Ambiguity In Interpretation Research Articles

Developing features of the near-bottomhole zones in productive formations at fields with high gas saturation of formation oil

The article studies the formation features of the bottomhole zones in productive formations during operation of production wells in the north of the Perm Territory. Their distinctive feature is the high gas saturation of formation oil. The most widely used parameter in Russian and world practice – the skin factor was used as a criterion characterizing the state of the bottomhole zone. Analysis of scientific publications has shown that one of the main problems of applying the skin factor to assess the state of bottomhole zones is the ambiguity of interpretations of its physical meaning and the impossibility of identifying the prevailing factors that form its value. The paper proposes an approach to identifying such factors in the conditions of the fields under consideration, based on multivariate correlation-regression analysis. Choice of this tool is due to the complexity of the processes occurring in the “formation – bottomhole zone – well” system. When describing complex multifactorial processes, the chosen method demonstrates a high degree of reliability. For a large number of wells in the region, significant material was collected and summarized, including the results of determining the skin factor (1102 values) during hydrodynamic investigations, as well as data on the values ​​of various geological and technological indicators, which can probably be statistically related to the value of the skin factor. A series of multidimensional mathematical models has been built; the skin factor was used as a predicted parameter, and data on the values ​​of geological and technological indicators were used as independent indicators. Analysis of the constructed models is a key stage of this study. Set of parameters included in the multidimensional models, sequence of their inclusion and contribution to the total value of the achieved determination coefficient as the main indicator for the performance of the constructed models were studied. It has been established that the main factor influencing the state of the bottomhole zone is oil degassing. Significant differences in the formation features of the skin factor in the terrigenous and carbonate sediments at the fields under consideration have been determined.

ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ И ПАРАДОКСЫ НОРМАТИВНОЙ БАЗЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ОБЪЕКТОВ КРИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ

Today in Russia the active work is going on the implementation of a relatively new mechanism of state regulation in the field of information security, which is legally defined as ensuring the security of significant objects of critical information infrastructure (CII). The subjects of this legislation have carried out a fairly large amount of organizational measures supported by scientific research of domestic and foreign specialists. The paper is devoted to the study of the issues of ensuring the safety of significant CII objects based on a critical system analysis of the regulatory framework and indicating the ambiguity of interpretation and possible options for the practical implementation of the requirements related to a specific field. The high level of tension of discussions in this area at various forums demonstrates that the formation of a new system at the level of individual subjects causes many difficulties and even sometimes leads to rejection of some aspects of regulatory requirements. As a rule, this always happens at the initial stages of the formation of any new system due to ambiguity of the wordings and the presence of significant internal contradictions in certain regulatory acts. One of the significant problems, in our opinion, is a certain misunderstanding, especially in the real sector of the economy, of the need to introduce and the role of a new security mechanism within the overall set of information security measures that have already been implemented in Russia for more than a quarter of a century. Conducting a system analysis of such a problematic situation is especially relevant for the educational community that has already started implementing new training programs of various levels of training, retraining and advanced training of specialists in the field of information security. Based on the description of the evolution of domestic legislation in the field of information security, for the need for a new mechanism of state regulation is justified. Examples of ambiguity and internal contradictions (paradoxes) of some provisions of regulatory legal acts on the safety of CII facilities are given, showing the urgent need for their improvement as well as for additional efforts to interpret the main provisions, based on the principle of a creative approach to explaining complex issues.

Dissecting a Zombie: Joint Analysis of Density and Resistivity Models Reveals Shallow Structure and Possible Sulfide Deposition at Uturuncu Volcano, Bolivia

The recent identification of unrest at multiple volcanoes that have not erupted in over 10 kyr presents an intriguing scientific problem. How can we distinguish between unrest signaling impending eruption after kyr of repose and non-magmatic unrest at a waning volcanic system? After ca. 250 kyr without a known eruption, in recent decades Uturuncu volcano in Bolivia has exhibited multiple signs of unrest, making the classification of this system as “active”, “dormant”, or “extinct” a complex question. Previous work identified anomalous low resistivity zones at <10 km depth with ambiguous interpretations. We investigate subsurface structure at Uturuncu with new gravity data and analysis, and compare these data with existing geophysical data sets. We collected new gravity data on the edifice in November 2018 with 1.5 km spacing, ±15 μGal precision, and ±5 cm positioning precision, improving the resolution of existing gravity data at Uturuncu. This high quality data set permitted both gradient analysis and full 3-D geophysical inversion, revealing a 5 km diameter, positive density anomaly beneath the summit of Uturuncu (1.5–3.5 km depth) and a 20 km diameter arc-shaped negative density anomaly around the volcano (0.5–7.5 depth). These structures often align with resistivity anomalies previously detected beneath Uturuncu, although the relationship is complex, with the two models highlighting different components of a common structure. Based on a joint analysis of the density and resistivity models, we interpret the positive density anomaly as a zone of sulfide deposition with connected brines, and the negative density arc as a surrounding zone of hydrothermal alteration. Based on this analysis we suggest that the unrest at Uturuncu is unlikely to be pre-eruptive. This study shows the value of joint analysis of multiple types of geophysical data in evaluating volcanic subsurface structure at a waning volcanic center.

