Amazonian Territory Research Articles

Rethinking international law along with Amazonian ontologies: problematizing human-non-human divisions

Abstract This article focuses on the nature-culture dimension in the Amazonian territory as an ontological question. It is argued that international law, as a product of modern Western societies, reflects and reproduces particular ideas about what the environment is. These ideas in turn reflect specific nature-culture relations that are not necessarily present in other societies. This is especially evident in contexts such as the Amazon, where the basic assumptions that modern Western society takes for granted cannot be extrapolated. The argument is illustrated through the Amazonian Kukama-Kukamiria people’s conception of the river, which was put on the ropes by the implementation of a development project. It is proposed that rethinking international law along with the Amazon means situating oneself in not only a geographically but also ontologically different place.

Wolbachia Natural Infection of Mosquitoes in French Guiana: Prevalence, Distribution, and Genotyping

Wolbachia are the most spread bacterial endosymbionts in the world. These bacteria can manipulate host reproduction or block virus transmission in mosquitoes. For this reason, Wolbachia-based strategies for vector control are seriously considered or have already been applied in several countries around the world. In South America, Wolbachia have been studied in human pathogen vectors such as sand flies and mosquitoes. In French Guiana, the diversity and distribution of Wolbachia are not well known in mosquitoes. In this study, we screened for Wolbachia natural infection in mosquitoes in French Guiana by using 16S rRNA, Wolbachia surface protein (WSP), and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) molecular assays. A total of 29 out of 44 (65.9%) mosquito species were positive for natural Wolbachia infection according to the PCR results, and two Wolbachia strains co-infected three specimens of Mansonia titillans. Then, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among the Wolbachia detected. All of the tested specimens of Aedes aegypti, the major dengue vector of French Guiana, were negative. These results regarding Wolbachia strain, distribution, and prevalence in mosquitoes from French Guiana highlight Wolbachia–mosquito associations and pave the way for a future Wolbachia-based strategy for vector control in this Amazonian territory.

Are you a True Patriot? Twentieth‐century Dominican State Formation in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This article examines the role played by Dominican missions in Ecuador's Amazonian territory from approximately 1930–1970. In the Dominicans' own monthly magazine, they claimed not only the roles of infrastructural development, “civilisation” of indigenous peoples, and nationalisation of territory, as did Catholic missions elsewhere; but also the roles of mediator of competing interests and redeemer of the entire country. The central Pastaza River region and important cities like Mera and Puyo were administered and developed chiefly by the Dominican missions ahead of massive colonisation and economic development linked to agriculture and oil drilling. This research contributes to our understanding of the role of Catholic missions in Ecuador's twentieth century by demonstrating that print media allowed them to be more than just frontier institutions. It also illustrates how Ecuador's “Oriente” came to be more fully integrated into the nation prior to the oil boom of the 1970s.

Viewpoint: Sovereignty and reversing Brazil’s history of Amazon destruction

Brazilians have lived for many years under governments with discourse proclaiming the need to occupy and develop the Amazon to integrate this vast territory into the rest of the country. Increasing the region’s population, economic activity and infrastructure have been promoted to expand agricultural production and to protect Brazil's Amazonian borders and natural resources from foreign nations; but the processes of occupation and development have taken pathways with severe impacts. Infrastructure to connect to markets now facilitates the destruction of the region’s forests, and illegal activities were openly supported until recently by Jair Bolsonaro’s (2019–2022) presidential administration. Although Brazil’s sovereignty over its Amazonian territory is uncontested, today it is a space that is largely controlled by those who exploit the region’s commodities, often, ironically, led by foreign interests.

Ecological perplexities in contemporary Colombian art

Inhabiting paradise does not necessarily mean a life in harmony. Moreover, the history of mankind has repeatedly reminded us how wealth can be a nightmare. Where the extractivist fever of the colonial empires has taken us is today our heritage, we are witnesses of its catastrophic consequences and devastating statistics. The voices of the inhabitants of the peripheral territories, in relation to the hegemonic centers of power, have been silenced for centuries, although today, we have to recognize, we are witnessing exceptional times. Culture, platform par excellence for the legitimation of a community, is today an essential tool for the people of the uncomfortable periphery. That said, the Amazonian territory could not be left out of the artistic panorama, especially since it is a central point of ecological and environmental attention. This article specifically collects four examples of Colombian art that consider this precise territory of South America as a source of inspiration for contemporary culture. Taking into account different artistic practices, it is intended to give an overview of the processes and concerns that the Amazon awakens in the artistic and collective imaginary; examples that show us how we can learn from the jungle, be it as individuals, as a nation and above all, as humanity.

