Ambient Circumstances Research Articles

Catalytic mechanisms for As(III) oxidation by H2O2 over TiO2 surfaces, and effects of support, vacancy and photoirradiation

As(III) is much more toxic than As(V) while shows apparently lower affinity at minerals surfaces. Oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by H2O2 over anatase surface provides an attractive avenue for pollution control, and the chemocatalytic and photocatalytic mechanisms are unraveled by means of the DFT + D3 approach. Impacts of anatase as support, O2c/O3c vacancy, photoirradiation are addressed as well. As(III) oxidation under various reaction conditions leads to As(V) through dual electron transfers, while energy barriers differ substantially and decline as 1.80 (direct oxidation) > 1.35 (anatase as support) > 1.24 (O3c vacancy) > 0.50 (chemocatalysis) > 0.28 (photocatalysis) ≥ 0.26 (O2c vacancy) eV. Anatase as support promotes the reaction through bonding with H2O2/As(OH)3 and electron transfers, and its close participation during chemocatalysis produces the TiOOH active site that causes As(III) oxidation to proceed facilely under ambient circumstances. TiOOH exists in two forms (monodentate and bidentate mononuclear) and is critical for chemocatalysis, while its destruction for O3c vacancy exhibits strongly adverse effects to As(III) oxidation. Photoirradiation readily generates the OH• radicals, and corresponding mechanism is plausible while less preferred than the newly posed mechanism based on the Ti(H2O2) active site. Synergism among a number of surface atoms conduces to the superior activity for O2c vacancy and photocatalysis. Results provide a comprehensive understanding for As(III) oxidation to As(V) by H2O2, and facilitate catalysts design for As(III) oxidation that alleviates environmental pollution.

Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency in perovskite solar cells through synergistic blending of polyvinyl alcohol and F-127 polymer in a sandwich architecture

In the field of photovoltaics, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become increasingly popular because of their cost-effective processing and competitive efficiency when compared to silicon solar cells. This work presents a novel design of a PSC based on methyl ammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) and investigates the possibilities of organic-inorganic metal halides in the field of PSCs. The device has a sandwich architecture, where the hole transport material (HTM) operates at room temperature using a blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and F-127 polymer. Under typical solar conditions, the built-in PSC, which has the architecture FTO/TiO2/Perovskite/PVA & F-127/Pt, exhibits a remarkable efficiency of 1.29 %. Interestingly, PSC stability at room temperature is still a major problem, yet our design demonstrates a remarkable 2-h stability in ambient circumstances. This accomplishment is ground breaking because it introduces a high-efficiency PSC in a sandwich construction operating in ambient settings for the first time. The fact that this novel technique is solution-based and does not require vacuum deposition lends even more credence to its viability and scalability.

Smart Infant Incubator Using IOT

Infants are particularly vulnerable to harsh conditions. The problems with temperature and dust might be fatal. These problems led to the creation of a newborn incubator that can mimic a mother's womb in terms of temperature and ambient circumstances while also keeping track of the infant's vital signs, including heart rate, skin temperature, internal temperature, and so on. The COVID-19 epidemic has made everyone's health a top priority. For physicians, being physically present with their patients has become a major challenge. Using IoT with medical equipment, like a baby incubator, has become one of our top priorities in these situations. It will be highly beneficial to have an app that allows you to remotely monitor the baby's condition. Key Words: IOT Enabled incubators, Remote Monitoring App, Alert And Notification, Temperature, Data security, NetBeans, Android Studio

Predictive Modeling of Heart Rate Dynamics based on Physical Characteristics and Exercise Parameters: A Machine Learning Approach

