Amberlite XAD-2 Research Articles

Humus removal efficiency from river water by a variety of methods and phycical-chemical properties of isolated humus

The efficiency of hwnic substances isolation, from river water was assessed utilizing a variety of techniques. Selected physical and chemical characteristics of isolates were analysed, in order to compare properties of the isolated material. It was found that the recovery of dissolved hwnus depends on a method employed for isolation. Thus it was equal to 70 % (extraction), 87 % (reverse osmosis), 33 % ( coprccipitation), 76 % (anion exchange), and ranged from 40 % to 87 % for a variety of solid sorbents. The efficiency of sorption/desertion on solid sorbents, measured as recovery of coloured substances (%), was equal to: activated carbon (100/40), weak anion exchanger DEAE (Cr) (95/95), styrene-divinylbenzene Amberlite XAD-2 (96/87), poliacrylamideAmberlite XAD-8 (98/87)

Simple, insensitive to environmental matrix interferences method of trace cadmium determination in natural water samples

A simple, fast, and inexpensive anodic stripping voltammetric procedure for trace determination of cadmium in natural water samples containing high concentrations of surface-active substances was described. It was proved that interferences from the organic matrix such as surface-active substances could be removed by the addition of Amberlite XAD-7 resin to the analyzed sample prior to the voltammetric measurement. A renewable mercury film silver-based electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) was used as the working electrode. The following optimum conditions were found: 0.1 mol L−1 acetic acid, accumulation potential of − 0.8 V, and accumulation time of 30 s. The linear range of Cd(II) was observed over the concentration range from 5 × 10−8 mol L−1 to 6 × 10−5 mol L−1, with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.997. The detection limit of Cd(II) for preconcentration time of 30 s was 1.3 × 10−8 mol L−1. The proposed procedure was successfully tested for the detection of cadmium in different non-pretreated and non-deaerated real water samples.

Electrochemical behavior of flufenamic acid at amberlite XAD-4 resin and silver-doped titanium dioxide/ amberlite XAD-4 resin modified carbon electrodes.

Novel sensors based on carbon paste assorted with amberlite XAD-4 resin and silver-doped titanium dioxide/amberlite XAD-4 resin (Ag-TiO2/XAD) were designed and employed for sensitive detection of flufenamic acid (FFA). The main objective of this study is to develop novel electrochemical sensors for more sensitive and selective detection of FFA and to propose its oxidation mechanism. In this perspective, we have developed modified electrodes using amberlite XAD-4 matrix and Ag-TiO2/XAD-4 mixture. These sensors when used in conjunction with different voltammetric techniques to observe enhanced outcome on FFA electrode reaction in PBS of pH 7.0. Our data confirmed exceptional stability, sensitivity, and quick responses for FFA. The effect of modifier, analyte concentration, pH of buffer solution, pre-concentration time, and sweep rates on electrochemical behavior of FFA was investigated. The current intensities were linearly proportional to the concentration of FFA. From the calibration plot of different concentrations of FFA, the detection limit of 3.6 nM at XAD-CPE and 1.2 nM, respectively at AgTiO2/XAD-CPE were obtained. The estimation of FFA in biological as well as clinical samples was achieved using the chemically modified electrodes.

Removal of Th(IV) ion from wastewater using a proper Schiff base impregnated onto Amberlite XAD-4

An Amberlite XAD-4 resin loaded with a Schiff base ligand was used for the removal of Th(IV)ions from aqueous solution. The procedure was based on the adsorption of Th(IV) ions on Amberlite XAD-4 resin loaded with a synthesized tetradentate Schiff base bis(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde)-1,2-ethylendiimine prior to their determination by inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The effect of parameters influencing such as aqueous phase pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature dependency of the process and the effect of interfering ions was verified and discussed. Under optimal conditions (pH= 5, adsorbent amount 0.1 g, contact time 45 min, and at temperature of 25 °C) for Th(IV) ions (initial concentration 20 mg/L) were quantitatively removed from 20 mL of the sample solution. A comparison of the adsorption efficiency of the studied resin loaded with a Schiff base with those unloaded ones shows a shift for uptake of the metal ions vs. pH curves towards lower pH values by applying the loaded resin with Schiff base (about ΔpH0.5=1.9). The kinetic data corresponds well to the pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption data for the studied ions were well fitted by the Freundlich isotherm. Thermodynamic investigation reveals that the adsorption process of the studied ions is entropy driven.

