Aluminum Alum Research Articles

The Staining Interactions of Aqueous Extract of Skin Allium cepa (Red Onion) on Some Selected Histological Tissues

Introduction: Histological stains are biological dyes which colour tissue in order to aid optical differentiation of tissue component. Dyes are coloured substance which impact colour for material such as textile, cosmetic, food, drugs, rubber plastics, hair, fur and tissues. There are two types of dyes namely; natural dyes and synthetic dyes. Allium cepa is an imperative, evergreen plant, which belongs to the family Amaryllidaceace commonly called bulb onion.
 Aim: This research work aimed at evaluating the staining capability of onion extract as counter stain when haematoxylin was used as primary stain.
 Methods: Tissue blocks sections of liver and kidney organs were made from the Wistar rat. Serial sections labelled A to M were made from each block and stained with Harris haematoxylin. Section A was counterstained with eosin, as control. Different preparations of extracts of the onion skin were used to counter stain sections of kidney and liver tissues. Group B to Mwere kidney and liver tissues stained as follows: B, E, H and K (5% aqueous and ethanolic extract with ferric chloride, 5% aqueous and ethanolic extract with potassium aluminium alum, and 5% aqueous and ethanolic extract without mordant, for 10 and 20 minutes). C, D, F, G, I, J, L and M (5% aqueous and ethanolic extract with ferric chloride, 5% aqueous and ethanolic extract with potassium aluminium alum and 5% aqueous and ethanolic extract without mordant for 10 and 20 minutes).
 Results: The skin extract of Allium cepa stained the cytoplasm of cells and connective tissues in shades of reddish brown to yellowish brown. The study established the cytoplasmic counter-staining ability of the extract of Allium cepa.
 Conclusion: It is therefore suggested that onion skin extract solution can be substituted for eosin due to its domestic availability, ease of preparation and above all, its good cytoplasm contrast with the nuclear stain.

Treatability of a Highly-Impaired, Saline Surface Water for Potential Urban Water Use

As freshwater sources of drinking water become limited, cities and urban areas must consider higher-salinity waters as potential sources of drinking water. The Salton Sea in the Imperial Valley of California has a very high salinity (43 ppt), total dissolved solids (70,000 mg/L), and color (1440 CU). Future wetlands and habitat restoration will have significant ecological benefits, but salinity levels will remain elevated. High salinity eutrophic waters, such as the Salton Sea, are difficult to treat, yet more desirable sources of drinking water are limited. The treatability of Salton Sea water for potential urban water use was evaluated here. Coagulation-sedimentation using aluminum chlorohydrate, ferric chloride, and alum proved to be relatively ineffective for lowering turbidity, with no clear optimum dose for any of the coagulants tested. Alum was most effective for color removal (28 percent) at a dose of 40 mg/L. Turbidity was removed effectively with 0.45 μm and 0.1 μm microfiltration. Bench tests of Salton Sea water using sea water reverse osmosis (SWRO) achieved initial contaminant rejections of 99 percent salinity, 97.7 percent conductivity, 98.6 percent total dissolved solids, 98.7 percent chloride, 65 percent sulfate, and 99.3 percent turbidity.

Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Constant and Loss Tangent in Methyl Ammonium Aluminium Alum

A model of pseudospin-lattice coupled mode for methyl ammonium aluminium alum (MASD) has been modified to include cubic and quartic phonon anharmonic interactions. With the help of double-time temperature dependent Green’s function method and modified Hamiltonian, expressions for soft mode frequency, dielectric constant and loss tangent have been evaluated. By fitting model values of physical quantities in the theoretical expressions, temperature dependence of soft mode frequency, dielectric constant and loss tangent have been obtained and compared with experimental results of Pepinsky et al. 15 , which show a good agreement.