To accurately forecast heart rate changes during exercise, which is essential for customized health monitoring and improving training regimens, it is necessary to comprehend both the physiological foundations and the technical capacities for data processing. This research utilizes Machine Learning (ML) methodologies to predict heart rate reactions based on physical characteristics and activity variables. Our research focuses on the health and sports aspects of our results, using a comprehensive dataset that includes a wide range of activity types and ambient circumstances across 12,000 sets. We establish a connection between the ability of models such as Linear Regression (LR) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) to predict outcomes and their practical use in exercise management and optimizing athlete performance. These models accurately forecast variations in heart rate and also provide insights into the cardiovascular demands of various physical activities. Standard metrics measure the effectiveness of these models. The Linear Regression (LR) model achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.419, a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.294, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.543, and an R-Squared value of 0.997. On the other hand, the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) Regressor model achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.421, a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.335, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.578, and an R-Squared value of 0.996. These metrics demonstrate the usefulness of these models in real-world scenarios. Our study's findings demonstrate that the combination of physiological data and powerful machine learning models may improve an individual's comprehension of fitness levels and the requirements for adaptive training. This study not only adds to the field of computational physiology, but it also aids in the creation of adaptive, real-time therapies for improving health and performance.

The variable water temperature control strategy of the air-source heat pump compatible with floor heating system for an apartment

The adjustment of operating parameters and control strategies of an air-source heat pump (ASHP) heating system is of great significance for achieving system energy-saving. Ordinary constant supply water temperature setting could lead to higher energy consumption without concerning the changing of outdoor ambient temperature. In order to save the operational cost, we proposed a variable water temperature control strategy based on the hourly outdoor temperatures. In combination of TRNSYS simulation and experimental study, the system performance under variable supply water temperature control strategy were investigated and compared with four-period-adjusted supply water strategy and constant supply water strategy. The results showed that compared to operating at a constant supply water temperature of 35 °C, the daily power consumption of the system decreased by 56.7 % and 29.5 %, respectively under the typical high and low ambient temperature circumstances. Relative to operation with four-period-adjusted supply water temperature, the power consumption of the system decreased by 53.6 % and 24.6 %, respectively. Moreover, the variable water temperature control strategy could improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heating system. The control method proposed in this study would provide design reference for equipment manufacturers and help users to efficiently operate the ASHP unit.

Ambient-condition curable high internal phase emulsion as a 3D-printable and scalable porous template

High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) presents an attractive approach for fabricating porous materials, however, most of which require external energy input (e.g., heat, UV) to solidify soft colloid templates into robust polymeric skeleton structures. Herein, a ketone-group-containing ambient-condition curable (ACC) copolymer was prepared in order to create a polyHIPE system based on the keto-hydrazide chemistry. Tailored design is made possible by the adaptable construction feature of ACC copolymer, and its amphiphilic properties significantly expand the selection of water-in-oil (W/O) HIPE stabilizers. By utilizing the unmodified ZnO nanoparticles as stabilizers and anti-shrinkage agents based on ionic crosslinking, and employing the ACC copolymer solution as the continuous phase, we streamlined the stabilization modification step, removed the need for purifying polyHIPE, and established a rapid, straightforward, and cost-effective polyHIPE preparation protocol. Results demonstrated that the obtained polyHIPEs exhibit ideal pore structures, with densities as low as 0.046 g/cm³ and porosities exceeding 90%, exhibiting remarkable stability, 3D printing feasibility, and the capacity for crosslinking under ambient circumstances. By using Soxhlet extraction, the gel content of polyHIPEs was found to be 65.5%, and mechanical characteristics were assessed up to 1.9 MPa. The technique’s successful 20-fold scaled-up HIPE production further confirms it as a promising and straightforward approach for large-scale, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly manufacture of self-curable HIPEs.

