Alzheimer's Disease Rats Research Articles

Cacao consumption improves passive avoidance memory impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: the role of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and oxidative stress.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes progressive loss of cognitive function and synaptic plasticity, which is the most common form of dementia. The present study was designed to scrutinize the effects of cacao on passive avoidance memory function and to identify the roles of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and oxidative stress in an AD rat model induced by unilateral intracerebroventricular (UICV) injection of amyloid-beta (Aβ). Methods: Oral administration of cacao (500 mg/kg/ day) was given for 2 consecutive months. A memory retention test was conducted 24 h after passive avoidance training was completed. Subsequently, the amplitude of population spike (PS) and slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were assessed at hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in perforant pathway-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses. Moreover, total thiol group (TTG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were evaluated in the plasma. Furthermore, compact Aβ plaques were detected in the hippocampal DG by performing Congo red staining. Results: As a result of AD induction, passive avoidance memory was impaired; also, reduced fEPSP slopes, PS amplitudes, and content of TTG, and increase in MDA levels in the rats were observed. In contrast, cacao treatment ameliorated passive avoidance memory impairment, improved hippocampal LTP impairment, modulated oxidative-antioxidative status, and delayed Aβ plaques production in AD rats. Disscussion: Conclusively, cacao alleviates Aβ-induced cognitive deficit, probably by the amelioration of hippocampal LTP impairment, modulation of oxidative-antioxidative status, and inhibition of Aβ plaque accumulation.

Oxyresveratrol-β-cyclodextrin mitigates streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's model cognitive impairment, histone deacetylase activity in rats: in silico & in vivo studies

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with cognitive deficits and epigenetic deacetylation that can be modulated by natural products. The role of natural oxyresveratrol-β-cyclodextrin (ORV) on cognition and histone deacetylase activity in AD is unclear. Herein, in-silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis determined that oxyresveratrol potentially targets histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2). We therefore evaluated the in vivo ameliorative effect of ORV against cognitive deficit, cerebral and hippocampal expression of HDAC in experimental AD rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg) induced experimental AD and the rats were treated with low dose (200 mg/kg), high dose (400 mg/kg) of ORV and donepezil (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. The STZ-induced AD caused cognitive and behavioural deficits demonstrated by considerable increases in acetylcholinesterase activity and escape latency compared to sham control. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and HDAC activity were significantly increased in AD disease group comparison to the sham. Interestingly, the ORV reversed the cognitive-behavioural deficit and prominently reduced the MDA and HDAC levels comparable to the effect of the standard drug, donepezil. The findings suggest anti-AD role of ORV via antioxidant effect and inhibition of HDAC in the hippocampal and frontal cortical area of rats for AD.

Serum and urine metabolomics based on UPLC-QTOF/MS reveal the effect and potential mechanism of "schisandra-evodia" herb pair in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The "schisandra-evodia" herb pair (S-E) is a herbal preparation to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanism of S-E in AD rats, utilizing pharmacodynamic assessments and serum- and urine-based metabolomic analyses. Pharmacodynamic assessments included Morris water maze test, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry experiments. The results of the study showed that the AD model was successful; the S-E significantly enhanced long-term memory and spatial learning in AD rats. Meanwhile, S-E notably ameliorated Aβ25-35-induced cognitive impairment, improved hippocampal neuron morphology, decreased Aβ deposition in the hippocampus and mitigated inflammatory damage. We then analyzed serum and urine samples using UPLC-MS/MS to identify potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways. Metabolomic analysis revealed alterations in 40 serum metabolites and 38 urine metabolites following S-E treatment, predominantly affecting pathways related to taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. This study elucidates the biochemical mechanism underlying AD and the metabolic pathway influenced by S-E, laying the groundwork for future clinical applications.

The Protective Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Q10 Supplementation on Learning and Memory Impairments in Male Rats with Amyloid-β-Induced Alzheimer's Disease.