어성초 추출물을 이용한 면과 견직물의 항미생물성 염색

Cotton and silk fabrics were dyed with Houttuynia cordata extract using aqueous ethanol solution and the dyeing and post-treatment conditions were optimized to impart antimicrobial activity to the fabrics. The dried Houttuynia cordata can be extracted at for 3 hours using an aqueous ethanol solution containing 70%(w/w) ethanol. For the highest color yields. Both cotton and silk fabrics can be dyed at for 60min with 10g/L of NaCl under pH 4. Silk fabrics can be dyed to higher K/S than cotton fabrics. The color fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were good when either citric acid crosslinking or aluminum alum mordanting was carried out as a post treatment. The dyed silk and cotton fabrics with the post treatments showed excellent antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Determination of free acidity in aluminium sulphate and alum using hexamine and potassium fluoride as complexing agent

The paper describes a modification effected in respect of the conventional fluoride method for determination of free acidity in aluminium sulphate and alum, by using hexamine as an acid binder in addition to potassium fluroide as complexing agent.

Phytochemical Properties and Staining Ability of Red Onion (Allium cepa)Extract on Histological Sections

The staining ability of Allium cepa (red onion) skin extract on tissue sections was determined. The dried red onion skin was ground into small pieces and 300 g (150 g for aqueous and 150 g for ethanolic extraction) of the milled dried red onion skin was used for extraction. Dark red-pigmented granules were obtained. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of mordanted (Potassium aluminum alum and ferric chloride), non-mordanted and acidified solution prepared from the extract were used to stain tissue sections. Cytoplasm of cells and connective tissues were remarkably stained in shades of redish to yellowish brown colours. Preliminary phytochemical screening of these extracts reveals that it contained alkaloid steroid ring, saponin, Tannin, Flavonoid, Cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone. The presence of pigments, saponin, tannin, contributed to the staining ability of the extract.

오미자 열매 추출액의 염색을 통한 면과 견직물의 항미생물성 가공

Cotton and silk fabrics were dyed with Schizandra chinensis fruit extract using the optimized extraction and dyeing conditions in order to impart functional properties such as deodorization and antimicrobial activity to the fabrics. The extracts were easily obtained from the dried Schizandra chinensis fruits by treating them with pure ethanol at <TEX>$80^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 60 min. When dyed at <TEX>$130^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 60 min under pH 3 with a 10% aqueous ethanol solution that contains the extract and salt concentrations of 5.5% and 20% owf, silk fabrics could be dyed to obtain a color depth (K/S) of 14.2. Cottons were dyed to a K/S of 13.4 under the same dyeing conditions except for a pH of 9. The poor color-fast properties of the dyed fabrics were improved by a combined treatment of citric acid crosslinking and post-mordanting with aluminum alum. Moreover, the dyed silk and cotton fabrics showed excellent ammonia deodorization performance and antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Aluminum extraction from aluminum industrial wastes

Aluminum dross tailings, an industrial waste from the Egyptian Aluminum Company (Egyptalum), was used to produce two types of alums: aluminum sulfate alum (Al2(SO4)3·12H2O) and ammonium aluminum alum {(NH4)2SO4AL2 (SO4)3·24H2O}. This was carried out in two processes. The first involves leaching the impurities using diluted H2SO4 with different solid/liquid ratios at different temperatures to dissolve the impurities present in the starting material in the form of aluminum sulfates. The second process is the extraction of aluminum (as aluminum sulfate) from the purified aluminum dross tailings thus produced. This was carried out in an autoclave. The effects of temperature, time of reaction, and acid concentration on pressure leaching and extraction processes were studied in order to specify the optimum conditions to be applied in the bench scale production as well as the kinetics of leaching process.

Local structure and tunneling kinetics of ammonium aluminum alum by infrared hole-burning.

The title compound, crystallized with a few percent of deuterium, contains some NH(3)D(+) and HOD. At low temperatures, five N-D stretch bands are observed. These belong to two ammonium sites with apparent C(s) symmetry in the low-temperature phase. The N-D bands can be hole-burned with an infrared laser. Burning bands belonging to the A-sites transforms some of them to the higher-energy B-sites. The A- and B-sites probably differ from each other by the arrangement of water and sulfate about the ammonium.