Examining the Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Surface Morphology and Structural Properties of Tin Dioxide Thin Films Grown Using an Economical Spray Deposition Method


 
 
 
 Tin oxide is a versatile material that is frequently used in temperature, gas, and photo-sensing applications. It is well-known for its beneficial physical and chemical properties. This work describes an economical fabrication technique that uses an airbrush to apply SnO2 to a glass substrate in ambient circumstances. Important variables were carefully controlled, such as a constant 30 cm distance from the head of the airbrush to the preheated substrates, a 0.5 ml/minute deposition rate, and a 200 °C deposition temperature. Following that, annealing procedures were conducted at 250 and 500 °C to investigate the effects on optical, morphological, and structural characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) structural investigation revealed a significant increase in crystallinity at higher annealing temperatures, with each thin film consistently displaying the rutile phase (JCPDS No. 01-0657). The produced tin dioxide thin films appear homogeneous in the images taken by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, there were visible structural defects. Additionally, an increase in surface roughness with higher annealing temperatures was found by atomic force microscopy (AFM) examinations. Such result holds significant value in fields like gas sensing and photon absorption, where surface properties are critical to overall performance. Finally, extensive investigations combined with the economical fabrication approach present a potential path toward customizing tin oxide thin films for a range of applications. The material's advantage for practical applications is improved by the capacity to modify structural and morphological properties through annealing conditions, demonstrating its potential in emerging fields of technology.
 
 
 

Developing and testing a PM2.5 low-cost sensor in Ethiopia under ambient and indoor air pollution conditions

PM2.5 low-cost sensors are a promising trend for low-income countries, where the PM2.5 associated burden of disease is high and few measurement instruments are available. Commercially available Sensor Systems (SSys) are relatively affordable and easy to use. They are, however, not designed for or evaluated in contexts characterized by much biomass burning, regular power interruptions and/or low internet coverage, typical for low-income countries. Alternatively, local teams can build a sensor system with PM2.5 sensors from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM). Existing African OEM projects depend on international partners and funding. This puts the affordability for local teams without funding into question. Furthermore, field comparisons of such sensors for ambient concentrations and indoor settings are rarely conducted in low-income contexts. In Arba Minch, Ethiopia, we developed a sensor system (SPSA) with the OEM Sensirion SPS30 and other components, together with an Arduino microprocessor, with LoRaWAN data transmission. We used the hardware and software in multiple configurations. The SPSA was used in 14 contexts typical for Ethiopia. During these tests we encountered problems that were easily solved by maintenance on location. On seven locations we collocated the SPSA with itself, gravimetric instruments and/or SSys. Amongst SPSA we found coefficients of determination (R2) of at least 0.98 for three ambient and one indoor location. The accuracy in comparison with the gravimetric method was 16% under ambient and 13% under indoor circumstances. This is lower than the internationally required 25%. The R2 in comparison to two SSys was 0.91-0.98 under ambient and 0.88-1.00 under indoor circumstances. The SPSA is a versatile sensor system that can be used in both ambient and indoor air pollution circumstances. Local development without international partners and funding resulted in local experience gaining, low costs, local ownership, and the possibility of tailoring the system to local needs regarding power and connectivity.

Fresh and hardened behaviour of Geopolymer activated with Water Glass

To activate Geopolymer reaction, previous studies have employed combination of sodium silicate(Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution employed as activator for activation of Flyash-based Geopolymer concrete, but these methods were found to be un-economical. To make Geopolymer concrete(GPC) production more cost-effective, water glass has been explored as an alternative activator, it is an impure form of sodium silicate. Water Glass(WG) of silica modulus(Ms) 1.99 was used as the activator, and several combinations of Flyash and GGBS were used as binding material to assess the consistency, setting, strength, and acid resistance of Geopolymer mortar. Present study demonstrates that using Water Glass as the activator with specific combinations of Flyash and GGBS are used as binding materials, in ambient curing circumstances is appropriate for the construction sector. Additionally, the Water Glass solution effectively counteracted the quick setting properties of Geopolymer when a high percentage of GGBS was incorporated into the mix. By employing this innovative approach, it becomes possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production and utilize Flyash waste productively, offering a more environmentally sustainable solution for the construction sector. Such advancements in Geopolymer concrete technology hold great promise in mitigating the environmental impact of construction activities and contributing to a greener future.

