Ambient Atmospheric Conditions Research Articles

A new nickel-based δ-isomer Anderson-type polyoxometalates: Synthesis, crystal structure and catalytic activity in 1,2,3-triazoles production

In this study, we present a novel organic hybrid Ni-based δ-isomer of Anderson-type polyoxometalates (POMs), namely, δ-[C6H12Mo6N2NiO24]4− (1), as an efficient catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction between alkynes, halides, and sodium azide. Synthesis of the catalyst was performed using a facile one-pot method followed by characterization using single crystal, powder XRD, SEM, and FT-IR techniques. After optimizing reaction conditions for a model reaction (T = 80 °C, time = 6 h, and solvent = 2 mL H2O), the catalytic activity of this compound was examined for the preparation of diversely substituted 1,2,3-triazoles under ambient atmospheric and additive-free conditions, achieving moderate to good yields. Catalyst 1 could reuse up to four sequential cycles without significant loss in its catalytic activity. Additionally, the true heterogeneity of the catalyst was determined by the hot-filtration test.

4‐Phenylthiosemicarbazide Molecular Additive Engineering for Wide‐Bandgap Sn Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with a Record Efficiency Over 12.2%

AbstractThe utilization of wide bandgap (WBG) tin halide perovskites (Sn‐HPs) offers an environmentally friendly alternative for multi‐junction Sn‐HP photovoltaics. Nonetheless, rapid crystallization leads to suboptimal film morphology and substantial creation of defect states, which undermine device efficiency. This study introduces 4‐Phenylthiosemicarbazide (4PTSC) as an additive to achieve a densely packed Sn‐HP film with fewer imperfections. The strong chemical coordination between SnI2 and the functional groups S═C─N (Sn···S═C─N), NH2, and phenyl conjugation enhances solution stability and supports the delay of perovskite crystallization through adduct formation. This process yields pinhole‐free films with preferred grain growth. 4PTSC acts as a strong coordination complex and a reducing agent to passivate uncoordinated Sn2+ and halide ions and reduce the formation of SnI4, thereby reducing defect formation. The π‐conjugated phenyl ring in the 4PTSC facilitates the preferred crystal growth orientation of perovskite grains. Furthermore, the hydrophobic nature of 4PTSC mitigates Sn2+ oxidation by repelling moisture, enhancing stability. The open circuit voltage significantly increased from 0.78 to 0.94 V, resulting in achieving the champion efficiency of 12.22% (certified 11.70%), surpassing all previously reported efficiencies for WBG Sn halide perovskite solar cells. Additionally, the unencapsulated 4PTSC‐1.0 device maintained outstanding stability over 1200 h under ambient atmospheric conditions.

In Situ Synthesized Low-Dimensional Perovskite for >25% Efficiency Stable MA-Free Perovskite Solar Cells.

Developing an additive to effectively regulate the perovskite crystallization kinetics for the optimized optoelectronic properties of perovskite film plays a vital role in obtaining high efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a new additive is designed and directly synthesized in perovskite precursor solution by utilizing an addition reaction between but-3-yn-1-amine hydrochloride (BAH) and formamidinium iodide. It is found that its product may control the intermediate precursor phase for regulating perovskite nucleation, leading to advantageous 2D perovskite to induce growth of perovskite along the preferred [001] orientation with not only released lattice strain but also strong interaction with perovskite to passivate its surface defects. By taking advantage of the above synergistic effects, the optimized PSC delivers an efficiency of 25.19% and a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.22 V. Additionally, the devices demonstrate good stability, remaining over 90% of their initial efficiencies under ambient atmosphere conditions for 60 days, high temperature of 85°C for 200 h, or maximum power point tracking for 500 h.

Sub-PPB Detection with Gas-Phase Multiphoton Electron Extraction Spectroscopy under Ambient Conditions.