Oxidative stress plays a major role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related cognitive deficits. This study was done to determine the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alone and in combination for eight continuous weeks, on oxidative status, cognitive functions, and histological changes in the hippocampus in amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced AD rats. Ninety male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the sham, control, Q10 (50 mg/kg of CoQ10; P.O.), HIIT (high intensity: 4 min running at 85-90% VO2max, low intensity: 3 min running at 50-60% VO2max), Q10 + HIIT, AD, AD+Q10, AD+HIIT, and AD+Q10 + HIIT groups. The results showed that Aβ injection reduced cognitive functions in the Morris water maze (MWM) test and recognition memory in the novel object recognition test (NORT), which was accompanied by a decrease in total thiol groups, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, an increase in malondialdehyde levels, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Interestingly, pretreatment with CoQ10, HIIT, or both, could markedly improve the oxidative status and cognitive decline in the MWM and NOR tests, and hinder neuronal loss in the hippocampus of Aβ-induced AD rats. Therefore, a combination of CoQ10 and HIIT can improve Aβ-related cognitive deficits, probably through an amelioration in hippocampal oxidative status and prevention of neuronal loss.

Anxiety in Alzheimer's disease rats is independent of memory and impacted by genotype, age, sex, and exercise.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairments; however, heightened anxiety often accompanies and, in some cases, exacerbates cognitive its. The present study aims to understand the influence of multiple variables on anxiety-like behavior in TgF344-AD rats and determine whether anxiety impacts memory performance. An elevated plus maze was used to assess anxiety-like behavior in the established colony (n=107). Influences of age, sex, genotype, and exercise on anxiety were evaluated via multiple linear regression. Correlation analysis evaluated the relationship between anxiety and memory performance. Age (P<0.05) and AD genotype (P<0.001) were associated with increasing anxiety, while exercise (P<0.05) was associated with decreasing anxiety. Female AD animals displayed more anxiety-like behavior versus wild-type female (P<0.001) and AD male (P<0.05) littermates. Concluding that while factors such as age, sex, AD genotype, and training status can impact anxiety levels in the TgF344-AD model, anxiety level did not impact memory performance. Increased anxiety-like behavior in TgF344-AD rats does not correlate with declines in memory performance. Predictors of higher anxiety-like behaviors in the TgF344-AD rat include age, Alzheimer's disease (AD) genotype, and sex with female AD animals experiencing greater anxiety compared to female wild-type or male AD. Exercise training leads to decreased anxiety-like behaviors in the TgF344-AD rat.

Study on the role and mechanism of Tan IIA in Alzheimer’s disease based on CREB-BDNF-TrkB pathway

The occurrence and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is closely related to neuronal loss, inflammatory response, cholinergic imbalance, and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Previous studies have confirmed that Streptozotocin (STZ) can be used to establish a rat model of AD by injecting it into the rat brain via the lateral ventricle. Our previous research showed that Danshentone IIA (Tan IIA) can improve cognitive dysfunction in rats caused by CC chemokine ligand 2, and network pharmacology results show that Tan IIA is very likely to improve AD symptoms through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine kinase receptor protein (TrkB) pathway. The results of the water maze experiment showed that after Tan IIA treatment, the escape latency of AD rats was shortened and the number of platform crossings increased; in the new object recognition experiment, the discrimination index of AD rats significantly increased after treatment; Nissl staining and Tunel staining results showed that Tan IIA increased the number of surviving neurons in the hippocampus of cognitively impaired rats and reduced neuronal apoptosis; Bielschowsky silver staining results showed that Tan IIA reduced neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the AD rats; Tan IIA can reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative stress reaction in the hippocampus of AD rats, and at the same time reduce the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Tan IIA can significantly increase the expression of CREB, BDNF, TrkB in the hippocampal tissue of STZ-injured rats (P < 0.05). These data suggest that Tan IIA may upregulate the expression of the CREB-BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in the hippocampus of brain tissue, produce anti-neuroinflammatory, antioxidant stress, inhibit neuronal apoptosis effects, and improve cholinergic neurotransmitter disorder induced by STZ, reduce the neuronal damage and learning and memory impairment caused by STZ in rats, and improve the cognitive function of rats.