Evaluating Mesh Geometry and Shade Coefficient for Fog Harvesting Collectors

The most valuable resource for sustaining life on earth is water. In dry and semi-arid areas, the problem of water scarcity can be resolved with the aid of fog collection techniques employing fog collectors. Fog collection is greatly influenced by a variety of factors. Some are design parameters, while others depend on ambient circumstances. Geometry and the mesh’s shade coefficient are important design factors that can be modified and have an impact on the rate at which fog collects in fog collectors. The shape of the mesh holes and the process used to create the mesh serve to identify geometry and measure the shade coefficient. In this paper, a straightforward mathematical technique is proposed to make it easier to calculate the shade coefficient of various mesh shapes used in fog harvesting and to provide an approximation of the mesh volume and cost. Five alternative geometries were used: the rectangular mesh, square mesh, Raschel mesh, triangular mesh, and hexagonal mesh. The current simple method will facilitate the design of the fog mesh collector and can assist in achieving the ideal shade coefficient and most effective mesh geometry for fog harvesting. Rectangular meshes were solely used as an example to evaluate the results. Stainless steel rectangular meshes with various shade coefficients were tested for fog collection, and the amount of water collected by each mesh varied. It was concluded that the optimum shade coefficient ranged 50–60% for fog collection.

Development of heterogeneous photocatalysis delafossite structured Ag doped Cd-Cu ferrite spinel nanoparticles for an efficient photodegradation process

The photodegradation of sunset yellow dye was efficiently achieved using Ag-Doped Cd-Cu Spinel Nanoferrite as a photocatalyst under ambient circumstances. The method demonstrates economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, non-toxicity, scalability, and the absence of toxic and volatile organic solvents and surfactants. Ag-doped Cd-Cu spinel nanoferrite (Cd0.5Cu0.5-xAgxFe2O4, x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) was prepared using the green co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction patterns represented the formation of a major spinel phase and a minor delafossite phase. XPS spectra show the multiple variant valences of the constituted elements (Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ag+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Fe4+). The Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements confirmed the stability of the delafossite phase. The HRTEM, SEM, and elemental mapping indicated homogenous elemental distributions inside the samples. The prepared nanoparticles exhibited large specific surface areas between 94 and 161 m2/g, indicating their potential applications in chemical and biological fields. The UV–visible light absorption of these materials suggested the possibility of their use as photocatalysts under visible light irradiation. Various effects, such as pH, the concentration of dye, catalyst dose, and the amount of H2O2, were studied. The photodegradability of Sunset Yellow increases with higher silver doping as well as the majority of the delafossite phase due to the increase in specific surface area. The COD reduction is 71.5 % in optimum conditions. The possible photocatalytic degradation pathway of Sunset Yellow was suggested based on GC–MS analysis. A reaction mechanism involving HO• as an effective oxidant was proposed.

Performance evaluation of a hydrostatic flow immersion cooling system for high-current discharge Li-ion batteries

A Li-ion battery can experience thermal runaway when its temperature rise and temperature distribution are uneven due to fast charging/discharging and extreme hot/cold ambient temperature conditions. In Electric vehicles, a battery thermal management system is used to address these challenges and assure superior battery pack performance. The conventional methods include air and indirect liquid (cold plate) cooling thermal management systems are influencing the high thermal gradients from the top to bottom of the cell and from the cell to cell in a battery pack. Also, when the battery is being discharged at a high current rate, it is difficult to achieve the expected heat dissipation requirements. In order to solve these issues, this research article provides a hydrostatic flow single-phase dielectric immersion cooling technique for an 18,650 cylindrical cell Li-ion battery. The three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal model of an 18,650-cell submerged in dielectric fluid is designed using a Multiscale, Multi-Dimensional (MSMD) approach with the Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model. The accuracy of the numerical results is validated as being within 2 °C with experimental data at 3C discharge rate. The experimental results are exhibited a better cooling effect with a 33 % reduction in temperature rise at 3C battery discharge rate in 25 °C ambient temperature. With respect to both 25 °C and 60 °C ambient temperature conditions, this cooling system has a superior cooling effect of <10 °C temperature rise in a cell during a high current (3C) discharge rate. The study showed that at extremely high current discharge rates and various ambient temperature circumstances, the Li-ion battery submerged in a dielectric coolant provides enhanced cooling performance and uniform temperature distribution on the battery surface compared to natural convection. This article highlighted that the immersion cooling technique is an effective cooling phenomenon during electrical abuse conditions.