Multiphoton electron extraction spectroscopy (MEES) is an advanced analytical technique that has demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and specificity for detecting molecular traces on solid and liquid surfaces. Building upon the solid-state MEES foundations, this study introduces the first application of MEES in the gas phase (gas-phase MEES), specifically designed for quantitative detection of gas traces at sub-part per billion (sub-PPB) concentrations under ambient atmospheric conditions. Our experimental setup utilizes resonant multiphoton ionization processes using ns laser pulses under a high electrical field. The generated photoelectron charges are recorded as a function of the laser's wavelength. This research showcases the high sensitivity of gas-phase MEES, achieving high spectral resolution with resonant peak widths less than 0.02 nm FWHM. We present results from quantitative analysis of benzene and aniline, two industrially and environmentally significant compounds, demonstrating linear responses in the sub-PPM and sub-PPB ranges. The enhanced sensitivity and resolution of gas-phase MEES offer a powerful approach to trace gas analysis, with potential applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, security screening, and medical diagnostics. This study confirms the advantages of gas-phase MEES over many traditional optical spectroscopic methods and demonstrates its potential in direct gas-trace sensing in ambient atmosphere.

α‐TeO2 Oxide as Transparent p‐Type Semiconductor for Low Temperature Processed Thin Film Transistor Devices

AbstractIn comparison to reports on n‐type semiconducting oxides, p‐type oxide semiconducting materials are still rare. Scarcely reported p‐type oxide transistors demonstrated unsatisfactory environmental stability which still hinders their implementation for all oxide transistors and circuit applications. In this study, for the first time on α‐TeO2 as an active channel material with p‐type characteristics accessible by direct evaporation technique. Notably, the fabricated 5 nm α‐TeO2 thin film in connection with an equally thin passivation layer exhibits a remarkable low processing temperature of 50 °C generating a hole mobility of 3.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, an on‐state current of 966 µA, and an on/off ratio of 3.8 × 103. Additionally, the reproducibility of these devices confirmed a narrow variation in the TFT metrics, yielding an average hole mobility, on‐current, and on/off ratio of 3.59 cm2 V−1 s−1, 914 µA, and 3.3 × 103, respectively. Furthermore, the devices are subjected to extensive stability testing under ambient atmospheric conditions that exhibits a marginal mobility reduction while maintaining a stable on/off ratio over 125‐day period, highlighting their robust environmental stability. Notably, the low processing temperatures with both exceptional transistor performance and environmental endurance makes them suitable for the integration onto flexible substrates, particularly bendable/stretchable displays.

Tetraethylammonium Salts as Solid, Easy to Handle Ethylene Precursors and Their Application in Mizoroki-Heck Coupling.

In this study, we introduce a convenient Heck vinylation protocol that eliminates the requirement for ethylene gas as a coupling partner. In contrast to traditional methodologies, quaternary ammonium salts can serve as solid olefin precursors under ambient atmosphere conditions. The practicality of this method, distinguished by its convenience and safety in a one-pot reaction, renders it appealing for applications in research and discovery context.

Computation of corona generated ionic current environment of unipolar UHVDC transmission lines using gas bimolecular collision theory

Corona on UHVDC transmission line conductors initiates corona power loss and the inevitable ionic current flow environment at ground level. To limit this substantial flow of ionic current at ground levels, it is necessary to establish an appropriate line design configuration, including the diameter of the line conductor and the height level above the ground. It is a tedious and expensive process to establish this appropriate line design solely based on experimental findings. Hence, the computational based numerical analysis with the support of final experimental validation aids in arriving at a safe and optimal transmission line design dimension configuration. Thus, the ionic current flow environment of UHVDC transmission lines may be characterized by ionized space charge density, ionic current flow, and electrical field distribution. To estimate this ionic current flow, it is necessary to estimate the ionized space charge density in the ionization region, which incorporates the solution of the Poisson's equation. It is intricate to solve Poisson's equation with known boundary conditions: as ionization process depends on the atmospheric parameters also. Multiple computational techniques are developed to estimate the corona generated ionic current environment under the HVDC lines by waiving these atmospheric parameter effects and claims the lack of computational accuracy. In this paper, the unipolar corona equation, usually called Poisson's equation was solved by estimating the space charge ion density using the concept of gas bimolecular collision theory. The gas bimolecular collision theory inculcates the procedure to estimate the collisional reaction rate constant between the gas molecules at given atmospheric temperature and pressure parameters. Therefore, this paper developed a unique equation solution for the estimation of transition of the ionic current magnitudes at known atmospheric temperature and pressure ambient conditions. This unique equation solution prevents the multiple actual testing procedures offers to obtain safe and optimal line design dimension configurations. Multiple experimental studies are carried out up to ± 900 kV to compare the computed results in the outdoor and indoor climatic conditions at the ultra-high voltage laboratory, CPRI. Also, the computed results are compared with the results published in the literature. Based on the comparison of results, the developed computational technique exactly matches the experimental results and claims improved accuracy compared to other computational techniques.