Biomedical Data Identifiability in Canada and the European Union: From Risk Qualification to Risk Quantification?

By Alexander Bernier and Bartha Knoppers. Data identifiability standards in Canada and the European Union rely on the same concepts to distinguish personal data from non-personal data. However, courts have interpreted the substantive content of such metrics divergently. Interpretive ambiguities can create challenges in determining whether data has been successfully anonymised in one jurisdiction, and whether it would also be considered anonymised in another. These difficulties arise from the law’s assessment of re-identification risk in reliance on qualitative tests of ‘serious risk’ or ‘reasonable likelihood’ as subjectively appreciated by adjudicators. We propose the use of maximum re-identification risk thresholds and quantitative methodologies to assess data identifiability and data anonymisation relative to measurable standards. We propose that separate legislation be adopted to address data-related practices that do not relate to demonstrably identifiable data, such as algorithmic profiling. This would ensure that regulators do not expand the jurisprudential conception of identifiable data purposively to capture such practices.

О привлечении контролирующих должника лиц к субсидиарной ответственности (оговорка в Постановлении Конституционного Суда РФ по делу о проверке конституционности п. 3.1 ст. 3 Федерального закона «Об обществах с ограниченной ответственностью» от 21 мая 2021 года № 20-П)

The article touches upon the problem of attracting persons controlling the debtor in the light of the clause on the interpretation of paragraph 3.1 of Art. 3 of the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”, which was made by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the Resolution of May 21, 2021 No. 20-P. In particular, the Constitutional Court indicated that the conclusion made in the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation related to the subject matter of this case cannot in itself be considered as excluding the application of the same approach to the distribution of the burden of proof in cases where another subject acts as a creditor, rather than an individual, the obligation of the company to which arose not in connection with the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the creditor. Illustrating the grounds for ambiguous interpretation laid down in such a phrase, the author concludes that a narrow approach is still preferable, when the clause is interpreted in favor of only such a creditor who is “another subject, the obligation of the entity to which arose not in connection with carrying out entrepreneurial activity”. According to the author, such a conclusion is not only consistent with the idea of fairness in the distribution of the burden of proof in terms of the status of creditors, but is generally consistent with the general prohibition on taking advantage of unfair behavior.

TO THE PROBLEM OF COMPONENTS OF THE MARKET OF QUALIFICATIONS OF THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FUNDAMENTALS FOR THE TOURISM

opicality. The urgency of the problem is due to the rapid development of the tourism industry, its leading role in the global and national economy of many countries, the transition to a knowledge-based economy and innovation, the need to implement strategies to adapt tourism enterprises to uncertainty and risks in a pandemic and other challenges. Aim and tasks are to clarify and systematize modern theoretical and practical research of the components of the market of qualifications of the knowledge economy for the development of the tourism industry. Research results. It is shown that human capital exists in the form of intangible assets: knowledge, abilities, skills, abilities and represents intangible goods of long use. Human capital in the knowledge economy reflects the availability of knowledge workers. Knowledge workers must have educational and professional potential as a structural component of human capital. The educational and professional potential then allows you to work in the field of science and new technologies related to the management, collection and processing of information, the introduction of innovations in various sectors of the economy. Different economies need different education; different education leads to different economies. Types of investments in human capital include education, medical care and health care, training and retraining in production, accumulation of professional experience. In scientific developments, the components of human capital include informal knowledge; skills and abilities acquired in the process of education and self-education; intellectual abilities; professional abilities; ability to learn independently; physical and mental health; socio-psychological characteristics of man. The tourism industry is one of the most promising areas of market economy development in Ukraine. In the conditions of strengthening of a pandemic, risks, competition requirements in the market of qualifications to educational and professional potential of workers of tourist branch in Ukraine and the world grow. Conclusion. The current stage of research of human and intellectual capital is characterized by their ambiguous interpretation. Today is characterized by the presence of several approaches to understanding human and intellectual capital: resource, synergetic, integrated, activity, spiritual and information. In the spiritual-informational approach, a new quality of workers of post-industrial society is highlighted - the motivational vector of creating a new one. Three stages of reproduction of human capital and educational and professional potential as its component are defined. These three stages cover all periods of human life: the stage of formation, the stage of involvement, the stage of use and development. Formation of educational and professional potential for the field of hospitality and tourism management in the leading tourist countries of the world is aimed at taking into account national and world opportunities of the qualification market.