Hospitalization due to fire-induced pollution in the Brazilian Amazon: A causal inference analysis with an assessment of policy trade-offs

Developing countries by relying on agricultural fires trade respiratory health for cheaper land preparation and greater food security of subsistence farmers. In the Brazilian Amazon, thousands of kilometres of vegetation are annually burned, releasing pollutants that impact the health of 24 million inhabitants. The paper seeks to fill two crucial informational gaps for policy planning, namely, the size of the impact on the most pollution-susceptible groups, i.e., children and the elderly, and the priority locations for health-oriented intervention on fires. A municipal-monthly panel covering ten years of the Amazonian territory was analysed by relying on exogenous and high-resolution wind direction variation to identify the effect of fires on pollution and hospitalizations. This is an unparalleled effort for applying to a large geographical area spanning five million km2 a highly refined identification strategy relying on hourly gridded wind and fire data. As the result, one extra standard deviation of “upwind” fires was estimated to increase asthma-related hospitalization of the elderly in 0.03 days/month, that is, 4 % of the bed-days commonly demanded by such kind of hospitalization, an effect whose size decayed with the distance between fires and hospitals. A policy assessment uncovered the trade-off between respiratory health of the elderly and nutritional health of fire-dependent subsistence farmers, presenting a priority map for tackling the issue with municipal-level interventions. The targeting of non-subsistence fires is advised, what could avoid 28 days of hospitalization per year. It is thus demonstrated that the trade-offs inherent to agricultural fires could be better balanced by evidence-based targeting of fire prevention policy.

Situating in Place Indigenous Engagements in Capitalist Market Relations

We use a decolonial approach to political economy and a social conceptualization of space to examine how Indigenous cultural understandings and knowledge mediate market rationalities in context. Indigenous Awajún notions of tajimat pujut (life in abundance) and their horticulturalist practices are embedded in a relational ontology that situates humans as part of the ecosystem in the Peruvian Northwest Amazon. As the Awajún are increasingly incorporated into market economies, these notions and practices interact and, at times, converge with the instrumental rationalities of neoliberalism and notions of sustainability and equity that are embedded in local agricultural support programs. We detail these interactions by drawing on ethnography and secondary sources. In the case of the Awajún, we find that Indigenous rationalities are not entirely subsumed by neoliberalization. To the contrary, Awajún values of tajimat pujut and their relationship with the Amazonian territory mediate, transform, and delimit neoliberal governmentality practices. These discourses and relations coexist in tension with an emerging marketization of the Amazon, and are being reworked through contradictions that shape Indigenous productive decisions and impact the sustainability of the forest. Marketization creates opportunities for the native population to obtain income while promoting capital circulation in neighboring markets and amplifying nascent inequalities. Tajimat pujut resonates with discourses and policies relating to pro-poor sustainable local development, producing an Awajún preference for small crop production and aversion to forest depletion, contrary to mestizo preferences for intense monoculture. In this way, neoliberalization is rendered incomplete even as market relations are increasingly incorporated into Awajún economic practices.

Situating in Place Indigenous Engagements in Capitalist Market Relations

We use a decolonial approach to political economy and a social conceptualization of space to examine how Indigenous cultural understandings and knowledge mediate market rationalities in context. Indigenous Awajún notions of tajimat pujut (“life in abundance”) and their horticulturalist practices are embedded in a relational ontology that situates humans as part of the ecosystem in the Peruvian Northwest Amazon. As the Awajún are increasingly incorporated into market economies, these notions and practices interact and, at times, converge with the instrumental rationalities of neoliberalism and notions of sustainability and equity that are embedded in local agricultural support programs. We detail these interactions by drawing on ethnography and secondary sources. In the case of the Awajún, we find that Indigenous rationalities are not entirely subsumed by neoliberalization. To the contrary, Awajún values of tajimat pujut and their relationship with the Amazonian territory mediate, transform, and delimit neoliberal governmentality practices. These discourses and relations coexist in tension with an emerging marketization of the Amazon, and are being reworked through contradictions that shape Indigenous productive decisions and impact the sustainability of the forest. Marketization creates opportunities for the native population to obtain income while promoting capital circulation in neighboring markets and amplifying nascent inequalities. Tajimat pujut resonates with discourses and policies relating to pro-poor sustainable local development, producing an Awajún preference for small crop production and aversion to forest depletion, contrary to mestizo preferences for intense monoculture. In this way, neoliberalization is rendered incomplete even as market relations are increasingly incorporated into Awajún economic practices.