Structural, dielectric characterization of BaFe2MnO6 double perovskite

A polycrystalline ceramic oxide, BaFe2MnO6 was produced through a regular solid-state route. The phase creation in the synthesized substance was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The present material has found with made up of a single phase orthorhombic structure. The electrical properties of the compound were recorded through an LCR meter for a broader range of frequencies and temperatures. This perovskite oxide material possesses a large relative permittivity (ɛr = 1139) and low dielectric loss (tanδ = 0.421) at the ambient atmospheric condition, while the curie temperature arise beyond 450 °C. The resultant dielectric properties of this material assure its promising candidature for feasible applications in smart electronic devices such as dielectric material in ceramic capacitors.

From particles to films: production of Cs2AgBiBr6-based perovskite solar cells and enhancement of cell performance via ionic liquid utilization at the TiO2/perovskite interface.

Herein, Cs2AgBiBr6 particles produced by the traditional super-saturation precipitation method were used as precursors to create Cs2AgBiBr6 films by the gas-quenching process under ambient atmospheric conditions. These films were utilized as a light-absorbing layer in hole-transporting free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the incorporation of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6) ionic liquid (IL) at the metal oxide electron transporting layer/perovskite interface resulted in enhanced crystallinity of the perovskite, forming large perovskite grains of up to 800 nm. However, it was discovered that establishing the optimal concentration for passivating surface defects takes precedence over encouraging the growth of larger perovskite grains. The utilization of the optimized BMIMPF6 concentration led to a remarkable increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the cell, with a boost of over 31% to reach 1.67%, when compared to the cell produced without the inclusion of the IL. Our findings underscore that the passivation of surface defects between the TiO2 and perovskite layers holds more importance for enhancing the PCE of Cs2AgBiBr6-based perovskite solar cells than focusing solely on the perovskite morphology.

Effects of Ambient Conditions on Helicopter Harmonic Noise Radiation: Theory and Experiment

The effects of ambient atmospheric conditions, air temperature, and density on rotor harmonic noise radiation are characterized using theoretical models and experimental measurements of helicopter noise collected at three different test sites at elevations ranging from sea level to 7000 ftabove sea level. Significant changes in the thickness, loading, and blade–vortex interaction noise levels and radiation directions are observed across the different test sites for an AS350 helicopter ying at the same indicated airspeed and gross weight. However, the radiated noise is shown to scale with ambient pressure when the flight condition of the helicopter is defined in nondimensional terms. Although the effective tip Mach number is identi ed as the primary governing parameter for thickness noise, the nondimensional weight coefficient also impacts lower harmonic loading noise levels, which contribute strongly to low-frequency harmonic noise radiation both in and out of the plane of the horizon. Strategies for maintaining the same nondimensional rotor operating condition under different ambient conditions are developed using an analytical model of single main rotor helicopter trim and confirmed using a CAMRAD II model of the AS350 helicopter. The ability of the Fundamental Rotorcraft Acoustics Modeling from Experiments (FRAME) technique to generalize noise measurements made under one set of ambient conditions to make accurate noise predictions under other ambient conditions is also validated.

Addressing challenges in high-temperature oxidation of ultra-supercritical boiler tubes via FeCoNiCrMo high-entropy alloy coatings

The engineering realm confronts formidable challenges in combating the persistent issue of high-temperature oxidation in ultra-supercritical coal-fired boiler tubes. This study is dedicated to tackling these challenges by employing high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) and high-frequency induction remelting techniques. Our primary objective is to establish a metallurgical bond between self-fusing FeCoNiCrMo high-entropy alloy (HEA) powder and the conventional 15CrMo boiler steel tube surfaces, all within ambient atmospheric conditions. Our investigation reveals two distinct stages of oxidation for the HEA coating when exposed to a 900 °C air environment. Initially, there is a rapid oxidation stage driven by interfacial reactions, followed by a steady-state slow oxidation stage influenced by ion diffusion. The presence of a dense Cr2O3 layer plays a pivotal role in reducing the oxidation rate significantly, thereby imparting exceptional high-temperature oxidation resistance to the FeCoNiCrMo HEA coating. Notably, during the steady-state stage, the oxidation rate is two orders of magnitude lower than observed in Ni-based superalloys. Minimal phase transformations or transitional layers at the interface underscore superb interface bonding at 900 °C. These findings provide a promising avenue for the cost-effective fabrication of highly oxidation-resistant ultra-supercritical boiler tubes. This advancement contributes significantly to the progress of engineering applications.