Legislative regulation of powers of local government bodies in the field of environmental protection

The article is devoted to the study of legislative regulation of the powers of local governments in the field of environmental protection and the development of proposals for their improvement.
 It is noted that local governments occupy an separate and independent place in the mechanism of public administration, which indicates their special administrative and legal status.
 It is emphasized that local self-government bodies should be endowed with a sufficient amount of powers that would allow them to protect the interests of the administrative-territorial community in the field of environmental protection as effectively as possible.
 It is stated that the Constitution as the Basic Law of the state, taking into account the global importance of the issue of environmental protection should clearly and without any ambiguity in interpretation contain an article according to which local governments will be empowered to exercise primary control over environmental protection. natural environment at the local level and bringing perpetrators to justice.
 It is proposed to supplement Article 15 of the Law of Ukraine «On Environmental Protection», which defines the powers of local councils in the field of environmental protection, paragraph «й» of the following content: "decide to bring to administrative responsibility those guilty of violating legislation in the field of environmental protection environment of individuals and / or legal entities ".
 It is highlighted that based on the analysis of Part 4 of Art. 42 of the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine», village, town, city mayor have a wide range of powers, but among these powers there are no ones that would give them the right to monitor compliance with environmental legislation in the region and bring perpetrators to justice.
 It is emphasized that local governments are given broad powers in terms of controling the activities of economic entities and they should be included as a subject of a lawsuit in accordance with Art. 16 of the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Impact Assessment" in case of violations in the field of environmental impact assessment.

Rhetoricians of the past: Rhetorical history and the crafting of organizational identity

The past is a central element in crafting an organizational identity. However, the past is interpreted subjectively, resulting in ambiguity and multiplicity of interpretations. This study investigates the use of rhetorical history in crafting an organizational identity by analyzing differences between an organization as an actor and organizational members in applying rhetorical history. Our analysis is grounded on the self-representations of 28 watchmaking firms located in two watchmaking clusters in Germany based on their Web pages and interviews with 75 current and former members of watchmaking firms in these two clusters. Our results reveal that there are differences between the organization as an actor and its members not only regarding which claims of rhetorical history they emphasized but also with respect to the temporal and content-wise past to which they refer. While they share a pattern in terms of temporal structure, the organization as an actor emphasizes both near and distant history, creating a kind of “valley of oblivion,” while the members of the organization show a stronger focus on near-history aspects. Our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of rhetorical history, showing that the use of rhetorical history is strongly influenced by rhetoricians of the past. With a focus on the importance of rhetorical history for crafting an organizational identity, our findings also allow us to draw conclusions about sources of multiple identities and how such identities can emerge—namely, through differentiated rhetorical interpretations of the past by groups of actors.

Перевод аналитической статьи для массмедиа: прагматика дискурсов

The paper examines the features of analytical articles in the mass media, which appear due to the interaction of different discourses that form a specific genre of media analytics. Using the material of original analytical articles written in English and German, and their published translations, the authors investigate manifestations of such characteristics as hybridity, diffuseness, intertextuality, as well as translation problems that arise during translation. Based on the analysis of scientific works on the issues of genre hybridity and diffuseness in media discourse, the authors clarify the ambiguous interpretation of the concept of diffuseness and define its boundaries with the concept of hybridity. The research also reveals the following forms of intertextuality caused by the interaction of discourses within the genre of analytical article on legal issues: reference to another text in the form of a hyperlink, citation, allusion. The analysis of fragments from analytical articles of media discourse containing manifestations of hybridity, diffuseness, and intertextuality demonstrates that a translator who is dealing with a text with these characteristics should excellently know the terminology of the basic and projective discourse in the original and target language, be aware of the neologization processes in both discourses, master stylistic transformations, and take into account the pragmatic factors caused by the interaction of the discourses.