Competitive removal of malachite green and Rhodamine-B using Amberlite-XAD-4 impregnated with Aliquat 336: experimental and modelling studies

ABSTRACTUse of solvent impregnated resin in the separation has emerged as a new area of interest. It is a hybrid process with the characteristics of adsorption, ion-exchange and extraction. Here, Aliquat 336 impregnated Amberlite XAD-4 resin was used to remove Rhodamine-B and malachite green individually and from their mixtures in the aqueous solution. The performance of prepared resin was studied in batch mode to analyze the effect of adsorbent dosage, pH, concentration of dye solution, salt concentration, time, and temperature. Characterization (using FE-SEM, EDS, FTIR, and point of zero charge), regeneration, and cost analysis of the adsorbent were also done.

Chemical profiles and aroma contribution of terpene compounds in Meili (Vitis vinifera L.) grape and wine

The chemical profiles and aroma contribution of terpene compounds in Meili grapes and wine were analyzed. Bound terpene compounds were extracted using methanol, purified using Amberlite XAD-2 resin, concentrated in methanol/ethyl acetate, and enzymatically hydrolyzed to release aglycones. Free terpene compounds were identified using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Wine aroma characteristics were quantified by a trained sensory panel. Seventeen terpene glycosides were quantified in grapes and wines as pentosyl-glucopyranoside, the content of which ranged from 804 to 836 μg/kg, and from 155 to 192 μg/L, respectively. Eight free terpenes were present in wines with their content ranging from 40.1 to 59.7 μg/L. Linalool was abundant both in bound and free terpenes, and mathematical regression revealed that terpenes, especially linalool (contribution efficient > 0.4), contributed heavily to Meili wine aroma. Finally, a molecular rearrangement scheme based on linalool was proposed in Meili grape and wine.

Facile fabrication of Amberlite XAD-16 with dipicolylamine for remediation of industrial wastewater containing lead and copper: Isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and selectivity studies

A new chelating resin was synthesized for the selective removal of potentially toxic Pb (II) and Cu (II) by the functionalization of a ligand dipicolylamine on the Amberlite XAD-16 resin through azo (NN) linkage. Physicochemical parameters of the synthesized XAD-DP resin were characterized by using FT-IR, TGA-DTA, SEM, 13C NMR, BET analysis and point zero charge studies. It showed good reusability (55 cycles) and high stability. The optimum experimental variables for sorption/desorption of metal ions were systematically investigated by batch method. The maximum sorption for Pb (II) and Cu (II) were observed at pH 5.6 at the equilibrium time of 60 and 150 min, respectively with a resin dosage of 0.1 g and desorbed quantitatively by using 5 mL of 2 M HCl. Among five studied isotherm models, the maximum adsorption capacities were 166.67 and 36.63 mg g−1 for Pb (II) and Cu (II) respectively at 308 K in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model. The sorption kinetics and thermodynamic studies revealed that adsorption of Pb (II) and Cu (II) followed pseudo-second-order kinetics with endothermic and spontaneous behaviour. In addition, XAD-DP shows the preferential adsorption for Pb (II) and Cu (II), respectively in competitive metal ion environment. The applicability of the synthesized resin was explored through batch studies in industrial effluents resulting in >97.9% removal efficiency for Pb (II) and Cu (II) in battery manufacturing industries and 100% removal from thermal power plants effluents.

Modification of Amberlite XAD-2 resin for U(VI) adsorption from Egyptian crude phosphoric acid

Adsorption of U(VI) from Egyptian crude phosphoric acid was studied using the modified Amberlite XAD-2 resin. Modification process was performed by soaking Amberlite XAD-2 resin in tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) and di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) for increasing its adsorption capacity via equilibrium batch technique. For this purpose, different effective parameters such as: a dose of adsorbent, contact time, temperature, phosphoric acid concentration, and initial uranium (VI) concentration were investigated. The maximum sorption capacity by the modified resin achieved 67 mg g−1 of U (VI). Sorption of U (VI) follows both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Not less than 93% of the U (VI) uptaken by the modified Amberlite XAD-2 resin was desorbed using 1 mol L−1 NaCl + 0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4.

