, these official visits may improve other aspects of institutional quality that are more observable to the international community than economic freedoms. Third, American policymakers care more about achieving short-term objectives from their visits that can be presented as accomplishments to their electorate rather than institutional reforms that will only yield benefits to the United States in the long run. Finally, economic freedoms are associated with political freedoms per the Hayek-Friedman hypothesis.

Politics, Lies, and Moral Exoticism. Re-Reading Hannah Arendt on the Crises of the Republic

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is a critical analysis of Han nah Arendt’s views on the role of truth in politics and their validity in the context of contemporary global politics.
 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The problem of the role of truth in politics has become increasingly relevant today due to the noticeable increase in political undertakings justified by false claims. In the article, the is sue is addressed by analyzing several such actions of global significance, among them the Vietnam War, the Iran‑Contra affair, and the US invasion of Iraq, as well as the public justifications for these actions formulated by the American administrations.
 THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument proceeds from an analysis of the course of political and military events that led to the United States’ war against North Vietnam, as well as analogous processes preceding American military involvement in the Middle East and Central America. These analyses are subsequently confronted with Arendt’s statements regarding The Pentagon Papers.
 RESEARCH RESULTS: While many of Arendt’s observations remain valid, there are significant differences between the factually unfounded justifications of political actions critically appraised by Arendt and those of contemporary policies. The differences are especially expressed in the frequency of the resort to false justifications in politics and the invoked doctrinal basis for them.
 CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The overall analysis points to the growing significance of political aesthetics in contemporary politics: the art of political problem‑solving is increasingly replaced by the art of image building. The analysis of selected mendacious justifications in politics suggests also a paradox: excessive focus on the creation of a favourable image in politics, a prerequisite in democratic conditions, not infrequently brings about counterproductive results because political actions, if primarily trimmed for superficial public approval, tend to disappoint democrati cally formulated expectations.

The principle of separation of powers in the United States of America and its impact on public liberties

The framers of the US Federal Constitution of 1787 wanted to adopt the principle of ensuring a balance between each of the three authorities (executive-legislative-judicial) on the one hand, and achieving coordination between the powers and authorities of the federal government and the state government on the other hand. In order to achieve public freedoms within society. The Founding Fathers also wanted to guarantee the rights and freedoms of the American people. Those rights that were taken away during the subjection of the American colonies to the British crown and during the reduction of the volume of these freedoms during the successive American administrations under the pretext of preserving national security and others. For this reason, the study was the subject of research Within two axes: the first dealt with the stages of formation of the US Constitution and its basic amendments. The second took it upon himself to discuss public freedoms under the authorities of the United States of America and separate them. To cover some concepts of justice, privacy, individuality, public freedoms and democracy in contemporary American history according to the political, social and security data that affected the functioning of this totalitarian system within society in America

Official visits and foreign direct investment

This paper examines the effect of official visits by U.S. Presidents and Secretaries of State on foreign direct investment inflows. The key difficulty in determining a causal effect is the issue of endogeneity. To address potential endogeneity, we use the Endogenous Treatment model (ETM). The estimation results provide evidence that the official visits of U.S. Presidents have a statistically significant positive effect on both foreign investment inflows from the U.S. and on total foreign direct investment inflows. This is robust even after the inclusion of other control variables identified by the literature as confounding factors for foreign direct investment. When we examine the effect of different types of visits, the results show that bilateral meetings during the official visits of U.S. Presidents have a statistically significant positive effect on both foreign investment inflows from the U.S. and total foreign direct investment. These results imply that the visits of U.S. Presidents offer a signal of the confidence of American administrations in the host country, which may in turn encourage American and non-American firms to invest in that country.

NEW ZEALAND’S RELATIONS WITH THE US AND CHINA SINCE 2016

The paper traces distinctive characteristics of New Zealand’s dialogue with the US and China since 2016. The South Pacific economic and security processes have received much attention in recent years, after China’s mega-strategy the Belt and Road Initiative was extended to the South Pacific. Nevertheless, the regional economic and political-security nexus is a complex picture, one that is not captured by existing academic publications. In light of this, the article takes a step forward in increasing knowledge of how relations between South Pacific actors evolve. The issue of New Zealand-US and New-Zealand-China relations are studied from a historical perspective. It is analysed in terms of main trends and development factors during the past years: the policies of two American administrations under D. Trump and J. Biden, as well as against the backdrop of an escalating trade war between the two superpowers in 2018. In addition, the paper assesses the impact of Sino-American relations since 2016 on the evolution of major South Pacific processes. It specifies the influence of Sino-American rivalry on bilateral and multilateral relations in the South Pacific and, in particular, on New Zealand’s internal and foreign policy. The findings indicate that although China is New Zealand’s most important economic partner whose significance is growing, Wellington is unwilling to side with Beijing to the detriment of cooperation with other partners.