Effect of Transverse Base Width Restraint on the Cracking Behavior of Massive Concrete

The effect of considering the third dimension in mass concrete members on its cracking behavior is investigated in this study. The investigation includes thermal and structural analyses of mass concrete structures. From thermal analysis, the actual temperature distribution throughout the mass concrete body was obtained due to the generation of heat as a result of cement hydration in addition to the ambient circumstances. This was performed via solving the differential equations of heat conduction and convection using the finite element method. The finite element method was also implemented in the structural analysis adopting the concept of initial strain problem. Drying shrinkage volume changes were calculated using the procedure suggested by ACI Committee 209 and inverted to equivalent temperature differences to be added algebraically to the temperature differences obtained from thermal analysis. Willam-Warnke model with five strength parameters is used in modeling of concrete material in which cracking and crushing behavior of concrete can be included. The ANSYS program was employed in a modified manner to perform the above analyses. A thick concrete slab of 1.5m in thickness and 10m in length was analyzed for different widths 2, 4, 8, and 10m to produce different aspect ratios (B/L) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.0 respectively. The results of the analyses show an increase in cracking tendency of mass concrete member as the aspect ratio of the same member is increased due to the effect of transverse base restraint. Accordingly, such effect cannot be ignored in the analysis of base restrained mass concrete structures subjected to temperature and drying shrinkage volume changes.

Experimental investigation on wear behavior of titanium alloy (Grade 23) by pin on disc tribometer

In this paper, investigating the influence of wear properties such as load, distance, and sliding speed are analyzed to statistical behavior of the wear mass loss and co efficient of frictions as response using high-strength titanium alloys (Grade 23). Dry sliding wear tests were performed on the titanium alloys using Pin-on-disc tribometer according to the ASTM G99-95a with ambient circumstances. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed for experiential run to evaluate the tribological behavior. The input parameters are load (30–50 N), sliding speed (1–2 m/s) and sliding distance [1000–2000 m]. The samples weight loss and coefficient of friction were measured during these experiments. EN 31 steel discs with 80 mm-diameter was utilized as counter pairs. The test results showed that the main factors; interaction of sliding speed and sliding distance, and quadratic impacts of sliding speed, had a considerable influence on wear mass loss and co efficient frictions. The sliding distance has most influences on WML and COF with contribution of 60% and 51% respectively. The smallest WML of 0.0262 g and COF of 0.3308 were reached by optimum input parameters.

Dynamics of granular debris flows against slit dams based on the CFD–DEM method: effect of grain size distribution and ambient environments