Rapid and Effective Isolation of Dissolved Organic Matter Using Solid-Phase Extraction Cartridges Packed with Amberlite XAD 8/4 Resins

Using the conventional XAD 8/4 method with general columns to isolate dissolved organic matter (DOM) is extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study presents a rapid and effective method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges packed with XAD 8/4 resins for isolating various DOMs. The relative fraction (percentage hydrophobic, transphilic, and hydrophilic) of the various DOMs processed by both methods showed similar values. Moreover, changes in the molecular weight distribution of effluent from XAD 8/4 resins processed by both methods showed the same ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence absorbance pattern s. The biopolymer compositions of eluates from XAD 8/4 resins also showed no significant difference between the two methods. However, higher carbon recovery of the isolation method using SPE cartridges was found (with columns: 88.9%; with SPE: 95.9%). In addition, the proposed method using SPE cartridges packed with XAD 8/4 resins is much faster than that using general columns (with columns: 1468 min; with SPE: 485 min). The proposed isolation method is highly efficient and accurate; it is an excellent candidate method for isolating various DOMs.

Optimization and equilibrium studies of phenol removal by modified Amberlite XAD-2 polymer using statistical optimization approach

Optimization and equilibrium studies of phenol removal by modified Amberlite XAD-2 polymer using statistical optimization approach

A Comparative Study Between High Density Polyethylene, Polyurethane Foam and Amberlite XAD-2 in the Removal of Different PAHs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are classified as persistent organic pollutants found in all environmental compartments and in certain concentrations may present health risks. This work compared the performance of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyurethane foam (PUF) for the removal of PAHs naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene (ANT), and chrysene (CHR) from individual aqueous solutions, relative to Amberlite XAD-2. Batch studies were performed at 20 °C and monitored via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The effect of the organic modifier, amount of adsorbent, capacity, and adsorption kinetics were investigated. Using 10% acetonitrile as the organic modifier, the removal of ANT and CHR was greater than 90% in 0.5 g of HDPE and PUF. By reducing the amount of the three adsorbents to 0.1 g, the removal percentages did not change significantly – they remained above 90% for most PAHs. The greatest differences were for the CHR, which decreased from 87.5% to 37.6% in HDPE, 91.4% to 63.8% with PUF, and 86.9% to 47.8% in XAD-2. The adsorption capacity in the range of 0–180 min was governed by two stages: the first occurred within 60 min, where the sorption rates were higher; and the second, between 60 and 180 min, where practically no variations occurred. Kinetic data were analyzed by the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and Weber and Morris models. With the exception of NAP, the pseudo-second-order model applies to all compounds. The values of k2 ranged from 0.19 to 1.46 (g mg−1 min−1) in HDPE, between 0.19 and 2.96 (g mg−1 min−1) for PUF and 0.10 and 3.20 (g mg−1 min−1) in XAD-2. The results demonstrate the viability of the HDPE and PUF polymers as easily available alternative materials to XAD-2.

Eu(III) removal by tetrabutylammonium di-hydrogen phosphate (TBAH2P) functionalized polymers

Polymers involved as adsorbent materials during Eu(III) removal tests were prepared by functionalization of a natural polymer – cellulose, and a commercial one represented by Amberlite XAD7. As extractant, we used tetrabutil ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate (TBAH2P) which is a cheap and environmentally friendly product. Impregnated polymers using a rotavapor system in which the quaternary ammonium salt used as extractant was concentrated on to the used polymer. Later obtained materials were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray electron dispersion (EDX). During experimental test we determine pH, contact time, Eu(III) initial concentration and temperature effect on the functionalized polymers adsorption capacity. Therewith for both functionalized polymers, a comparison was made between the adsorption process characteristics based on kinetics and thermodynamic studies.

Adsorption of Bisphenol-A from aqueous solution using amberlite XAD-7 impregnated with aliquat 336: Batch, column, and design studies

Bisphenol-A (BPA) was removed from water solution using washed (WX7) and impregnated (IX7) Amberlite XAD-7 resin with Aliquat-336 (A336). 0.5 g (IX7-0.5) and 1 g (IX7-1) of A336 per g of WX7 were loaded on the resin. Characterization of prepared adsorbents was done by FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, BET. Point of zero charge study was also conducted to find the point at which the surface of adsorbent became neutrally charged. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments in the batch mode were carried out to observe the influence of contact time, amount of adsorbent, the initial concentration of BPA, pH, temperature, and ionic strength of solution (NaCl and Na2SO4) on the adsorption. IX7-1 showed comparatively better removal efficiency than that of IX7-0.5 or WX7. 5 g L-1 was determined to be the optimum mass of adsorbent (WX7, IX7-0.5, and IX7-1). Equilibrium (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) and kinetic (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich) models were fitted to the experimental results. Used IX7-1 was regenerated up to 5 times, and showed almost the same removal and good reusability of impregnated resin even after 5th cycle. Studies in a fixed bed column were also done by changing the flow rate, the height of the bed, and initial BPA concentration to evaluate the performance of IX7-1. Models like Thomas, Adham Bohart, and BDST were used to predict the column behavior, and to estimate the parameters for the scale-up of the process. Finally, the economic analysis of prepared resin was done, and the cost of impregnated resin (IX7-1) was found to be $2.055/g.