İdeal Arayışı ve Sanat-Nesnesinin Gerçekliği; D. G. Rossetti’nin Eserlerinde Metinlerarasılık, Antilogike, ve Öz Farkındalık.

D.G. Rossetti's works reveal how the poet, as an aestheticist through his pursuit of the ideal, frees the concept of reality from pre-given limitations. He mainly creates an open field of renegotiation, even introducing an alternative understanding of real and authentic. In his famous poems "The Blessed Damozel" and "The Burden of Nineveh," Rossetti applies intertextuality and signifies the potential of dialectic poetry. His focus on aesthetic qualities and the subversion of the subject matter assures interpretative ambiguity. This kind of ambiguity rather than confusion achieves poetic self-awareness and omens future perceptions of reality, which can be composed by an object, as an artistic process, or the artistic object itself. This article recognizes the links of ancient (Platonic) philosophy on Aesthetics and Reality with contemporary opinions in Philosophical Realism. However, it mainly focuses on two distinctive works of the Victorian poet as a contemplating station of how an artistic object, freed from any responsibility except its consistency on its aesthetic qualities, can signify dialectic (higher state of cognition) processes affording reality.

Population Models, Not Analyses, of Human Neuroscience Measurements.

Selectivity for many basic properties of visual stimuli, such as orientation, is thought to be organized at the scale of cortical columns, making it difficult or impossible to measure directly with noninvasive human neuroscience measurement. However, computational analyses of neuroimaging data have shown that selectivity for orientation can be recovered by considering the pattern of response across a region of cortex. This suggests that computational analyses can reveal representation encoded at a finer spatial scale than is implied by the spatial resolution limits of measurement techniques. This potentially opens up the possibility to study a much wider range of neural phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible through noninvasive measurement. However, as we review in this article, a large body of evidence suggests an alternative hypothesis to this superresolution account: that orientation information is available at the spatial scale of cortical maps and thus easily measurable at the spatial resolution of standard techniques. In fact, a population model shows that this orientation information need not even come from single-unit selectivity for orientation tuning, but instead can result from population selectivity for spatial frequency. Thus, a categorical error of interpretation can result whereby orientation selectivity can be confused with spatial frequency selectivity. This is similarly problematic for the interpretation of results from numerous studies of more complex representations and cognitive functions that have built upon the computational techniques used to reveal stimulus orientation. We suggest in this review that these interpretational ambiguities can be avoided by treating computational analyses as models of the neural processes that give rise to measurement. Building upon the modeling tradition in vision science using considerations of whether population models meet a set of core criteria is important for creating the foundation for a cumulative and replicable approach to making valid inferences from human neuroscience measurements.

Gaps in Administrative and Legal Regulation of the Liability Institution for Direct Contempt

The publication is focused on studying the state of legal regulation of the liability institution for direct contempt. Cases of direct contempt’s manifestation are negative phenomenon, since they negatively affect the activities and image of the judicial system; they are demonstration of the level of trust to the judicial power; they create obstacles in the formation of confident relationship between citizens and the court; they prevent the state from fulfilling its obligations to ensure everyone’s right to a fair trial.
 The current legislation of Ukraine has been analyzed. It has been established that the legislation has many gaps that need to be addressed immediately. Shortcomings in legal regulation hinder the full functioning of the liability institution for direct contempt on equal and fair terms, since they allow for ambiguous interpretation of the law norms and evaluation of a person’s actions.
 The authors have studied some gaps in legal regulation of the liability institution for direct contempt. It has been offered to combine all the shortcomings of the legislation into two groups: of qualifying and procedural nature. Qualifying shortcomings include problematic issues related to the qualification of a person’s actions (regarding the forms of direct contempt, the place and time of the action, the subjects of the offense). Procedural shortcomings include problematic issues related to the procedure for prosecuting direct contempt, in particular determining the range of courts that may hear such cases and the consistency of their powers; the procedure for appointing a judge to hear such cases; the need to draw up the minutes on administrative offenses and to record the procedure of hearing the case; features of notifying a person about the time and place of hearing the case on administrative offenses, etc.
 The opinions of scholars and practitioners on the functioning of the liability institution for direct contempt in Ukraine have been analyzed. The authors have formulated propositions on improving the legal regulation of the liability institution for direct contempt.