Synthesis of aluminum ammonium sulfate from waste aluminum processing solution by crystallization

Experimental tests were conducted in the present study to investigate synthesis of aluminum ammonium sulfate (aluminum alum) by crystallization from the waste acid solution of aluminum surface finishing industry. Effects of various operating conditions including the molar ratio of ammonia and aluminum ion, temperature, mixer speed, seed alum dosage, initial sulfuric acid and aluminum ion concentrations on the aluminum alum formation, crystal size distribution, acid remaining and aluminum ion removal were examined. The crystallization process was found to be quite effective in recovering resource materials (sulfuric acid and aluminum) in the form of aluminum alum from the waste acid solution. Based on the test results, optimum operating conditions were recommended for efficient operation of the crystallization process.

Recovery of aluminum alum from waste anode-oxidizing solution

Recovery of aluminum alum (aluminum ammonium sulfate) by crystallization from waste anode-oxidizing solution in the aluminum surface finishing industry was investigated in this study. Effects of various operating conditions including the mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide and aluminum ion, temperature and seed alum dosage on the aluminum alum formation, acid recovery and aluminum ion removal were examined. Both one- and two-step processes of crystallization were employed in synthesizing the aluminum alum and in the meantime in reducing the aluminum ion concentration in the waste anode-oxidizing solution. Based on the test results, optimum operating conditions were recommended for efficient operation of the crystallization process. The residual acid solution after crystallization was found suitable for reuse in the anode-oxidizing process.

Optimization of the extraction of aluminum sulfate and ammonium aluminum sulfate alums from aluminum dross tailings

Aluminum dross tailings, an industrial waste from the Egyptian Aluminium Company (Egyptalum), were used to produce two types of alums, namely, aluminum sulfate alum and ammonium aluminum alum via two separate processes. The first process involved leaching the impurities using dilute H2SO4 at different solid/liquid ratios and temperatures in the form of soluble sulfates. Some dissolved aluminum was recovered as ammonium aluminum sulfate. The second process involved extraction of aluminum sulfate from the purified dross produced after leaching. This was carried out under atmospheric pressure using different concentrations of H2SO4. Influence of temperature, time of reaction, and acid concentration on leaching and extraction processes were studied. X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrometry, and thermal analysis techniques were used.

Effectiveness of poly aluminum chloride (PAC) vis‐a‐vis alum in the removal of fluorides and heavy metals

This paper describes the performance evaluation studies of Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) and alum in the removal of fluorides and some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr and Pb) from drinking water. It was observed that fluoride removal was better with alum than with PAC. Heavy metal removal efficiency of these two coagulants show a similar trend over different range of alkalinity of the test water. The removal of heavy metals is enhanced with the increase in alkalinity.

Concentration dependence of luminescence spectra of chromium doped alums

Emission spectra of chromium in potassium and ammonium aluminium alums with varying concentration of dopant are reported between 18 and 100 K.

Growth rate dispersion of single potassium alum crystals

The dispersion of growth rates is a lively discussed matter. However, still no acceptable explanation exists for the reason of the phenomenon describing that crystals of the same size growing under the same constant environmental conditions (as supersaturation, temperature and hydrodynamics) might grow with different rates. The individual face-specific growth rates of potassium aluminium alum crystals (diameter 1–3 mm) have been directly determined at different supersaturations (σ = 0.5–5%). It was found that the order of growth rates of the appearing faces of unhurt and hurt crystals is {111} < {100{ < {110{. Further experiments have shown that face-specific growth rates of unhurt crystals (out of evaporation crystallization) are lower than those of hurt crystals (out of batch crystallization experiments).

Fundamentals of Particle Flocculation and Removal From Water

AbstractThe flocculation of polystyrene particles with aluminum sulfate or alum (Al2 (SO4)3) by turbulent shear was studied as a function of the applied shear rates (63–129 s−1) and flocculant concentrations (11 and 32 mg/L) in a stirred tank. Increasing the shear rate increased the floc growth rate but decreased the maximum attainable floc size. Increasing the concentration of alum increased the floc growth rate and the maximum floc size. A steady state between floc growth and breakage was attained after which the floc size distribution no longer changed. The normalized steady state size distributions allowed evaluation of the relative contributions of shear rate and flocculant concentration to the performance of the process.