Efficacy of engineered GO Amberlite XAD-16 picolylamine sorbent for the trace determination of Pb (II) and Cu (II) in fishes by solid phase extraction column coupled with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Graphene oxide (GO) was immobilized innovatively through azo spacer arm onto the surface of polymeric Amberlite XAD-16 resin in order to expose all oxygen functionalities freely available for metal ions coordination and further modification with picolylamine which governs selectivity. The GO Amberlite XAD-16 picolylamine enables the development of SPE column coupled with ICP-OES for preconcentration and determination of Pb (II) and Cu (II) in water and fish samples. Elution was performed by mild acid (2M HCl) no other carcinogenic organic solvent was used, prevents ligand leaching. Under optimized conditions, the preconcentration factors of 150 and detection limits 1.434 and 0.048 µg L−1 for Pb (II) and Cu (II) were obtained respectively.

Simultaneous Preconcentration and Determination of Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow in Foodstuffs by Solid-Phase Extraction Combined UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Background: Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow, two highly water-soluble synthetic food dyes, are the most popular food dyes used and consumed. Although they are not highly toxic, some health problems can be observed when excessive amounts of food products containing these dyes are consumed. Objectives: The aim of the study was to develop a simultaneous UV-Vis combined solid-phase extraction method, based on the adsorption onto Amberlite XAD-8 resin, for determination of Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow dyes. Methods: Sample solution was poured into the reservoir of the column and permitted to gravitationally pass through the column at 2 mL/min flow rate. Adsorbed dyes were eluted to 5 mL of final volume with 1 mol/L HNO₃ in ethanol solution by applying a 2 mL/min flow rate. Dye concentrations of the solution were determined at 483 and 630 nm for Sunset Yellow and Brilliant Blue, respectively. Results: The detection limits of the method for Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow were determined as 0.13 and 0.66 ng/mL, respectively. Preconcentration factor was 80. Brilliant Blue contents of real food samples were found to be between 11 and 240 μg/g. Sunset Yellow concentrations of foodstuffs were determined to be between 19 and 331 μg/g. Conclusions: Economical, effective, and simple simultaneous determination of Brilliant Blue and Sunset Yellow was achieved by using a solid-phase extraction combined UV-Vis spectrometry method. Highlights: The method is applicable and suitable for routine analysis in quality control laboratories without the need for expert personnel and high operational costs because the instrumentation is simple and inexpensive.

Investigation into the removal of glucosinolates and volatiles from anthocyanin-rich extracts of red cabbage.

The aim of the present article was an in-depth characterization of cyanidine-rich red cabbage extracts and the identification of challenges emerging during the purification of their pigments. Two extraction procedures using either hot acidified or temperate water at its genuine pH were compared. LC-MS analyses revealed 20 mostly acylated anthocyanins, five aliphatic glucosinolates, and four indolic glucosinolates as non-volatile constituents. In addition, volatiles were characterized by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Whereas the glycosidic precursors do not impair the sensory properties, their enzymatic degradation products may evoke unpleasant flavors. The crude pigment extract obtained with hot acidified water contained low concentrations of C6 aldehydes, isothiocyanates, nitriles, and sulfides, and was selected for purification experiments. Amberlite XAD 16 HP, polyamide, chitosan, and lignosulfonate were used as adsorbents and flocculants. Particularly, Amberlite and lignosulfonate treatment diminished the content of glucosinolates and volatiles. Interestingly, indolic glucosinolates and acylated anthocyanins showed similar behavior in all purification procedures performed.

Antioxidant properties of feruloylated oligosaccharides of different degrees of polymerization from wheat bran.