Palmatine improves cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease model rats through autophagy pathway and regulation of gut microbiota

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a primary degenerative encephalopathy that first appeared as a decline in memory and learning skills. Over time, the condition's severity grew. Palmatine (Pal) alleviates Alzheimer's disease symptoms, which has neuroprotective benefits. Numerous investigations have demonstrated a close relationship among AD and gut structure changes. The aim of the research was investigating whether the improvement of Pal on AD is linked to regulating gut flora and autophagy. First, we used Aβ1-40 to induce apoptosis in HT22 cells. After Pal treatment, apoptosis can be improved. Then, We used bilateral intracranial hippocampal injection of Aβ1-40 for establishing the AD model, after treatment with Pal, the morris water maze experiment and eight-arm maze test demonstrated that Pal enhanced the AD rats' capacity for learning and memory, HE staining illustrated that Pal improved the morphological abnormalities of brain cells and gut tissue damage. Pal reduced the death of hippocampus neurons, as shown by Nissl staining. Pal substantially reduced Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ accumulation in the brain, according to immunohistochemical labelling. Pal improved the expression of LC3, Beclin 1, AMPK, and suppressed the expression of mTOR and P62, as validated by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence labelling. This suggests that Pal's treatment of AD may be associated with the control of the AMPK/mTOR autophagy signalling system. 16S rRNA sequencing and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content detection analysis illustrated that Pal has the potential to enhance the content of SCFAs, reverse the alterations in gut microorganisms. It has been showed by the study that Pal could improve AD by activating autophagy signaling pathway and improving gut barrier changes.

Kai-xin-san improves cognitive impairment in D-gal and Aβ25-35 induced ad rats by regulating gut microbiota and reducing neuronal damage

Ethnopharmacological relevanceKai-Xin-San (KXS) is a classic herbal formula for the treatment and prevention of AD (Alzheimer's disease) with definite curative effect, but its mechanism, which involves multiple components, pathways, and targets, is not yet fully understood. Aim of the studyTo verify the effect of KXS on gut microbiota and explore its anti-AD mechanism related with gut microbiota. Materials and methodsAD rat model was established and evaluated by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal and bilateral hippocampal CA1 injections of Aβ25-35. The pharmacodynamics of KXS in vivo includes general behavior, Morris water maze test, ELISA, Nissl & HE staining and immunofluorescence. Systematic analysis of gut microbiota was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. The potential role of gut microbiota in the anti-AD effect of KXS was validated with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments. ResultsKXS could significantly improve cognitive impairment, reduce neuronal damage and attenuate neuroinflammation and colonic inflammation in vivo in AD model rats. Nine differential intestinal bacteria associated with AD were screened, in which four bacteria (Lactobacillus murinus, Ligilactobacillus, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group) were very significant. ConclusionKXS can maintain the ecological balance of intestinal microbiota and exert its anti-AD effect by regulating the composition and proportion of gut microbiota in AD rats through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Nicotinamide Riboside Attenuates Memory Impairment and Depressive-like Behavior in an Alzheimer’s Disease Animal Model

IntroductionDepression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) differs from major depression in terms of clinical features and treatment. Antidepressants do not provide the expected benefits in depressive symptoms accompanying cognitive decline in AD, suggesting distinct mechanisms. Emerging research suggest that compromised mitophagy, the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. However boosting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to induce mitophagy reduces amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and enhances cognitive function in AD models (Kerr et al.,Trends Neurosci 2017;40:151-66). Nevertheless, data on NAD’s impact on depression in AD remains limited.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the impact of the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) on cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in a AD rat model.MethodsTo induce the AD, a single dose of 5 μl Aβ1-42 was injected into each lateral ventricle of rats (day 0), while the control group received an intracerebroventricular (icv) saline (0.9%NaCl).Four experimental groups were designed: control (icv saline+po saline), NR (icv saline+po NR), Aβ (icv Aβ+po saline), and Aβ+NR (icv Aβ+po NR).After the injection, to reduce Aβ clearance (Kang et al. Science. 2009;32 1005-7.) rats were subjected to 96 hours of sleep deprivation.Starting from day 6, rats were given either 700 mg/kg oral NR or saline, and handling test scores were recorded daily.The procedures were repeated daily until the rats were sacrificed on day 28.Behavioral experiments were randomly conducted at the end, and statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Tukey post hoc test.ResultsPassive avoidance test results showed that the Aβ group had the shortest latency to enter the dark area. However, the Aβ+NR group exhibited a prolonged latency compared to the Aβ group (F(3,2)=5.5;p&lt;0.05). Aβ injection induced depressive-like behavior in rats, as indicated by the forced swim test (FST) for behavioral despair and the sucrose preference test (SPT) for anhedonia. In AD rats treated with NR (Aβ+NR), Aβ-induced depressive-like behavior was reduced, with lower FST immobility scores (F(3,2)=6.2;p&lt;0.05) and increased sucrose preference in the SPT (F(3,2)=7.5;p&lt;0.05). There were no significant differences in anxiety-like behaviors among the groups, assessed by the time spent in the open arm in the elevated plus maze test (F(3,2)=1.9;p&gt;0.05). During the 28-day monitoring period, the Aβ+NR group of rats exhibited a more rapid decrease in aggression levels compared to the other groups in the handling test. This decrease was significant between days 7 and 10 compared to the Aβ group (F(48,5)=1.5;p&lt;0.05).ConclusionsNR improved memory, reduced depressive behavior, and lowered aggression in AD rats. This suggests that NAD+ precursor NR effectively treats cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms in an AD model.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