Trigonal distortion of water octahedron surrounding trivalent chromium ion

Abstract Mixed crystals of ammonium aluminium alum and thallium aluminium alum are grown with various concentrations of ammonium and thallium with chromium as dopant. The optical absorption spectra and EPR spectra are recorded and analysed. Variation of zero field splitting parameter (D) with concentration of thallium is studied in EPR spectra. The increase in the value of D with increasing concentration of thallium atoms is predicted to be due to the trigonal distortion caused by these atoms in the co-ordinating water octahedron. These results are also supported by the splitting of one of the bands in the optical absorption spectrum which is attributed to the trigonal distortion and increase in splitting with increase of thallium atom concentration.

EPR Investigation of UV-Irradiated Single Crystals of Chromate-Doped Methylammonium and Potassium Aluminum Alums

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been used to identify and analyze a CrO3-4 species produced by UV irradiation in single crystals of chromate-doped methylammonium aluminum alum and in potassium aluminum alum lightly codoped with the methylammonium ion. The photoreduction is a simple reduction of the type CrO2-4 + e- → CrO3-4, where the odd electron is a photoelectron liberated by the methylammonium ion.

Nuclear Status of TwoSuillusSpecies

The nuclear events following meiosis in the basidium usually result in the formation of four basidiospores, each of them receiving one haploid nucleus. However, extensive studies done by Kiihner and co-workers (e.g., Kiihner, 1980, 1984) revealed a high degree of variation in the Agaricales. In many cases meiosis is followed by mitosis in the basidium or in the basidiospore. This can result in the establishment of binucleate spores. That case is commonly encountered in the dark-spored Agaricales (Kiihner, 1980). Spores in the Boletales have generally been found to be uninucleate in European species (Arpin and Kiihner, 1977). Ducamp et al. (1986) however, found a small percentage of binucleate spores in Suillus granulatus (L.: Fr.) 0. Kuntze. In order to examine the nuclear status of North American Boletales, two species of Suillus have been studied. A modification of the method described by Lowry (1963) was used for nuclear staining. Small bits of mature hymenium from Suillus cothurnatus Singer and Suillus americanus (Pk.) Snell were fixed in Newcomer's (1953) solution, i.e., isopropylalcohol: propionic acid: petroleum ether: acetone (6:3:1:1; v/v). Fixation time was a few weeks. The fixed material was hydrolysed for 5 min at room temperature and then at 60 C for 30 min in a solution of 1 N hydrochloric acid containing aluminum alum, chrome alum and iodic acid (all 2% w/v). The hydrolysed bits of hymenium tissue were washed for 1 h in double distilled water and subsequently stained in fresh iron-hematoxylin solution (2% w/v hematoxylin, 0.5% w/v iron alum in 45% acetic acid) for several hours. The amount of time was modified depending on the intensity of the staining results. Small pieces of the stained hymenium were squashed under a cover slip and gently heated in a flame prior to observation. Six samples of 200 spores each of S. cothurnatus were randomly checked under a microscope for their nuclear content. These samples were used to verify the number of sterigmata on the basidia (50 basidia per sample). Two samples of S. americanus of identical sample size were tested the same way. A spore suspension from a spore print of S. americanus (TR 882) was placed on a slide covered with a thin film of egg albumin. After drying, the slide was fixed for 2 h in Newcomer's solution and stained as above. Two hundred spores from the spore print were checked for their nuclear condition.

Dimorphism in methylammonium aluminum alum studied by X-ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance

We have found a reliable method of growing single-phase methyl-ammonium alum (MASD) crystallising in the infrequently-occurring α alum structure; the presence of the perchlorate ion, ClO 4 −, in growth solutions induces the crystallisation of α MASD crystals. Seeding the growth solution with α MASD crystals also induces crystallisation of new α MASD crystals. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern and the EPR spectrum of the Cr 3+ ions doped into α MASD are drastically different from those for the more frequently occuring β MASD. The linewidths of Cr 3+ in α and β MASD show anomalous angular dependence. The inhomogeneous line broadening observed for β MASD could be explained by a random distribution in the orientation of the symmetry axis of the trigonal [ Cr( H 2 O) 6] 3+ complex. The linewidth anomaly shows a more complicated angular dependence for α MASD; it could be that not only the orientation of the symmetry axis but also the magnitude of the axial crystal field of [ Cr( H 2 O) 6] 3+ suffer random distributions.