Проблема сокращения стратегических вооружений в контексте современных российско-американских отношений

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of the process of reducing strategic arms of Russia and the United States. The author gives an assessment of the Soviet-American détente and the Soviet-American disarmament treaties as laying the political normative and legal foundation for the development of the disarmament process after the end of the Cold War. The study analyzes the Russian-American New START Treaty concluded by Presidents B. Obama and Dmitry Medvedev in 2010. Particular attention is paid to the problem of mutual inspections by Russia and the United States during the implementation of START-3. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of Soviet-American and Russian-American treaties in the field of disarmament, materials from the Russian Foreign Ministry, the American administration of J. Biden, and publications in the American press. A systematic integrated approach, specific historical and comparative historical methods were used. Analysis. According to official data from the Russian Foreign Ministry, the American side resorted to certain “tricks” - not only actually reducing weapons, but achieving final results by converting some weapons into non-nuclear or training ones. The Russian department could not confirm that these strategic weapons were rendered unusable as provided for by the treaty. In the context of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis and the beginning of the Russian SVO the following issues became particularly difficult in the process of mutual verification of disarmament: the cessation of regular air traffic, the extension of flight times, which could contribute to the “leakage” of confidential information; the complexity of the visa regime for Russian specialists, especially in transit countries; difficulties in making Russian payments for verification services; the lack of unambiguous guarantees of providing the opportunity for aircraft of the Russian Ministry of Defense with inspectors on board to fly through the airspace of Western countries closed to Russia. Results. A conclusion is drawn about the importance of signing New START treaty, which became a major milestone in the development of relations between Moscow and Washington in the military-political sphere. Violation of mutual inspection activities in the context of sanctions imposed by the West against Russia violated the principles of equal access to the Treaty verification mechanisms, created clear advantages for the American side and led to the suspension of Russia participation in New START.

American Administration and Humanitarian Aid for the Victims of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

The article is devoted to the American humanitarian aid for the victims of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), carried out by the American Administration in 1937-1939 through the International Committee of the Red Cross and the American Red Cross, in cooperation with the American Committee of Friends on Service. The study provides analysis of the negotiation process between Spanish Republican and American politicians and social activists regarding the assistance provided; analysis of the activities of the organizations that provided the assistance. The American humanitarian aid for the victims of the hostilities in the territory of Spain in 1936-1939 indicated contradictions in the policy of the US neutrality poliсy.

The state and prospects of Russian-Israeli relations

Relations between our country and Israel have generally developed in a positive way throughout the modern history of Russia: both parties got used to take into consideration each other's positions, observe so-called “red lines” and the interests of the partner. Today, against the background of the events in the Ukraine and the anti-Russian campaign launched by the West, to which the Israeli leaders have partly joined, the Russian-Israeli relations have entered a period of crisis, which threatens the future of multi-format bilateral cooperation. Several factors aff ect the state of the Russian-Israeli relations: the Iranian nuclear program and the situation in Syria, the Middle East settlement, as well as issues of Russian property in Israel, above all the status of the Alexander Compound. Washington's desire to draw Israel into the confrontation with Russia by all means including the problems that have arisen due to the events in the Ukraine, has become a catalyst for the process of degradation of bilateral relations. This situation can be reversed if Israel shows greater political fl exibility and will in resisting the pressure by American administration, which is interested in undermining the established ties between Tel Aviv and Moscow, and trust between the leaders of the countries. The Israeli establishment should make a revision of the current policy towards Russia, work out in advance all the consequences of the deterioration of bilateral relations, as it will cause a negative effect for the whole Middle East considering the weight of Russia in the region as also in a global dimension. If maintained, the current course of the Israeli authorities will inevitably lead to a complication of the internal political situation in Israel itself in view of almost 2 million of so-called "Russian Israelis" referred to immigrants from our country and other former Soviet republics, who appreciate the decisive role of the USSR and the Red Army in the Victory over Nazism as well as the common memory of the Holocaust tragedy.