NEGROS NO AMAZONAS: CONSTITUIÇÃO DE IDENTIDADE ÉTNICO-RACIAL E AÇÃO AFIRMATIVA

The affirmation of quilombola identities has been growing in recent years in the State of Amazonas, as well as the struggle for recognition of black communities. The presence of Africans and their descendants in Amazonas, treated in the background for long periods of local history, has been constantly referred to in research on Amazonian cultural formation. The black experiences that until recently were silenced in the local history have given rise to reflections and resignifications among the Amazonians. Based on the above, this study presents records of black culture and discusses its new approaches in certain areas of regional society, dealing with the resistance and black identities in the Amazonian territory. Bibliographic research was used with works that deal with the black presence in Amazonas (SAMPAIO, 2011; SILVA JÚNIOR, 2006). The sources make it possible to approach the history, experiences of Africans and Afro-descendant identities in the Amazonian territory, themes of paramount importance for the knowledge of an Amazon Plural, contributing to different interpretations and analyzes that come out of the limitations or misunderstandings about the historical-social formation and identity ethnic-racial in the region.

Analysing intensification, autonomy and efficiencies of livestock production through nitrogen flows: A case study of an emblematic Amazonian territory

CONTEXT: Livestock farming is a major factor in the balance or disruption of bio-geochemical cycles, climate and biodiversity. The Brazilian Amazon is emblematic of these tensions between livestock production and environment. Extensive cattle production has spearheaded the territorial conquest of this region for more than 50 years, and is the main cause of deforestation. The intensification of animal production is presented as a success factor for long-term maintenance of low deforestation and a good level of production. Yet in reality there is no guarantee of this outcome, and very few studies focus on quantifying the effective intensification of the Amazonian livestock sector, and its impact on deforestation.OBJECTIVE: The objective of our article is to characterize and discuss the evolution of livestock farming in Paragominas (Brazil). This municipality is presented as an example of sustainable agrarian transition in the Amazon. After several decades with one of the highest rates of Amazon deforestation, Paragominas reduced its annual deforestation rate tenfold between 2005 and 2012.METRHODS: We analyse the livestock sector, using the method of territorial metabolism. The first step consisted in making an inventory of all material flows and all areas used either directly or indirectly by livestock farming. We calculate productive and environmental indicators' trends from 1990 to 2012 (intensity, production, efficiency, self-sufficiency, deforestation and N surplus).RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We observe an extensive farming system with low density (between 0.47 and 0.83 LU/ha), low production (between 0.97 and 1.48 kg N/ha/year), low efficiency, but a large degree of self-sufficiency (exceeding 95%), and very low N surplus per hectare (between 14 and 16 kg N/ha/year). Ruminants account for 98% of all Livestock Units (LU) and over 95% of animal production. The selected indicators to characterize the intensity of farming systems are divergent: indicators expressed per unit area show extensification, with a decrease in animal density, inputs per ha and a stabilization of production per ha. However, production per animal unit and livestock efficiency increase across the study period.SIGNIFICANCE: The increase in animal production and efficiency was not related to the decrease in deforestation. The increased oversight of land use, along with strict policies, enabled the cessation of deforestation, but this did not result in the intensification of livestock farming for the moment. Our study shows that there is significant potential to increase livestock production and efficiency.

