Alwar District Research Articles

Water Management and Sustainable Development in Alwar District

Water resources on Earth are fundamental for the development and survival of the entire biological world, including humans. Water plays a crucial role in the circulation and transmission of nutrients among various components of the ecosystem. The availability of water acts as a driving force for development, while its scarcity leads to destruction. It is well-known that water is a basic necessity for humans and a vital natural resource. Over the past few decades, humans have exploited this resource intensively through various activities. Consequently, several water-scarce regions, including parts of India and the world, have emerged as hotspots of water crises. Therefore, to address the water crisis, it is essential to conduct a thorough study of water resources and employ traditional as well as modern (non-traditional) water management methods. Only then will sustainable development be achievable. Abstract in Hindi Language: पृथ्वी पर जल संसाधन मानव सहित सम्पूर्ण जैविक जगत के विकास और उत्तर-जीविता के लिए आधारभूत संसाधन है। पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र के विभिन्न घटकों में पोषण तत्वों के गमनागमन एवं संचरण में जल महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा करता है। जल की उपलब्धता विकास की प्रेरक है, जबकि जलाभाव में विनाश होने लगता है। सर्वविदित है कि जल मानव की बुनियादी आवश्यकता और एक प्रमुख प्राकृतिक संसाधन है जिसका विगत कुछ दशकों से मानव ने अपने विविध क्रियाकलापों के द्वारा तीव्र दोहन किया है परिणामस्वरूप भारत सहित विश्व के अनेक जलाभाव वाले क्षेत्र जल संकट के हॉट-स्पॉट्स के रूप में उभरकर सामने आये हैं। अतः जल संकट के निवारण हेतु जल संसाधन का समुचित अध्ययन कर परम्परागत व आधुनिक (गैर परम्परागत) जल प्रबंधन विधियों का उपयोग करना आवश्यक है तभी पोषणीय विकास सम्भव हो पायेगा। Keywords: उत्तरजीविता, आधारभूत संसाधन, परम्परागत विधियाँ, दोहन, पोषणीय विकास

A cross-sectional epidemiological study of animal bite victims in district hospital Alwar, Rajasthan, India

Background: Rabies, an invariably fatal viral disease, transmitted to humans through animal bites, mostly dogs. According to WHO, each year, 23000-25000 people die in the SEA region due to rabies. These accounts for approximately 45% human deaths due to rabies worldwide. Objective was to study epidemiological trend of animal bite in Alwar district hospital. Methods: A retrospective, record-based study was conducted in 200 animal bite victims presenting to district hospital Alwar, Rajasthan wherein information on monthly number of animal bite cases was collected from records section of the hospital. Information on annual number of animal bite cases was available from the annual report of the hospital from 2018 onwards, this data was used for studying the monthly variation in animal bite cases. Data were compiled and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: Among 200 victims 76.3% were males, 56.7% belongs to 15-45 years, 61.6% were living in urban area, 31.3% and 21.7% of the victims were agriculture worker and laborers respectively. Among 95.8% victims bitten by dog, 89% of them were stray. 89.4% had category III bite, lower extremity affected in 60.8%, fate of animal was unknown in 78.6% and 46% of the victims were bitten during evening hours. Conclusions: Majority of bites were by stray dogs, unprovoked and category III bites. This indicates the need of large amount of anti-rabies serum or HRIG thereby increasing the cost of management of animal bite cases. There is a need to control stray dog population and immunize pet dogs.

A Contribution to the Flora of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Alwar District, Rajasthan

Sariska Tiger Reserve, one of the 15 Tiger reserves of India, is located in the undulating plateau lands and wide valleys of the hill ranges of Aravalli system, near the civil district of Alwar in Rajasthan. Established in the year 1978-79, it is about 140 km from Jaipur on Jaipur-Delhi State Highway and spreads over a total area of 800 sq. km with a core area of 498 sq. km. The reserve consisting of 37 forest blocks is a classic example of a rare amalgamation of natural history and archaeology. The 9th and 10th century ruins of the Siva temple of Grah Rajer, the Mediaeval fort of Kankwari and the Tomb of Lord Bhartrihari add to the grandeur of this reserve which abounds in wild life. The paper deals with a short history, Topography, Fauna & Vegetation of the area.