HE METHOD OF COMBINED ONLINE ASSESSMENT ENGAGEMENT IN ADAPTIVE LEARNING SYSTEMS

Modern trends in the development of educational software are associated with adaptive learning systems that can personalize the learning process. One of the key quality indicators of any learning system is user engagement in learning process. The known methods for assessing engagement of users of computer systems are based on collecting of various data on the user’s behavior, his emotional and neurophysiological state, etc., and interpreting it in the context of involvement. Confidence in the results of assessments based on interpretations may be insufficient to make decisions based on these results, which is of fundamental importance in case of using in adaptive learning systems. And besides not all the methods can be used online, which is a prerequisite for application in adaptive learning systems. A method for online assessing engagement has been developed, based on a combination of oculography, emotion analysis and web analytics methods, which is applicable for adapting the learning process in adaptive learning systems. The joint analysis of the physiological state and behavior (actions) of the user allows to take into account various aspects of the possible manifestation of the user engagement, and increase the confidence in the results of the assessment of engagement. Quantitative engagement indicators based on metrics applicable to online engagement assessment are suggested. Due to ambiguity of possible interpretations of quantitative indicators of involvement, a generalized assessment of engagement is determined using a fuzzy inference mechanism. To assess engagement a linguistic variable is used and a method for assessing user engagement is based on fuzzy rules. The proposed method is implemented in a web application that can be used to assess involvement online in adaptive learning systems. To set the linguistic variable for assessing engagement, an experiment will be conducted with the participation of users of learning systems and external experts. The values of the linguistic variable will be defined in such a way that the result of assessing involvement, obtained using the developed method, does not contradict the results of expert assessments.

Disambiguation of Semantic Relations Using Evidence Aggregation According to a Sense Inventory

This paper describes EPROP, a novel technique requiring little prior knowledge for word sense disambiguation of semantic relations between pairs of ambiguous concepts in knowledge bases. Our method makes inferences by aggregating evidences from ambiguous word interpretations and propagating the acquired knowledge over a taxonomy to generalize or specialize this knowledge. This propagation process allows the estimation of the degree of belief for each possible word sense assignment given the available evidence. EPROP only requires a sense inventory structured as a taxonomy to disambiguate a knowledge base by combining evidence from the ambiguous facts stored in the knowledge base. We have performed different experiments that show that our method achieves good results on the disambiguation of the semantic relations included in WordNet and ConceptNet. We also show how our method can be used to improve the performance of state-of-the-art word sense disambiguation methods.

Developing the instructions for the controlled association experiment by means of semantic features for the stimulus “flirting person”

Background: This article continues a series of studies devoted to ludic competence/playfulness and one of its components is flirting. The aim of the study: in the context of parametric concept of meaning, to identify on the basis of applied psycholinguistic research the semantic components of the stimulus “flirting person”, which are actualized in the speech acts of Russian-speaking inhabitants of Ukraine. Material and Methods: The main method of the research is a psycholinguistic experiment whose major stage is the controlled association experiment with the stimulus “flirting person”. The sample comprised 215 young people (aged 21-35), of which 112 females and 103 males. Results: At the final stage of formulation of the instructions 23 semantic features were selected for the stimulus “flirting person”. The results of the controlled association experiment with the stimulus “flirting person” allowed to build 23 associative fields and obtain the material for describing the behaviour pattern of ludic position Diplomat (flirting person) reflecting the reality of linguistic consciousness of young Russian-speaking inhabitants of Ukraine. Conclusions: Cluster analysis of the associative field of the semantic feature “What is the person’s marital status?” allowed to define: three core clusters – “Free” (71.16%), “In a relationship” (14.42%), “Any” (3.72%); three peripheral clusters – “Qualities” (3.26%), “Emotional State” (3.26)%, “Role in family relations” (1.40%); extreme peripheral clusters – “Changeable” (0.93%); an isolated female reaction “Guy” suggests an ambiguous interpretation and allows to highlight different meanings – “Gender” and “Age”.

The iconography of vehicle automation\u2014a focus group study

SAE level 2 and 3 semi-autonomous vehicles are widely available but, due to the nature of automation, their in-vehicle displays are required to communicate more complex information to the driver. Examination of interfaces from a variety of manufacturers revealed a clear lack of consistency in the way key information is displayed. Different manufacturers have adopted icons varying in shape and colour to convey the same message. When driving a semi-autonomous vehicle, mode awareness is critical for trust, performance and safety. Standardisation of icons has been shown to have many benefits including opening products up to wider international markets by helping overcome language and cultural barriers, by providing a method of communication which can surpass them. However, the current lack of standardisation in icon design could cause mode confusion and has little cross-vehicle compatibility. To understand the impact of mode confusion on users, a focus group was held in which participants were asked to interpret the meaning of icons from a variety of different driver interfaces. Ambiguity in user interpretations makes the case for the introduction of new ISO standard icons to better support drivers in SAE level 2 and 3 automated vehicles.