Present Trajectories in Amazonian Studies: Intimate Frontiers

Present Trajectories in Amazonian Studies:Intimate Frontiers Daniel Hernández Guzmán Felipe Martínez-Pinzón and Javier Uriarte. Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon. Liverpool, England: Liverpool UP, 2019. 275 pp. ISBN 978-1-78694-183-1 Felipe Martínez-Pinzón and Javier Uriarte. Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon. Liverpool, England: Liverpool UP, 2019. 275 pp. ISBN 978-1-78694-183-1 The book Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon, compiled by Juan Felipe Martínez Pinzón and Javier Uriarte, is a crucial work on Amazonian history and literature. Published in 2019, in the midst of a global environmental crisis, this book emerges at a critical moment in which the Amazonian territory takes on particular relevance both for its biological diversity and for being a space where myriad native and non-native peoples coexist. Intimate Frontiers offers a detailed look at the Amazon archive through a compilation of articles dealing with texts from diverse Amazonian origins and different historical periods. From an oikographic perspective, the essays collected in this book propose an image of the Amazon as an inhabited space in contrast to two metaphors traditionally linked to this territory: uninhabitable Green Hell and utopian El Dorado. Although organized in chronological order, three thematic lines run through the book's structure: territorial disputes over the region, forms of transculturation, and domestic and intimate Amazonian experiences. First, the book examines how the Amazon has been territorially perceived, represented, and mapped by different nations. These analyses continue Mary Louise Pratt's tradition by looking at how this territory's history emerges from gazes and descriptions from metropolitan or foreign audiences. The first three essays in the book unpack how authors from Colombia, Perú, and Brazil have represented and mapped the Amazonian territory for the sake of national interests and claims. In his essay, Felipe Martínez-Pinzón compares how early twentieth-century Colombian writers Miguel Triana and Rafael Uribe Uribe's texts serve different political projects that seek to integrate the Amazonian territory and its inhabitants within Colombian national borders. Similarly, Cristobal Cardemil-Krause analyzes how Peruvian writer Hildebrando Fuentes omits reports of the violence caused by rubber extraction in his Amazonian writings, seeking the central Peruvian government's support of modernizing projects in Loreto. From there, Cynthia Torres uses the emblematic case of Euclides da Cunha to examine the narrative mechanisms through which metropolitan Brazil justified its governance [End Page 186] of Acre. Torres argues that da Cunha, like the Brazilian state, questioned Peruvian government's presence in the Amazon, arguing against its rubber industry, while, due to the historical cessions of territory to Brazil, he mediated in favor of Bolivia's authority over this territory. Finally, through an analysis of Disney's documentary The Amazon Awakens (1944), Barbara Weinstein unveils an interventionist rhetoric that appeals to the figure of the "good neighbor" and presents the Amazonian people's interests as aligned with those of the global North, lacking only foreign intervention to achieve modernization. These studies offer new perspectives on the modalities used by several nations in the Amazon to (re)claim the Amazon as a national space. By inquiring about the literature stemming from transculturation between European and Native American narratives, some essays in this collection answer to a tradition that includes Ángel Rama and Ana Pizarro. In her article, Charlotte Rogers looks at Órphãos do Eldorado (2008) by Brazilian Manuel Hatoum rewrites mythical Amazonian narratives in conjunction with the European myth of El Dorado. Rogers highlights Hatoum's uses both traditions to question and reimagine the hybrid history of Amazonian modernity. Similarly, Rick Bolte analyzes the translation and reception of Yuruparí, arguing that this indigenous narrative acquires the form of a legend by virtue of translation, first into Italian and then into Spanish. By exploring the intersections between a Native American narrative form and western gender expectations, Bolte questions the character of Yuruparí as a legend and as a foundational literary text in Colombia. Likewise, Lucía Sá departs from the theoretical frame of perspectivism, developed by the anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, to revisit the Penón myths compiled by Theodor Koch-Grundberg. S...

A Unified Health System (SUS) for the Brazilian Amazon: contributions of the social theory of Boaventura de Sousa Santos

The Brazilian Amazon is far from being a homogeneous area. There are various forms of occupation and livelihood in the area that have in common a daily life deeply marked by interaction with the natural environment. Highlighting some elements of Boaventura de Souza Santos' social theory, this paper discusses how the problem of a linear timeline and the dominant scale in hegemonic thinking has served to leave the Amazonian territories outside the scope of inclusion in public health planning. It further points out that in order to engender 'post-abyssal' thinking in the SUS for the region inevitably requires the redefinition of the economic role of the region and an inclusive social development framework with the Brazilian Amazon, and not irrespective of it. Lastly, the possibility that the local SUS should be based on a three-pronged approach, not exclusively urban-centered, which considers its territorial extension, population density and the ways in which access to health services takes place.