AbstractEarth surface flows in nature, like debris flows and rock avalanches, have threatened people’s safety and infrastructure during past decades. Though grain size distribution (GSD) has been acknowledged as a crucial characteristic in granular material behaviour, its coupled effects associated with environments on engineering structures such as the slit dam remain unclear. To bridge the gap, this paper reveals the coupled effect of the GSD and ambient environments (i.e. slope angles and saturation conditions) on avalanche/debris flows’ impact on the slit dam using a Computational Fluid Dynamics/Discrete Element Method (CFD–DEM) model. To describe strain-dependent rheological characteristics of debris fluids, the Herschel–Bulkley–Papanastasiou model is implemented in the finite volume method framework. A power grain size distribution law is considered to quantify GSDs, in which a fractal parameter takes charge of GSD types. After model verification with experimental/theoretical results, the impact force against slit dams, granular dynamics and final deposit patterns under a series of ambient circumstances are presented. Taking advantage of the CFD–DEM method, the impact force and kinetic energy induced by fluid and solid phases are discriminated. The contribution of solid and fluid phases to both impact force and dynamics appears to be dependent on GSDs. Accordingly, compared with saturated avalanche flows (i.e. debris flows), slit dams result in higher retaining efficiency when confronted with dry avalanche flows. Regarding a narrow diameter range used in analyses, the grain diameter ratio is then enlarged up to eight to reveal the potential size effect. As for the coupled role of GSDs and slope angles, in contrast to slope angles, the influence of GSD on avalanche flow interaction with slit dams is much smaller. Additionally, provided a narrow diameter range, the effect of GSDs on impact force can be partially attributed to the change in average grain diameter. After presenting the significance of ambience and GSDs to avalanche/debris flows, a series of parametric studies around the effect of fluid grid size, particle shape and the initial porosity of granular samples are discussed, aiming to advance the understanding of their influence in the interactions between debris flows and the slit dam.

Synergistic co-sensitization of environment-friendly chlorophyll and anthocyanin-based natural dye-sensitized solar cells: An effective approach towards enhanced efficiency and stability

This study reports on the preparation of TiO2 nanorods (TNRs) and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) to enable the production of efficient sources of energy for use in ambient indoor circumstances. The aim of the study is to enhance the efficiency and stability of DSSCs while also making them more affordable and eco-friendly. To achieve this, a novel approach was taken through the synergistic co-sensitization of environment-friendly natural dyes based on Spinacia Oleracea Leaves (SOL: chlorophyll) and Ixora Coccinea Flowers (ICF: anthocyanin). The combination of these dyes improved light absorption and charge separation, leading to enhanced power conversion efficiency. Various physicochemical characterizations of TNRs and dyes were performed and the co-sensitized dyes exhibited greatly enhanced visible-light photo-electrochemical performance which were later evaluated by J-V and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Additionally, the role of various economical and environment-friendly counter electrodes was investigated. Using this co-sensitization technique, FTO/c-TiO2/TNRs/dyes/electrolyte/(C, Ninp, Nip) structured DSSCs were designed for the production of power under ambient light conditions. The optimal PCE of 2.39% is achieved under the artificial irradiation of ∼ 996 Wm−2 which is 2.3 and 4.2- times greater efficiency compared to single natural SOL and ICF-dyes-based DSSCs, respectively. Moreover, the synergistically co-sensitized DSSCs showed improved stability under prolonged light soaking (∼450 h) and storage conditions (at 27 °C). This study highlights the potential of PV technologies in enabling buildings and movable gadgets to become more independent and smarter while also providing an efficient source of energy for use in ambient indoor circumstances.

Preparation of Highly Stable and Cost-Efficient Antiviral Materials for Reducing Infections and Avoiding the Transmission of Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2

The current global pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has demonstrated the necessity to develop novel materials with antimicrobial and antiviral activities to prevent the infection. One significant route for the spread of diseases is by the transmission of the virus through contact with contaminated surfaces. Antiviral surface treatments can help to reduce or even avoid these hazards. In particular, the development of active-virucidal fabrics or paints represents a very important challenge with multiple applications in hospitals, public transports, or schools. Modern, cutting-edge methods for creating antiviral surface coatings use either materials with a metal base or sophisticated synthetic polymers. Even if these methods are effective, they will still face significant obstacles in terms of large-scale applicability. Here, we describe the preparation of fabrics and paints treated with a scaled-up novel nanostructured biohybrid material composed of very small crystalline phosphate copper(II) nanoparticles, synthesized based on a technology that employs the use of a small amount of biological agent for its formation at room temperature in aqueous media. We demonstrate the efficient inactivation of the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, and non-enveloped human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14) (>99.9%) using an inexpensive, ecologically friendly coating agent. The reactive oxygen species produced during the oxidation of water or the more intensive reaction with hydrogen peroxide are believed to be the cause of the antiviral mechanism of the nanostructured material. In contrast to the release of a specific antiviral drug, this process does not consume the surface coating and does not need regeneration. A 12-month aging research that revealed no decline in antiviral activity is proof that the coating is durable in ambient circumstances. Also, the coated fabric can be reused after different washing cycles, even at moderate to high temperatures.