[18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-sorbitol ([18F]FDS) PET imaging repurposed for quantitative estimation of blood-brain barrier permeability in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease

Numerous studies suggest that blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction may contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinically available neuroimaging methods are needed for quantitative "scoring" of BBB permeability in AD patients. [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-sorbitol ([18F]FDS), which can be easily obtained from simple chemical reduction of commercial [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose ([18F]FDG), was investigated as a small-molecule marker of BBB permeability, in a pre-clinical model of AD using in vivo PET imaging. Chemical reduction of [18F]FDG to [18F]FDS was obtained with a 100% conversion yield. Dynamic PET acquisitions were performed in the APP/PS1 rat model of AD (TgF344-AD, n=3) compared with age-matched littermates (WT, n=4). The brain uptake of [18F]FDS was determined in selected brain regions, delineated from a coregistered rat brain template. The brain uptake of [18F]FDS in the brain regions of AD rats versus WT rats was compared using a 2-way ANOVA. The uptake of [18F]FDS was significantly higher in the whole brain of AD rats, as compared with WT rats (P<0.001), suggesting increased BBB permeability. Enhanced brain uptake of [18F]FDS in AD rats was significantly different across brain regions (P<0.001). Minimum difference was observed in the amygdala (+89.0±7.6%, P<0.001) and maximum difference was observed in the midbrain (+177.8±29.2%, P<0.001). [18F]FDS, initially proposed as radio-pharmaceutical to estimate renal filtration using PET imaging, can be repurposed for non-invasive and quantitative determination of BBB permeability in vivo. Making the best with the quantitative properties of PET imaging, it was possible to estimate the extent of enhanced BBB permeability in a rat model of AD.

Therapeutic Effects of Arctiin on Alzheimer's Disease-like Model in Rats by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammasomes and Fibrosis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects approximately 50 million people globally and is expected to triple by 2050. Arctiin is a lignan found in the Arctium lappa L. plant. Arctiin possesses anti-proliferative, antioxidative and anti-adipogenic. We aimed to explore the potential therapeutic effects of Arctiin on rats with AD by evaluating the expression of TLR4, NLRP3, STAT3, TGF-β, cyclin D1, and CDK2. AD was induced in rats by administering 70 mg/kg of aluminum chloride through intraperitoneal injection daily for six weeks. After inducing AD, some rats were treated with 25 mg/kg of Arctiin daily for three weeks through oral gavage. Furthermore, to examine the brain tissue structure, hippocampal sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and anti-TLR4 antibodies. The collected samples were analyzed for gene expression and protein levels of TLR4, NLRP3, STAT3, TGF-β, cyclin D1, and CDK2. In behavioral tests, rats showed a significant improvement in their behavior when treated with Arctiin. Microimages stained with hematoxylin/eosin showed that Arctiin helped to improve the structure and cohesion of the hippocampus, which was previously impaired by AD. Furthermore, Arctiin reduced the expression of TLR4, NLRP3, STAT3, TGF-β, cyclin D1, and CDK2. Arctiin can enhance rats' behavior and structure of the hippocampus in AD rats. This is achieved through its ability to reduce the expression of both TLR4 and NLRP3, hence inhibiting the inflammasome pathway. Furthermore, Arctiin can improve tissue fibrosis by regulating STAT3 and TGF-β. Lastly, it can block the cell cycle proteins cyclin D1 and CDK2.