Crime and Armed Groups in the International and Legal Amazon

Transnational illicit activities, in addition to the unbridled greed for mineral resources, strongly impact Amazonian territories extending from the Orinoco Mining Arc in Venezuela to northern Brazil, aggravating problems of environmental impacts and border security, due to groups of the armed forces that protect mineral explorers. In Venezuela, megabandas joined the political elite that controls gold mining, as well as members of the Colombian Armed Forces (FARC) and armed military groups representing institutionalised violence, placing Venezuela in second place for murder among South American countries in 2020, with a rate of 45.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. In turn, Brazil reached ninth place, with 19.3 per 100,000 inhabitants. Violent deaths in the North and Northeast regions increased up to a great extent due to clashes between the Red Command and Northern Family factions against the largest group, the First Command of the Capital (PCC), which has more and more Venezuelan members, modifying the criminal modus operandi on the Brazil–Venezuela border. Therefore, Security and Border Defence Plans are indispensable.

O resistir e reexistir das populações tradicionais e extrativistas no Território Amazônico Amapaense

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de descolonização do pensamento colonial empreendido em três territórios Amazônicos Amapaense. Para tanto, adotamos metodologias participativas, com os comunitários que integram as organizações sociais locais, com um total de 240 participantes. Os resultados demonstram que a concepção de pertencimento pelos ribeirinhos amazônicos, é para além do uso dos recursos naturais, mas, sobretudo das relações que são estabelecidas com o meio ambiente, e a certeza de que seus direitos sociais fazem parte da luta contra-hegemônica. Logo, precisamos ter um olhar atencioso para novas/velhas práticas, e um olhar de esperança para superar os desafios do reexistir, entendendo que a construção coletiva fortalece a luta por direitos das comunidades tradicionais amazônicas pelo uso sustentável de seus territórios.

Educar para la Paz en la universidad pública: ¿Un Imperativo en la Amazonía Colombiana?

Entre luces y sombras, temores y esperanzas Colombia camina en el proceso de la implementación de la paz, por consiguiente, la universidad pública en la amazonia debe erguirse en la labor de vigilar y acompañar las comunidades indígenas, afrodescendientes y campesinas en defensa del cumplimiento de los acuerdos firmados en 2016. En el posconflicto, la universidad debe pensarse como “universidad para la paz”, proyectada en su función social; como agente de paz, fomente el acceso con equidad, promueva oferta académica pertinente, amplíe la cobertura, forme profesionales competentes y socialmente responsables y contribuya a la elaboración y resignificación del proyecto de nación partiendo desde el reconocimiento de lo que somos desde el territorio amazónico. El espíritu revolucionario de los estudiantes de Córdoba ilumine la conquista del derecho a la paz estable y duradera para la Amazonia colombiana liderada desde la Universidad Pública.

Frontier: Reflections on the Meaning and Fertility of This Concept in Amazonian Urban Studies

Frontiers are generally defined as sparsely populated peripheral geographic areas compared to the political-economic centers in which demographic or accelerated technological processes are manifested. In Amazonia, the frontier have been characterized as the first wave of modernity to penetrate the coast of unexplored territories. The definitions of frontiers in the Amazon have been linked to colonial, imperial forces and capitalist economies. All have caused the arrival and formation of several social groups that, as a whole, have defined the long-term globalization process. But this region, in any case, does not fall within this definition. Modernity has reached its shores for centuries, and Amazonians have reacted in so many ways that Amazonian space and society is a fragmented skirt of time frames. In this sense, the hypothesis supported by this article, in urban and territorial studies, is that the common characterization of Amazonia as a frontier should be deeply revised. This territory has been part of the capitalist world system for more than five centuries and may be better be conceived and interpreted as a composition of enclave environments, economies and ecologies, whose relationships to external political and socio-economic powers is deeply rooted and far less fragile than the frontier usage implies. Methodologically, the analysis focuses on socio-spatial and territorial planning literature about Amazonia and concerning Amazonian territorial constructions highlighting those many factors that seem to contribute to the continued plausibility of the frontier notion. Principal results are related to the construction of a critique to the sense, value and fertility of the concept of 'frontier' un urban and territorial planning practices in contemporary Amazonian territories.