Combined Operando Investigations Reveal Correlation between Formation Parameters and Transport Mechanisms in Solid Electrolyte Interphases of Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Despite its thickness being only in the nanometer range, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of lithium-ion battery anodes has proven to be a crucial component, contributing critically to the battery’s longevity and long-term rate capability. This is due to the SEI’s passivating properties, protecting the battery electrolyte from further decomposition during operation while maintaining a good conductivity for lithium ions to be intercalated into the active anode material. Notwithstanding prolonged scientific efforts, a reliable SEI characterization is still very challenging, due to its fragile and inherently unstable nature which can easily lead to the introduction of artifacts in its evaluation, when dried, rinsed, or exposed to ambient atmospheric conditions. Thus, the relation between SEI formation parameters and the resulting morphological, compositional, and electrochemical properties is still poorly understood.To overcome the limitations of often-employed ex-situ methods, we developed an interlocked combination of several non-destructive operando characterization methods consisting of atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to provide a plethora of information on the SEI’s morphological evolution, mass and thickness development and its viscoelastic and electrochemical properties like charge transfer resistance. All this information is gathered in the same electrochemical cell during the SEI formation on carbon model electrodes in typical LIB electrolytes containing 1 M LiPF6 in various carbonate mixtures.The combination of AFM, EQCM and EIS data gives us the opportunity to correlate the different growth modes during formation and resulting compositions of the SEI with its dominant transport mechanisms. Additional redox probe experiments help to further distinguish the transport parameters for lithium ions, solvent molecules, and redox molecules. A better understanding of these correlations allows battery researchers to find optimized SEI formation procedures and SEI forming additives, which reduce the formation duration during battery production and can thus contribute to lowering costs of lithium-ion batteries.

Growth and yield response of winter blackgram (Vigna mungo) under high temperature and elevated CO2 conditions

Blackgram is the most important legume crop grown throughout India. It is mostly cultivated during the rainy and winter seasons in central and southern India. An investigation was carried out during winter 2021 to evaluate the effect of High Day Temperature (ambient+3oC) and Elevated CO2 (600ppm) (HDT and eCO2) and High Day and Night Temperature (ambient+3oC) and Elevated CO2 (600ppm) (HDNT and eCO2) on growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo) under soil plant atmospheric research (SPAR) and ambient conditions with eleven treatments (T1 to T11). The results revealed that significant (P=0.05) increase in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, number of pods per plant and grain yield by 22.3%, 80.6%, 29.2%, 28% and 41.3%, respectively, under HDT and eCO2 conditions from 46 to 60 DAS (days after sowing) in comparison with HDNT and eCO2 and ambient conditions. The increase in chlorophyll index under HDT and eCO2 during 16 to 30 DAS by 12.9%. The significant increase in the number of flowers per plant and biomass of the blackgram was increased under HDT and eCO2 during 31 to 45 DAS by 7% and 38.1%, respectively. However, the plant height and leaf area index of the blackgram were found to have significantly increased under HDT and eCO2 during the early stage (1 to 15 DAS) by 29.3% and 44.5%, respectively. This experiment indicated a significant increase in crop growth, leaf photosynthesis and yield of blackgram under HDT and eCO2 at flowering stage to pod development stage (31 to 60 DAS) followed by HDNT and eCO2 and ambient condition. The overall findings of the study showed that increased temperature and CO2 levels would result in greater biomass production and increased yield for the black gram.