The Effect of Exercise and Sildenafil on Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Tropomyosin Kinase B Receptor in the Hippocampal of Alzheimer's Rats

Objectives: Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with the formation of amyloid β plaques in the brain. This study investigates the effects of a resistance training course with sildenafil supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the hippocampal tissue of rats with Alzheimer disease. Methods: A total of 40 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups. Alzheimer induction was performed with β-amyloid peptides 1-14. Rats performed resistance training 5 sessions per week for six weeks. Sildenafil was injected intraperitoneally. Then, 72 h after the last training session, the hippocampus of the rats was extracted. The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and tropomyosin receptor kinase B mRNA (P≤0.001). Results: The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant difference between the control group and the experimental groups. Discussion: Training and sildenafil supplementation groups performed better in the Morris water maze cognitive test compared to other groups. Resistance training and sildenafil supplementation, by synergizing their effects, can increase tropomyosin receptor kinase B, the expression of neurotrophin genes, and hippocampal receptors; in addition, they are effective in the development of cognitive activity and memory.

Proteomic analysis of baicalin intervention on protein expression and modification in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease model rat

Objective We aimed to explore the treatment effect and therapeutic mechanisms of baicalin in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods The AD rat model was established by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-40, with rats in the baicalin group receiving baicalin intraventricular injections. Morris Water Maze and Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) Staining were employed to detect the successful model construction and baicalin treatment effect. The proteins extracted from the hippocampus were subjected to proteomics analysis. Bioinformatics technology was employed for differential protein screening, functional classification, and enrichment. Western Blot was employed to validate the expressions of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and the protein modification alternations. Results Water maze test confirmed the successful AD model construction and baicalin can improve learning and memory abilities. A total of 26 DEPs associated with 28 Gene Ontology (GO) functions were identified in the model and 32 DEPs were obtained between the baicalin group and the model. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that AD occurrence resulted in neuronal dysfunction and was associated with immune responses. The baicalin therapeutic effect on AD may be associated with metabolic processes, vitamin response, angiogenesis regulation, and fatty acid response. Immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (Ighm) and Immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) exhibited significant increases in AD and baicalin attenuated their expressions, while Fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1) exhibited a significantly diminished expression and baicalin could reverse the trend. Succinylation detection exhibited the differentially expressed at 35 kD between the model and baicalin group. Conclusion Baicalin intervention may ameliorate cognitive impairment in AD rats by modulating the expressions of proteins and the succinylation modifications.

Retracted: Celastrol Attenuates Learning and Memory Deficits in an Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/5574207.].

Establishment of a pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics model of Schisandra lignans against hippocampal neurotransmitters in AD rats based on microdi-alysis liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Objective: Our previous studies substantiated that the biological activity of Schisandra chinensis lignans during the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was mediated by neurotransmitter levels, and 15 of its active components were identified. However, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of Schisandra chinensis lignans has been less studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Schisandra chinensis lignans in the treatment of AD, and to establish a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model. Methods and Results: Herein, we established a microdialysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry (MD-LC-TQ-MS) technique that could simultaneously and continuously collect and quantitatively analyze the active compounds and neurotransmitters related to the therapeutic effects of Schisandra chinensis in awake AD rats. Eight lignans were detected in the hippocampus, and a PK-PD model was established. The fitted curves highlighted a temporal lag between the maximum drug concentration and the peak drug effect. Following treatment, the levels of four neurotransmitters tended to converge with those observed in the sham operation group. Conclusion: By establishing a comprehensive concentration-time-effect relationship for Schisandra chinensis lignans in AD treatment, our study provides novel insights into the in vivo effects of these lignans in AD rats.

Identification of New Alkaloids from Algerian Purslane by HPLC-QTOF-MS and Beneficial Effect of Purslane Enriched with Zinc on Experimental Alzheimer Disease in Rats

Identification of New Alkaloids from Algerian Purslane by HPLC-QTOF-MS and Beneficial Effect of Purslane Enriched with Zinc on Experimental Alzheimer Disease in Rats

β-Amyloid peptide modulates peripheral immune responses and neuroinflammation in rats.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by immune system dysregulation, impacting both central and peripheral immune responses. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism behind the neurotoxic effects of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the rat brain including the study of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alterations in peripheral immune responses (PIR). The neuroinflammation brought on by Aβ1-42 and is unknown to influence PIR. Animal models were prepared, after 28 days, control, sham, and treated rats were anaesthetized and inflammatory markers of hippocampus and serum levels (reactive oxygen species, nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β), and some markers of PIR (splenic mononuclear cells or MNC, cytotoxicity and phagocytic index of the white blood cells leukocyte adhesion inhibition index or LAI), as well as polymorphonuclear cells of the spleen, were assessed. In addition to changes in peripheral immune responses, the present study found that AD rats had higher blood levels of inflammatory markers. Based on the study, the immune system irregularities observed in AD rats in the peripheral regions might be connected to neuroinflammation, which is facilitated by a compromised blood-brain barrier. Hence, it is viable to propose that the neuroinflammatory condition in rats with Aβ-induced AD could modify immune responses in the peripheral areas with significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines markers in the hippocampal tissue in Aβ-injected AD rats.