A Framework to Incorporate Biological Soil Quality Indicators into Assessing the Sustainability of Territories in the Ecuadorian Amazon

In Amazonian Ecuador, land-use change from tropical rainforest to different productive purposes is leading to irreversible situations from an environmental perspective. The objective of this paper was to highlight the significance of the biological components in the soils in Amazonian Ecuador, and the importance of considering biological soil quality indexes when assessing environmental impacts in the soils of tropical Pan-Amazonian areas. Since the literature on the subject is dispersed and inaccessible, a bibliographic review was conducted, with the aim of compiling protocols and proposals for practical utilization. We compiled tables, including specific indicators from the biological point of view. We present the available methods for assessing the sustainability of Amazonian territories through the analysis of soil quality. Our contribution facilitates an edaphic perspective to be taken into account in decision-making processes for sustainable territorial development.

Like a pro: Communication, camaraderie and group cohesion in the Amazonian esports scenario

This article discusses the processes involved in the construction of group membership and cohesion in a semiprofessional team of esports in the city of Belém, the capital of the state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazonian territory. This effort discusses what characterizes the progression and union of a particular team in a local competitive scenario in which ephemeral teams predominate. Based on an eleven-month ethnography with a set of players engaged in professional competitive practice, and through observations from field research, we compiled a set of 12 essential characteristics filled out by the team. Also, this study points to the development of an ethos of professionalism in a peripheral context, indicating the existence of an Amazonian esports scenario – in the North Region of the Brazil, with emphasis in Belém, Pará. The results indicate the subsistence of a social fabric composed of a variety of other elements that, in turn, constitute an ethos of group camaraderie that plays a central role in the competitive dynamics that underlie the team as a group.

Sociocultural approach for promoting agroecological rural extension in Amazon

A Organização das Nações Unidas aponta a agricultura como patrimônio da humanidade e a Agroecologia como ferramenta viável para promoção e manutenção do direito à soberania alimentar. Julga-se importante, do ponto de vista científico, conhecer os agroecossistemas e seus atores sociais. Foram acompanhadas e descritas práticas de assistência técnica agrícola oferecidas a agricultores na região da Tríplice Fronteira Amazônica (Peru, Brasil e Colômbia), através do método observação-participante em atividades oferecidas pela Fundacion Caminos de Identidad (FUCAI) e pela Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI). As intervenções presenciadas possuíam abordagem sociocultural e promoviam a autonomia comunitária. Sugere-se que modelos de assistência técnica com olhar sociocultural, sensíveis às realidades locais e focados na promoção da autonomia comunitária refletem positivamente, não só nas comunidades onde são aplicadas, como também em todo território amazônico.

Realidade e desafios da educação infantil do campo na Amazônia paraense

Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre a realidade e desafios da Educação Infantil do Campo na Amazônia Paraense, resultantes dos estudos que vem sendo desenvolvidos pelo Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Educação do Campo na Amazônia (Geperuaz) em articulação com o Fórum Paraense de Educação do Campo e o Observatório da Educação Superior do Campo. Objetivamos, com esses estudos, produzir informações sobre o atendimento à Educação Infantil do Campo do Estado e dos Municípios Paraenses, com a perspectiva de fortalecer as lutas pela garantia do direito à educação nessa etapa escolar, conforme estabelece a legislação educacional do país. Tomando como fundamento análise bibliográfica e documental, com disponibilização de dados estatísticos, iniciamos o artigo contextualizando o território Amazônico e apresentando reflexões que referenciem os desafios enfrentados pela Educação Infantil nesse território. Na sequência, destacamos o atendimento nessa etapa escolar pelos municípios paraenses e as propostas pedagógicas que vêm sendo implementada, analisando aspectos relevantes da realidade encontrada. Os resultados indicam a urgência e necessidade de valorizar as crianças que vivem no campo e na cidade, no Estado do Pará, na Amazônia e no Brasil, e a implementação de políticas públicas é crucial para que isso se efetive, especialmente nos territórios rurais.