Transient magnesium‐based thin‐film temperature sensor on a flexible, bioabsorbable substrate for future medical applications

AbstractIn this work, the bioabsorbable materials, namely fibroin, polylactide acid (PLA), magnesium, and magnesium oxide are investigated for their application as transient, resistive temperature detectors (RTD). For this purpose, a thin‐film magnesium‐based meander‐like electrode is deposited onto a flexible, bioabsorbable substrate (fibroin or PLA) and encapsulated (passivated) by additional magnesium oxide layers on top and below the magnesium‐based electrode. The morphology of different layered RTDs is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The sensor performance and lifetime of the RTD is characterized both under ambient atmospheric conditions between 30°C and 43°C, and wet tissue‐like conditions with a constant temperature regime of 37°C. The latter triggers the degradation process of the magnesium‐based layers. The 3‐layers RTDs on a PLA substrate could achieve a lifetime of 8.5 h. These sensors also show the best sensor performance under ambient atmospheric conditions with a mean sensitivity of 0.48 Ω/°C ± 0.01 Ω/°C.

Radionuclide Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Oxidized Carbon Fabrics

The adsorption of actinide ions (Am(III) and U(VI)) from aqueous solutions using pristine and oxidized carbon fabrics was investigated by means of batch experiments at different pH values (pH 4, 7 and 9) and temperatures (25, 35 and 45 °C) under ambient atmospheric conditions. The experimental results indicated that both the pH and the fabric texture affected the adsorption rate and the relative removal efficiency, which was 70% and 100% for Am(III) and U(VI), respectively. The Kd (L/kg) values for U(VI) were generally found to be higher (2 < log10(Kd)< 3) than the corresponding values for Am(III) adsorption (1.5 < log10(Kd) < 2). The data obtained from the experiments regarding the temperature effect implied that the relative adsorption for both actinides increases with temperature and that adsorption is an endothermic and entropy-driven reaction. The application of the fabrics to remove the two actinides from contaminated seawater samples showed that both the relative removal efficiency and the Kd values decreased significantly due to the presence of competitive cations (e.g., Ca2+ and Fe3+) and complexing anions (CO32−) in the respective waters. Nevertheless, the removal efficiency was still remarkable (50% and 90% for Am(III) and U(VI), respectively), demonstrating that these materials could be attractive candidates for the treatment of radionuclide/actinide-contaminated waters.

Modified BBFTO ceramic oxide with high dielectric constant and low loss-tangent for possible electronic applications

In this report, a complex barium titanate ceramic oxide of the form BaBi1.6Fe0.4TiO6 was prepared by the solid-state casting process. More Bi3+ percentage was selected to boost the dielectric and ferroelectric effects, while lowering the Fe3+ content could minimize the leakage current and consequently, the dielectric loss (tanδ). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data suggests an establishment of monoclinic distortion (P21/c) of smaller mean crystallite size (∼40 nm) using the Debye-Scherrer formula. The compound exhibits dielectric values, such as ɛr ∼ 771, and relatively low loss, tanδ ∼ 0.017 at the ambient experimental conditions. Thus, the material can be incorporated into different electronic devices where higher dielectric constant and lower losses are essential, for example, multi-layered ceramic capacitors, transmission lines, and gate dielectrics. The AC-conductivity essence of the compound follows Jonscher’s power law as well as Arrhenius relation. The PE hysteresis loop was traced at different conditions with a function of the incident electric field in the ambient atmospheric conditions. The outcome of this study revealed that the material has remanent polarization hence suggesting a ferroelectric effect with less hysteresis loss; therefore, it could be useful in memory storage devices.

Mechanistic Study on the Corrosion of (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ Cathodes Induced by CO2.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cathodes operating in ambient atmospheric conditions inevitably encounter CO2 contamination, leading to sustained performance deterioration. In this investigation, we examined the impact of CO2 on three variants of (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes and employed the distribution of relaxation times method to distinguish distinct electrochemical processes based on impedance spectra analysis. We meticulously analyzed and discussed the corrosion resistance of these (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes under high CO2 concentrations, relying on the experimental data. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results revealed that La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF-6428), La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF-4628), and La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.7Nb0.1O3-δ (LSCFN-46271) cathodes exhibited persistent degradation when exposed to CO2 at temperatures of 650 °C or 800 °C during the durability-testing period. An increase in electrode polarization resistance was observed upon CO2 introduction to the electrode, but electrode performance recovered upon returning to a pure air environment. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed that CO2 did not cause permanent damage to the (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes. These findings indicate that the (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ cathodes exhibit excellent resistance to CO2-induced corrosion.