A New Method Based on Machine Learning to Increase Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contain many sensor nodes, and this network is used for many applications such as military, medical, and others. Accurate data aggregation and routing are critical in hostile environments, where sensors' energy consumption must be carefully monitored. There is, nevertheless, a substantial probability of duplicate data due to ambient circumstances and short-distance sensors. Large datasets include a variety of information, some of which is useful, while others are completely superfluous. This redundancy degrades performance in terms of computing cost and redundant transmission. Data aggregation, on the other hand, may eliminate redundant data in a network. In this paper new method called Kalman filter with Support vector machine (KF-SVM) is introduced to classify and data aggregate and get rid of noise in WSNs, which enhances network efficiency and extends its lifetime .

Boosting Electrocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis of Bio-Inspired Porous Mo-Doped Hematite via Nitrogen Activation.

Electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) emerges as a highly attractive alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia (NH3) under ambient circumstances. Currently, this technology still faces tremendous challenges due to the low ammonia production rate and low Faradaic efficiency, urgently prompting researchers to explore highly efficient electrocatalysts. Inspired by the Fe-Mo cofactor in nitrogenase, we report Mo-doped hematite (Fe2O3) porous nanospheres containing Fe-O-Mo subunits for enhanced activity and selectivity in the electrochemical reduction from N2 to NH3. Mo-doping induces the morphology change from a solid sphere to a porous sphere and enriches lattice defects, creating more active sites. It also regulates the electronic structures of Fe2O3 to accelerate charge transfer and enhance the intrinsic activity. As a consequence, Mo-doped Fe2O3 achieves effective N2 fixation with a high ammonia production rate of 21.3 ± 1.1 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 as well as a prominent Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 11.2 ± 0.6%, superior to the undoped Fe2O3 and other iron oxide catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further unravel that the Mo-doping in Fe2O3 (110) narrows the band gap, promotes the N2 activation on the Mo site with an elongated N≡N bond length of 1.132 Å in the end-on configuration, and optimizes an associative distal pathway with a decreased energy barrier. Our results may pave the way toward enhancing the electrocatalytic NRR performance of iron-based materials by atomic-scale heteroatom doping.

Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy

Abstract Greenhouse is one of the most recent agricultural systems that provides an economic resource by increasing production and allowing crops to be grown all year. In Iraq, this approach encounters an impediment during the summer. As a result of the rapid rise in temperatures, greenhouses are becoming increasingly ineffective. In this season, it is unusable. A two-stage evaporative cooling system was used in this study, with one indirect evaporative cooling heat exchanger and three direct evaporative cooling pads. The performance of the proposed indirect–direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) unit with various settings was tested during the summer season in Kirkuk, with dry bulb temperatures ranging from 45 to 50°C. The results reveal that using groundwater increased the IDEC unit’s efficiency to 98.3%, compared to 67.5% when using direct evaporative cooling. When covering layers were used, solar intensity entering the greenhouse was lowered from 11.4% for a single layer to 28.4% for two layers with one layer of green mesh. In comparison to ambient circumstances and according to the parameters analyzed, the IDEC system employing groundwater results in a decrease in greenhouse temperature and an increase in greenhouse relative humidity. The IDEC unit was verified using TRANSYS software and experimental measurements from a test greenhouse. For the same ambient temperature, simulated and experimental findings revealed that the simulated temperature is lower than the experimental temperature. The percentage difference in greenhouse temperature between the TRANSYS simulation and experimental measurements reached a maximum of 9.43%.