Aluminum Content Research Articles

Influence of Phase Composition and Morphology on the Calcium Ion Release of Several Classical and Hybrid Endodontic Cements

The ability of the cement to release calcium ions, which participate in the remineralization of dentin by forming apatite which improves root canal sealing with time, is of particular importance. Five recently introduced calcium-silicate commercial dental cements were investigated with a view to the influence of the physicochemical characteristics on the possibility of releasing calcium ions in an aqueous medium. Two hybrid calcium-silicate cements in the form of a paste-like ready mix (BioCal® Cap and TheraCal LC) and three calcium-silicate cements consisting of two components—powder and liquid (Harvard MTA Universal, Rootdent, and BioFactor) were subjected to powder XRD, SEM, and EDS for detailed examination. The cements were immersed in water for 28 days and the phase composition and morphology of the cements before and after soaking were studied. The total calcium release for each cement was determined by ICP-OES. BioFactor and BioCal® Cap release the highest amount of calcium ions, while the lowest release is registered with Rootdent and TheraCal LC. The PDT treatment of BioFactor does not influence substantially the calcium release. The impact of the elemental and phase composition on the calcium release and calcium carbonate formation was discussed. A reciprocal relation between the aluminum content and the quantity of the released calcium has been found.

Diffusion Behavior and Kinetics for the Vapor Phase Infiltration of Trimethylaluminum in Poly(ethylene oxide): An In Situ Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry Study.

Vapor phase infiltration (VPI) facilitates the incorporation of inorganic components into organic polymers, emerging as an effective technique for fabricating organic-inorganic hybrid materials. However, the complexity of diffusion behavior during the VPI process presents challenges in studying diffusion kinetics, particularly for highly reactive precursor-polymer systems such as trimethylaluminum (TMA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). In this study, we investigate the VPI process of TMA in PEO using in situ quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM), which enables measurement of diffusion behavior and kinetics with high precision due to its high temporal resolution. Our results indicate that the VPI process consists of two main regions: a rapid diffusion process, corresponding to the initial penetration of the precursor into the film, followed by a slower relaxation process, attributed to the ongoing chemical reaction. The equivalent diffusion coefficient (De) was estimated to be on the order of 10-9 cm2/s and decreased with increasing aluminum content. Using energy application as a proof-of-concept, when optimized, VPI-modified PEO films were successfully utilized as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for lithium metal batteries (LMBs), showcasing superior performance in mitigating lithium dendrite growth. This study offers valuable insights into the VPI process for PEO-TMA systems and provides guidance for optimizing VPI conditions to enhance the performance of advanced materials.

Structural-crystallochemical features of minerals of the glauconite-illite series with high Mg contents from Upper Proterozoic deposits of Eastern and Northern Siberia

At the current level of research, a generalization of previously studied and new lithological-mineralogical and structural-crystal-chemical characteristics of globular phyllosilicates (GPS) of the glauconite-illite series with a high Mg content from Upper Proterozoic sections of Eastern and Northern Siberia (Uchur-May region, Anabar uplift) has been carried out. The classification of glauconite-illite minerals was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the International Nomenclature Committees for mica and clay minerals, as well as on the basis of literature and our own data. The degree of aluminum content of minerals (КAl = VIAl / [VIFe3+ + VIAl]) of the glauconite-illite series varies from 0.40 to 0.85, the content of Mg and K cations varies from 0.51 to 0.75 and from 0.63 to 0.80 f.u. (formula units), respectively. Using X-ray modeling method of diffraction patterns of oriented and non-oriented preparations of Upper Proterozoic GPS, the following were determined: the content of swelling layers (4–10%), their types (mica, smectite, chlorite), the nature of the alternation (short-range order factor R = 0), unit cell parameters csinβ, ccosß/a, average value of parameter b (9.018–9.074 Å). The conditions of glauconite formation in the Upper Proterozoic basins are considered, their influence on the structural and crystal-chemical features of magnesian hydrocarbons is discussed.

Why can Palhinhaea cernua (lycophyte) grow closer to fumaroles in highly acidic solfatara fields?