In this study, four main components of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs),FOs-1, FOs-2, FOs-3 and FOs-4,were isolated from wheat bran by use of Amberlite XAD-2 and Sephadex LH-20. Structural characterization of FOs was determined by use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Antioxidant properties were investigated in vitro. Average degrees of polymerization (DP) of the four components (FOs-1, FOs-2, FOs-3 and FOs-4) were approximately 10.6, 7.7, 6.1 and 3.4, respectively. In addition, DP were consistent with molar ratios of arabinose and xylose in 1:9.46, 1:5.30, 1:2.91 and 1:0.19, respectively. The presence of β-glycosidic linkage was confirmed at 896cm - 1 by use of FT-IR. In vitro antioxidant studies demonstrated that FOs-1, FOs-2, FOs-3 and FOs-4 possessed significant antioxidant activities in the dose-dependent manner. In addition, the degree of polymerization affected antioxidant capacity. These results have improved our understanding of the relationship between FOs with different structural types and their antioxidant activities.

Polymer-hybrid silica composite for the azo dye removal from aqueous solution

The article presents a cost-effective approach to the preparation of polymer-hybrid silica composites in the form of spherical beads, a micrometer in size, which are easy to handle and completely water wettable. Taking into account the swelling phenomenon of the Amberlite XAD7 HP resin, tetramethoxysilane and [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane were introduced into polymeric particles with different molar fractions, which was followed by their hydrolysis and condensation in the vapor phase; as a result polymer-amino-functionalized silica systems were formed. The article discusses the characteristics of the composites and their performance on the Cochineal Red A (Ponceau 4R) adsorption and desorption. The composite azo dye adsorption capacity is much higher (up to ×100) than for the parent polymer and reaches about 46 mg g−1. The desorption of azo dye from composites can be enhanced by the modification of the pH of the release medium. Thus, the described materials may be regarded as effective adsorbents for the colorant removal.

Amberlite XAD7 resin functionalized with crown ether and Fe(III) used for arsenic removal from water

Abstract Water represents an essential resource for life and for all natural processes. Our existence and our economic activities are totally dependent on this precious resource. It is well known that into the developing countries the main resource of drinkable water is represented by underground waters, so their contamination with arsenic represents a real problem that needs to be solved. To solve the problem of arsenic water pollution, it was necessary to develop a series of chemical, physicochemical and biological methods to reduce arsenic concentrations from water. From all these methods, adsorption offers many advantages including simple and stable operation, easy handling of waste, absence of added reagents, compact facilities and generally lower operation cost. The goal of this paper is to study the sorption properties of a new adsorbent material prepared by impregnating Amberlite XAD7 resin with crown ether (dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether) and loaded with Fe(III) ions. Solvent impregnated resin (SIR) method was used for functionalization. Amberlite XAD7 resin functionalization was evidenced by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis and determination of specific surface by the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed in order to determine the removal efficiency of the studied adsorbent for arsenic removal from water. In order to study the As(V) adsorption mechanism the experimental data were modelled using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Kinetic of adsorption process was better described by pseudo-second-order model. Experimental data were fitted with three non-linear adsorption isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips. Obtained experimental data were better fitted by Sips adsorption isotherm. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The results proved that Amberlite XAD7 resin with crown ether and loaded with Fe(III) is an efficient adsorbent for the As(V) removal from water. The possibility of reuse the adsorbent material through adsorption and desorption cycles was also studied and it was found that the material can be used in five sorption-desorption cycles. Maximum adsorption capacity obtained experimentally being 18.8 μg As(V)/g material.

Extraction and separation studies of rare earth elements using Cyanex 272 impregnated Amberlite XAD-7 resin

As a part of technological evaluation of Eskisehir-Beylikahir thorium–Rare Earth Elements (REEs) ore of Turkey, a novel study investigating the extraction behaviours of light REEs for Cyanex 272 impregnated Amberlite XAD–7 resin was carried out. Solvent impregnated resin (SIR) was prepared by the impregnation of kerosene diluted Cyanex 272 onto Amberlite XAD–7 resin. SIR was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA–DSC, surface area and porosity analyses. The usability of Cyanex 272 impregnated XAD–7 for the extraction of La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd from nitric acid solution was investigated by batch experiments. Parameters affecting the uptake of these metal ions such as pH, contact time and liquid/solid (V/m) ratio were studied. Experimental data indicated that REEs have a tendency to behave as two separate groups as La, Pr, Nd and Sm, Eu, Gd. Light elements are being displaced by the heavier elements as they load up. Kinetic data fit the pseudo second order model for each element and the capacity values at the equilibrium were obtained as 11.1, 0.56, 1.69, 0.75, 0.10 and 0.25 mg g−1 for La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd, respectively. Complete stripping of Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Gd(III) and 95.1% of Eu(III) ions were achieved by using 0.1 mol L−1 HNO3 in one stage batch contact.