Eliciting and Recording Event Related Potentials (ERPs) in Behaviourally Unresponsive Populations: A Retrospective Commentary on Critical Factors.

A consistent limitation when designing event-related potential paradigms and interpreting results is a lack of consideration of the multivariate factors that affect their elicitation and detection in behaviorally unresponsive individuals. This paper provides a retrospective commentary on three factors that influence the presence and morphology of long-latency event-related potentials—the P3b and N400. We analyze event-related potentials derived from electroencephalographic (EEG) data collected from small groups of healthy youth and healthy elderly to illustrate the effect of paradigm strength and subject age; we analyze ERPs collected from an individual with severe traumatic brain injury to illustrate the effect of stimulus presentation speed. Based on these critical factors, we support that: (1) the strongest paradigms should be used to elicit event-related potentials in unresponsive populations; (2) interpretation of event-related potential results should account for participant age; and (3) speed of stimulus presentation should be slower in unresponsive individuals. The application of these practices when eliciting and recording event-related potentials in unresponsive individuals will help to minimize result interpretation ambiguity, increase confidence in conclusions, and advance the understanding of the relationship between long-latency event-related potentials and states of consciousness.

Improved hydrogeophysical imaging by structural coupling of 2D magnetic resonance and electrical resistivity tomography

Describing hydraulic properties in the subsurface in at least two dimensions is one of the main objectives in hydrogeophysics. However, due to the limited resolution and ambiguity of the individual methods, those images are often blurry. We have developed a methodology to combine two measuring methods, magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). To this end, we extend a structurally coupled cooperative inversion scheme to three parameters. It results in clearer images of the three main parameters: water content, relaxation time, and electrical resistivity; thus, there is a less ambiguous hydrogeophysical interpretation. Synthetic models demonstrate its effectiveness and show how the parameters of the coupling equation affect the images and how they can be chosen. Furthermore, we examine the influence of resistivity structures on the MRT kernel function. We apply the method to a roll-along MRT data set and a detailed ERT profile. As a final result, a hydraulic conductivity image is produced. Known ground-penetrating radar reflectors act as the ground truth and demonstrate that the obtained images are improved by the structural coupling.

Defining “Information Resources” and Their Interpretation in the Domain of Ukrainian National Police

The article focuses on studying the definitions of “information technologies” and aims to elaborate on the proposal concerning its legislative consolidation. The analysis of actual regulations in Ukraine, which determine the public relations in the sphere of information, as well as the state of research on this problem by other scholars, have shown the following: (1) currently, there is no unambiguous interpretation of this definition at the legislative level, which creates the preconditions for ambiguous interpretation and practical application of this concept in the legal field; (2) for several reasons, there exists a noticeable lack of a unanimous approach to unifying the definitions of “information resources.” This study offers to rely on an approach according to which the definition of “information resources” is considered in the context of a particular area of social activities. Based on this approach, it is offered to amend the basic normative legal document that defines public relations in the information sphere in Ukraine, i.e., the Law of Ukraine “On Information,” as well as the main legal instrument that regulates information activities in the National Police of Ukraine, that is the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police.”

لا يوجد عنوان بالعربي في ملف الطلب على النظام

The thriving terror activity is a menace to our society. To mitigate this, there is a dire need of upgraded and innovative analytical techniques for forensic analysis of explosives. The complexity in the matrix, restrictions in the sample quantity and ambiguity in the data interpretation are the different challenges that a forensic scientist face. The solution to these problems lies in upgradation of extraction technique, screening technique & confirmatory techniques. In this paper, the identification and forensic analysis of post blast residues recovered from controlled blast site has been presented. The targeted sample was extracted from soil by using Accelerated Solvent Extraction technique. The target compound was primarily identified to be PETN (PentaErythritol TetraNitrate) by color test and TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography). The confirmatory test for the target analyte was done by using a hyphenated technique LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer with tandem Mass). This manuscript demonstrates the viability of LC-MS/MS in Forensic Science for a fast, accurate and quality-assured analysis of post-blast residue.