Contribution of Gram Panchayats in Rural Development: A Study of Shri Chandpura, Nayagaon Bolka, Thana Rajaji and Kaleshan Gram Panchayats of Alwar District

The condition of India's villages deteriorated significantly during British rule. After gaining independence, the decentralization of political and economic power in villages was achieved through the Panchayati Raj system. The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee recommended a three-tier structure for Panchayati Raj, including Gram Panchayats, Block Committees, and District Councils. This study analyzes the Gram Panchayats of Shri Chandpura, Nayagaon Bolka, Thana Rajaji, and Kaleshan in Alwar district. These Panchayats are now receiving necessary powers and funds, leading to visible prosperity in the villages. The research examines the issues faced by the Secretary, Sarpanch, and other officials under the Panchayati Raj, particularly financial difficulties and the challenges in implementing government schemes. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारत के गाँवों की दशा ब्रिटिश शासन के दौरान बहुत खराब हो गई थी। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद पंचायती राज व्यवस्था के माध्यम से गाँवों में राजनीतिक और आर्थिक सत्ता का विकेंद्रीकरण किया गया। बलवन्त राय मेहता समिति ने पंचायती राज के लिए त्रि-स्तरीय योजना की सिफारिश की, जिसमें ग्राम पंचायतें, क्षेत्र समितियाँ, और जिला परिषदें शामिल हैं। इस अध्ययन में अलवर जिले की श्रीचन्दपुरा, नयागांव बोलका, थाना राजाजी और कलेशान ग्राम पंचायतों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। इन पंचायतों को आवश्यक अधिकार और धन मिल रहा है, जिससे गाँवों में समृद्धि दिखने लगी है। इस शोध में पंचायती राज के अंतर्गत सचिव, सरपंच, और अन्य पदाधिकारियों की समस्याओं और पंचायत के कार्यों में आने वाली वित्तीय कठिनाइयों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। Keywords: सत्ता का विकेंद्रीकरण, पंचायती राज, ग्राम पंचायत, वित्तीय समस्या।

Heavy Metal Contamination of Water and their Toxic Effect on Human Health Area of Kishangarh Block of Alwar District (Rajasthan)

Heavy Metal Contamination of Water and their Toxic Effect on Human Health Area of Kishangarh Block of Alwar District (Rajasthan)

Unravelling seismogenesis and characterizing the unique features of two significant felt earthquakes (M > 4.0) of 2020 in the southwestern parts of the Delhi region

Two significant earthquakes (M4.6 and 4.2) occurred close to a NE–SW-trending lineament in the southwestern part of the Delhi NCR (National Capital Region) within a short time span of about 5 months in 2020. These events were located to the north of the Alwar district in Rajasthan and generated a significant ground shaking in and around Delhi. In the present study, we tried to understand a causal relationship between the events and a nearby source in the region, geologically demarcated as the lineament. We analyzed the broadband waveform data from 26 seismic stations that recorded the recent events of 03 July 2020 (M4.6) and 17 December 2020 (M4.2). Typically, the epicentral area has been devoid of significant earthquakes since the past six decades; however, a few minor events (M < 4.0) have been recorded till date. Analysis of the earthquake database for two decades (2000–2022) revealed low seismicity (nearly quiescent-like situation) in ∼100 sq km area around the epicentral zone, unlike considerable seismicity along faults/lineaments close to the Delhi region. The full-waveform inversion analyses of the events indicate normal faulting with a minor strike–slip components. The source parameters, viz., source radius, stress drop, and seismic moment, were estimated to be 6 km, 166 bars, and 8.28E+15 Nm, respectively, for the 03 July 2020 event and 4 km, 138 bars, and 2.29E+15 Nm, respectively, for the 17 December 2020 event. The causative source of these events is ascertained based on the stress inversion modeling that indicated a NW–SE tensile stress corroborating well with the NE–SW-trending lineament mapped in the study region. The static Coulomb stress modeling indicated that the event which occurred on 3 July 2020 had advanced the triggering process of the event in the northeast segment of the same source that occurred on 17 December 2020. We further emphasize that the aforementioned lineament probably activated due to the regional tectonics of the study area. The causative source of these events with strike 48°, dip 86°, and rake −60° is found to be in the conformity with the local tectonics and is well-supplemented by a high stress ratio (0.70 ± 0.05) and low friction coefficient (0.5).