3-Acetyl coumarin alleviate neuroinflammatory responses and oxidative stress in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that impairs mental ability and interrupts cognitive function. Heavy metal exposure like aluminum chloride is associated with neurotoxicity linked to neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, accumulation of amyloid plaques, phosphorylation of tau proteins associated with AD like symptoms. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the effect 3-acetyl coumarin (3AC) in a rat model of AD. Preliminary screening was performed with SWISS ADME to check for the bioavailability of 3-AC and likeness score which proved favorable. 3-AC docked against Caspase 3, NF-κβ and tau protein kinase I exhibited good binding energies. Male rats were divided into six groups (n = 5). AlCl3 (100mg/kg BW) was administered for 28days before starting treatment to induce AD. Normal control rats received vehicle. Treatment groups received 10, 20 and 30mg/kg 3-AC for 28days. Rivastigmine (2mg/kg) was the standard. Behavioral tests (EPM, MWM) were performed at 7-day intervals throughout study period. Rats showed improved spatial memory and learning in treatment groups during behavioral tests. Rats were euthanized on day 28. Inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-16 and TNFα) exhibited significant improvement (p < 0.001) in treated rats. Oxidative stress enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA) were restored. Caspase3 and NF-κβ quantified through qRT-PCR also decreased significantly (p < 0.001) when compared to disease control group. Levels of acetyl cholinesterase, dopamine and noradrenaline were also restored in treated rats significantly (p < 0.001). 3-AC treatment restored neuroprotection probably because of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cholinesterase potential; hence, this can be considered a promising therapeutic potential alternative.

Study on multi-target effects of the novel HDAC6 inhibitor W5 on Aβ/Cu2+-induced Alzheimer's disease model of rats

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a key therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has been demonstrated to play an essential role in memory function and microtubule-associated tau physiology. In this study, W5 was used to treat AD model rats induced by Aβ/Cu2+ to study the improving effect of W5 on learning and memory impairment in AD rats and its related mechanism, to provide the basis for the subsequent development of W5 as an anti-AD drug. Results showed that W5 could decrease the expression of Aβ, Tau, and p-Tau proteins in the hippocampus of AD rats to inhibit the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, down-regulate the expression of Bax mRNA and Caspase-3 mRNA, and up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA to reduce the apoptosis of neuron cells, reverse the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA to regulate neuroinflammatory response in AD rat brain. W5 also could regulate the oxidative stress state of AD rats, and balance the neurotransmitter disorder in AD rats' brain tissue. Overall, W5 could recover the morphology of hippocampal neurons and improve the learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats by regulating multiple targets in AD rats, providing a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD.

Protective effects of myricetin and morin on neurological damage in Aβ1–42/Al3+ -induced Alzheimer’s disease model of rats

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disorder with unclear pathogenesis. Single-target drugs have very limited efficacy in treating AD, but synthetic multi-target drugs have poor efficacy and safety. Therefore, finding suitable natural multi-target drugs against AD is of great interest for research studies. We chose two flavonols, myricetin and morin, for the relevant study. In this study, we used microinjection of Aβ1–42 oligomers into the CA1 region of rat hippocampus, combined with gavage of Aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) solution to establish AD rat models, and myricetin and morin were selected as intervening drugs to explore the protective effects against neurological impairment. Experimental results showed that myricetin or morin could reduce the production of Aβ, Tubulin-associated unit (Tau), and Phosphorylated tubulin-associated unit (p-Tau), down-regulate the expression of relevant inflammatory factors, reduce hippocampal cell apoptosis in rats. There was a significant increase in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase, catalase, total superoxide dismutase, and the content of glutathione in the brain tissue. However, the content of malondialdehyde, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the activity of acetylcholinesterase were decreased in the brain tissue. These two flavonols can regulate the imbalance of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter levels. In conclusion, Myricetin or morin can effectively improve learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats induced by Aβ1–42/Al3+ through anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic features.