Effects of High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation on The Structure, Composition and Morphological Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelet Films

This work demonstrated the effects of 1.2 GeV high-energy electron beam irradiation on a few-layers of graphene (FLG) and multi-layer graphene (MLG) films grown via an in-house hot wire chemical vapour deposition (HWCVD) system. The FLG and MLG films were grown on highly doped n-type c-Si (100) substrates which were pre-treated using argon plasma (50 W) for 1 min and 10 min, respectively. The as-prepared samples were then irradiated using a 1.2 GeV high-energy electron beam with a dosage of 1.2 × 109 e-/cm2 at atmospheric and room temperature ambient conditions. The effects of the irradiation-mediated defects on the carbon lattice structure of both graphene samples were validated from the decreased sp2 C=C carbon content, and the increase in the adventitious carbon contamination C-O-C content. Raman results showed an elevation of the ID/IG ratio and blue-shift of the 2D and G band peaks for both the irradiated samples, which validated the mediated defects due to the dislocation of carbon atoms in the graphene sheets. The blue-shifted of 2D and G peaks were much more significant in the MLG than FLG which may indicate a better self-reconstructing property for the MLG atomic network, compared to the FLG. The stability of the films against high-energy electron beam irradiation was validated by their conductivity and surface topography. In conclusion, HWCVD grown graphene nanoplatelet films have high potential for graphene-based high-energy charged particle detectors.

Laser-induced carbonization of carbon nanofibers free-standing electrodes for flexible interdigitated micro-supercapacitors

A versatile one-step laser writing technique is introduced in this work for carbonizing and patterning polymeric nanofibers mat to produce a free-standing laser carbonized nanofibers (LCNFs) electrode for flexible interdigitated microsupercapacitors. A large-area polyacrylonitrile nanofibers mat was first prepared with the facile electrospinning technique on a collecting drum followed by a stabilizing step. A high-power CO2 laser beam is used to carbonize the stabilized nanofibers into highly conductive LCNFs at ambient atmospheric conditions and draw the interdigitated pattern at the same time. The complete carbonization of the nanofibers is confirmed by the nearly complete disappearance of polyacrylonitrile peaks in the FTIR measurements and from the high-intensity characteristic peaks of carbon materials obtained in the Raman scattering measurements of the LCNFs. The SEM microscopy showed that the LCNFs were able to survive their fibrous structure after the laser carbonization process and without any significant damage. Also, the TEM microscopy revealed that the LCNFs are composed of graphene sheets that are axially ordered to form such a unique fibrous structure. Owing to its outstanding structural and electrical properties, the LCNFs interdigitated supercapacitor attained an aerial specific capacitance of 20.38 mF/cm2, a high energy density of 0.64 μWh/cm2, and a high-power density of 224.6 μW/cm2 which are almost two-fold higher than those of the laser-induced graphene (LIG) on a polyamide substrate assembled with the same conditions. This was accompanied by an excellent capacitance retention of 95.3 % after 10,000 electrochemical cyclic stability and impressive mechanical stability and flexibility.

Comparative corrosion analysis of acrylic precoated aluminum foil under natural exposure and neutral salt-spray (NSS) testing

Conducting research on the corrosion behavior of condenser fins is of great significance for evaluating the performance of the air conditioner during service. The corrosion behavior of precoated aluminum foil for air conditioner condenser fins after natural exposure test and neuter salt-spray (NSS) test were investigated through surface morphology, chemical composition, contact angle and electrochemical analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences between the microenvironment surrounding air conditioner condenser fins and the natural atmospheric environment. The operating status, the air conditioner model, and the ambient atmospheric conditions will influence the microenvironment of the fins. The precoated aluminum foils exhibit the identical same corrosion characteristics in both natural exposure test and NSS test with corrosion mainly observed in the edge region. Compared with the sample after NSS test for 60 days, the sample after natural exposure test for 2 year had lager corrosion extension distance of edge area, smaller low-frequency impedance modulus and larger contact angle, which indicated more severe corrosion. The comparative analysis of results indicates that the NSS test recommended by standards for a duration of 500–1500 h cannot accurately evaluate the service performance of precoated aluminum foil used in air conditioner in marine atmospheric environment.