A Review on Medicinal Plants of Sariska Tiger Reserve of Alwar district, Rajasthan”

A Review on Medicinal Plants of Sariska Tiger Reserve of Alwar district, Rajasthan”

Rooftop Photovoltaic Energy Production Estimations in India Using Remotely Sensed Data and Methods

We investigate the possibility of estimating global horizontal irradiance (GHI) in parallel to photovoltaic (PV) power production in India using a radiative transfer model (RTM) called libRadtran fed with satellite information on the cloud and aerosol conditions. For the assessment of PV energy production, we exploited one year’s (January–December 2018) ground-based real-time measurements of solar irradiation GHI via silicon irradiance sensors (Si sensor), along with cloud optical thickness (COT). The data used in this method was taken from two different sources, which are EUMETSAT’s Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Services (CAMS). The COT and AOD are used as the main input parameters to the RTM along with other ones (such as solar zenith angle, Ångström exponent, single scattering albedo, etc.) in order to simulate the GHI under all sky, clear (no clouds), and clear-clean (no clouds and no aerosols) conditions. This enabled us to quantify the cloud modification factor (CMF) and aerosol modification factor (AMF), respectively. Subsequently, the whole simulation is compared with the actual recorded data at four solar power plants, i.e., Kazaria Thanagazi, Kazaria Ceramics, Chopanki, and Bhiwadi in the Alwar district of Rajasthan state, India. The maximum monthly average attenuation due to the clouds and aerosols are 24.4% and 11.3%, respectively. The energy and economic impact of clouds and aerosols are presented in terms of energy loss (EL) and financial loss (FL). We found that the maximum EL in the year 2018 due to clouds and aerosols were 458 kWh m−2 and 230 kWh m−2, respectively, observed at Thanagazi location. The results of this study highlight the capabilities of Earth observations (EO), in terms not only of accuracy but also resolution, in precise quantification of atmospheric effect parameters. Simulations of PV energy production using EO data and techniques are therefore useful for real-time estimates of PV energy outputs and can improve energy management and production inspection. Success in such important venture, energy management, and production inspections will become much easier and more effective.

Multi Model Approach to Study the Effect of Conceptualization and Discretization on Groundwater Model

The objective of the study is to develop multiple steady state conceptual and numerical groundwater flow models for Bhiwadi region of Alwar district of Rajasthan, India. Automated parameter estimation tool (PEST) is used for the calibration of the models. To evaluate and select the best suited conceptual flow model, several statistical criteria such as RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), R-squared (R^2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), multi model information criteria: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) are used. The result of the study indicates that value R2, NSE and Pbias are almost similar for all the models, hence are insufficient to evaluate the models. Therefore, AIC and BIC statistical criteria are used for accurate evaluation. The result also indicates that grid size and orientation have immense impact on modeling output. For the study area coarse grid size has given better results as compared to finer grid size.

Evaluation of Scrub Typhus Surveillance, Alwar District, Rajasthan, India, July-August 2020.

Scrub typhus is one of the most underreported and fatal illnesses accounting for 23% of all febrile illness. Rajasthan reported cases during 2018-2019 in state reporting system but did not report any case to central Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) unit. We evaluated the Scrub typhus surveillance system in Alwar district, Rajasthan, with the objective of describing and evaluating the system and providing evidence-based recommendations to identify gaps. In cross-sectional study, we reviewed records and conducted key informant interviews at district- and block-level health facilities. Using US Centers for Disease Control guidelines, we evaluated the system by framing indicators for selected attributes for a defined reference period. Overall performance was ranked as outstanding (90-100%), excellent (80-89%), very good (70-79%), good (60-69%), and poor (<60%). Line list of confirmed cases was sent from district to block level for additional active case search (ACS) to implement control measures. We conducted 26 key informant interviews and reviewed records and calculated simplicity as 79%, flexibility 100%, data quality 46%, acceptability 92%, representativeness 48%, timeliness 43%, and stability 79%. Epidemiological surveillance (active and passive) is a core intervention under scrub typhus surveillance system. Lab reports were incompletely uploaded on IDSP portal. Surveillance reports should be updated after each ACS. Reporting format under IDSP should be uploaded timely, and lab reports from state should be sent within 48 hours of diagnosis so that case investigation is not delayed.

Impact of NCR plans in Alwar district

Impact of NCR plans in Alwar district

Technology Intervention in CFLD on Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum Linn) in Alwar district of Rajasthan, India

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of improved variety with the scientifi c package of practices (POP) on production, productivity and profi tability adoption and horizontal spread of chickpea. Three hundred CFLDs were conducted in 120 ha area with active participation of farmers and scientifi c staff of KVK. According to data analysis, the highest grain yield was obtained in demonstrated practices (DP) with an average of 2093 kg/ha as compared to farmer practice (FP) with an average of 1769 kg/ha, The average net return (Rs 662631 /ha) was obtained in the DP and Rs 528941 that was in FP. The most important factor B:C ratio indicates that whether CFLD technology is profi table or not. The average benefi t cost ratio was recorded higher in CFLDs (3.36) as compared to FP (3.08) during the period of investigation. An average seedling, maturity and total wilt complex disease occurrence only 14.66, 11.79 and 26.45, respectively showed wilting symptoms in DP as compared to 18.48. 14.69 and 33.18, respectively in FP. Thus, the result undoubtedly indicates that the use of improved variety and POP with scientifi c interventions under CFLDs program contribute to increase the production, productivity and profi tability of chickpea.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FARMERS' PROFILE AND THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARD KISAN SUVIDHAMOBILE APPLICATION

App is a computer programming design to run on different electronic devices such as smart phone, laptop, tablet and computer. The present study was conducted in Jaipur division of Rajasthan. In Jaipur district Govindgarh and Jhotwara blocks and from Alwar district, Bansur and Mandawar blocks were selected. Out of which 15 respondents from each of the gram panchayats was selected randomly. In this way, a total sample of 300 farmers was selected for the study purpose. It was found that independent variables viz., education, annual income of family, extension contact, mass media exposer, comsopoliteness, extension participation, sources of information utilization, achievement motivation and innovativeness were significantly associated with the attitude of the farmers about Kisan Suvidha app. On the other hand, variables like age, size of land holding, occupation, farming experience, size of family and social participation were not significantly associated with the attitude of the farmers about Kisan Suvidha app.

Allelopathic Effect of Anogeissus pendula Edgew. and Grewia flavescens A. Juss on Desmodium Species in Alwar district of Rajasthan

The effect of leaf leachates of Edgew. and A. Juss was evaluated on growth of the three Anogeissus spendula Grewia flavescens species of . reduced the percent seed Desmodium Anogeissus pendula in Alwar district of Rajasthan (27 4' to 28 4'N and 76 7' to 77 13'E) o o 0 o germination of from 85 in control to 43 at 2% concentration, from 80 in control to 50 at 6% concentration and D. repandum D. gangeticum D. triflorum Grewia flavescen from 78 in control to 28 at 0.1% concentration of leaf leachates. However, the leaf leachates of had similar effect on sthe former, whereas, it has more adverse effect on the seed germination of later two species. The leaf leachates of both the species also reduced the elongation of radicle and plumule of three species; however, the adverse effect of leaf leachates of was more Desmodium Grewia flavescens severe than that of the other species. Among the three species, the allelopathic effect of and Desmodium Grewia flavescens Anogeissus pendula was more severe on as compared to the other two species. Thus it may be suggested that the population of three species of Desmodium triflorum Desmodium Anogeissus pendula Grewia flavescens is partly regulated by the allelopathic effect of and in this tropical dry deciduous forest.

Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Dynamics in a Semi-Arid Watershed in Eastern Rajasthan, India Using Geospatial Tools

Land use/land cover (LULC) change analysis has become a unique approach in determining the extent of degradation of natural resources within a given period of time. Remote sensing and GIS techniques have proved to be efficient tools for mapping and analyzing LULC changes over the last few decades. LULC change analysis has been carried out in Ruparel watershed which is situated in Alwar district, Eastern Rajasthan, India, based on visual image interpretation and change detection analysis of multi-temporal satellite data pertaining to IRS-P6 LISS III data of 2004 (Path-Row 95:52), IRS-P6 LISS III of 2014 (Path-Row 95:52) and IRS-R2A LISS III data of 2021. Visual image interpretation led to the delineation of 13 LULC classes using ArcGIS 10.5 software and include categories such as cultivated land, fallow land dense forest, open forest, degraded forest, open scrub, gullied/ravenous land, settlement/built-up land, River/waterbody, dry waterbody/dry river, plantation, barren/rocky/stony waste, and stone quarry. Results of the analysis depict significant LULC changes that have taken place in the area from 2004 to 2021. LULC categories such as cultivated land and settlement/built-up land have reported major changes in terms of their increase with 56.42 km2 (4.63%) and 31.9 km2 (2.63%) respectively primarily because of an increase in population. Likewise, the dense forest has reported a decrease of 33.78 km2 (2.78%) in its area and has been converted into degraded forest i.e., 32.04 km2 (2.64%) and open forest 2.85 km2 (0.24%) due to increased human exploitation of forest resources and mining activities taking place within the forested area. The study area needs the immediate attention of policymakers and stakeholders as the study area being part of the National Capital Region (NCR) will see excessive in-migration of the population in coming years which will further deplete the precious resources in the area.

Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds in Ruparel Watershed, Rajasthan Based on Morphometric and Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Watershed prioritization is considered as the most significant aspect in watershed resource management and development program. The present work attempts to prioritize seventeen sub-watersheds in Ruparel watershed of Alwar district of Rajasthan, India. For prioritization of sub-watersheds, morphometric and land use/land cover (LULC) analysis were performed using remote sensing and GIS. Base map of the study area has been derived from SOI toposheet on 1:50,000 scale whereas LULC mapping was done using IRS P6 LISS III data. Standard methods for drainage morphometry have been followed for computing morphometric parameters such as linear and shape for seventeen sub-watersheds and allotted ranks based on their relationship with erodibility and a compound value has been calculated for final ranking. Five main LULC categories were computed and were assigned priority ranks and subsequently a compound parameter was determined for final ranking. Integration of both morphometric and LULC results reveal that SBW5, SBW7, SBW12 and SBW16 are the common sub-watersheds that fall under high priority, SBW3 falls under Medium category and SBW11 comes under low priority. The results of the analysis can be used to identify the sub-watersheds which need immediate restoration and will eventually help in watershed resource management for sustainable development.

Socio-cultural dimensions in Alwar district sub-region of NCR

Socio-cultural dimensions in Alwar district sub-region of NCR

Biomass as a means of achieving rural energy self-sufficiency: a concept

PurposeTo better understand bioenergy's role in sustainable rural development and cleaner environment, it is necessary to place it in a local regional context. This paper aims to provide a conceptual approach for biomass-based energy self-sufficiency in rural areas of developing and underdeveloped countries having a strong agricultural sector. It further provides a framework for the estimation of surplus biomass and bioenergy potential and the biomass power emissions in a rural area.Design/methodology/approachA detailed approach is laid out to attain energy self-sufficiency in rural areas encompassing identification of surplus biomass resources in a selected area, suitable conversion technologies, consideration of local end-use priorities, skill development and monitoring of the project.FindingsFollowing the novel approach proposed in this paper a case study analysis for Thanagazi block (Alwar District, India) is done, and it is observed that locally available biomass in the block can substitute more than 75% of the conventional energy demand and save 78% emissions vis-à-vis equivalent coal power. This indicates that creating local bioenergy production system as a means of substituting/complementing fossil energy can contribute to a cleaner self-sufficient ecosystem.Originality/valueBiomass is a spatio-temporal resource. Prior works have looked at bioenergy potential for national or state levels; however, granular data to reveal a more realistic outlook in a rural area is the novelty of this work. Furthermore, biomass assessment studies largely focus on crop residual biomass, whereas the present study also includes livestock manure assessment which is a major resource in rural areas. This paper highlights the need and the approach for exploring locally available biomass to meet the local energy demands for clean energy security while considering the involvement of the local population in bioenergy planning and implementation.

Status of Insecticide Resistance of Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi towards Insecticides in Alwar District of Rajasthan, India

Pyrethroids have been developed as a powerful insecticide that is widely used for space spray and residual indoor spraying, with impregnated nets included in the vector control programme. Insecticide resistance reduces the effectiveness of pesticides. Therefore, the vector susceptibility condition of the Anopheles stephensi is monitored in order to select the active ones. The current study is being conducted in a malaria-ridden area in various parts of the Alwar region of Rajasthan, India, against the malaria vector An. stephensi. The Susceptibility study was conducted by the WHO standardized method using the diagnostic doses of DDT, Alpha-cypermethrin and Deltamethrin. An. stephensi showed intermediate resistance to DDT from all over the study while susceptible to Alpha-cypermethrin and Deltamethrin.

Farmers need to adopt recommended package of practices for realizing higher benefit from greengram in alwar district of Rajasthan

Farmers need to adopt recommended package of practices for realizing higher benefit from greengram in alwar district of Rajasthan