Palhinhaea cernua, a lycophyte, and Dicranopteris linearis, a fern, are commonly observed in solfatara fields in Kyushu, Japan, but their distribution trends are different. The aim of this study was to determine why P. cernua is more abundant in areas closer to fumaroles from both a soil and plant perspective. Samples of P. cernua and D. linearis, as well as their respective growing soils, were collected, and the mineral properties, including the concentration of various mineral elements and inorganic anions and δ15N, were determined. P. cernua was better adapted to soil with lower pH, higher soluble aluminum concentrations, and poorer calcium and phosphorus concentrations than D. linearis. A positive correlation was observed between shoot nitrogen concentration and both shoot sulfur concentration and soil water-soluble sulfur concentration in P. cernua, implying the involvement of sulfur in nitrogen acquisition in P. cernua. The results also suggested that D. linearis mainly uses soil NO3-N, while P. cernua uses NH4-N, which is predominant and excessive in the solfatara fields, particularly near the fumaroles. This high preference for NH4-N in P. cernua was confirmed through a cultivation experiment. While D. linearis prefers NO3-N and distributes further from fumaroles, P. cernua may have survived in the solfatara fields by utilizing NH4-N and sulfur, which are abundant near fumaroles where competition from other plant species is minimal.

Nano-aluminum double coated with copper and HTPB by one pot method and its catalysis on AP

ABSTRACT Organic-inorganic double-coated aluminum nanopowders (HTPB/Cu/nAl) were synthesized using a one-pot method. The morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis revealed that Cu particles were uniformly dispersed around the nAl core, while HTPB formed a coating on the Cu/nAl surface. The thermal oxidation kinetics and catalytic effects on ammonium perchlorate (AP) were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated a 9% increase in the active aluminum content of the double-coated nanopowders compared to uncoated nAl, and a reduction in the average activation energy for thermal oxidation from 297.75 kJ·mol-1 to 218.85 kJ·mol-1. The HTPB coating enhanced the friction and impact sensitivity of the Cu/nAl particles. Adding 5% HTPB/Cu/nAl to AP advanced the low- and high-temperature decomposition peaks by 5°C and 40°C, respectively, while reducing the activation energy of AP from 85.61 kJ·mol-1 to 79.79 kJ·mol-1. This addition significantly influenced the thermal decomposition of AP, improving combustion efficiency and enhancing compatibility within composite propellant formulations.

Effect of sintering temperature on the properties of ceramic binders synthesized from coal gangue-based geopolymer

ABSTRACT As a by-product of the coal industry, the effective use of coal gangue presents significant implications for environmental protection and sustainable development upon effective utilization. Given the rich content of silicon and aluminum in coal gangue, this study converts it into a precursor for ceramic binders used in grinding wheels through the geopolymerization reaction process. Ceramic binders of the SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3-RO-R2O system were prepared at sintering temperatures ranging from 590 to 740°C, and the performance of each sample was tested. The research found that the flexural strength of the ceramic binder reached a peak of 31 MPa when sintered at 690°C. Additionally, the hardness was observed to be the highest at a sintering temperature of 640°C, reaching 211.8 hV. It was observed that as the sintering temperature rose, wettability tended to decrease. Using techniques including XRD, SEM, and EDS, the effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and phase transformation of the material was analyzed, and these changes determined the properties of the material. This study not only confirmed the potential value of coal gangue in the abrasive tools industry but also opened up new strategies and technical solutions for the field of solid waste resource utilization.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COAGULANTS FOR TURBIDITY AND COLOR REMOVAL FROM NATURAL WATER

In this work, the effectiveness of the use of coagulants Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and RM-1 in reducing the level of turbidity and colour (reduction in colour) of natural water was investigated. The object of the study is natural water, namely water from the Dnipro River. The results showed that the optimal dose of coagulant Al2(SO 4)3‧ 18H2O was 10.0 mg dm-3. The optimal dose of coagulant RM-1 was also 10.0 mg dm-3. Residual turbidity and colour are reduced to 0.0 mg dm-3, 12.50, 190, when using Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and RM-1, respectively. Since the residual concentration of aluminium in purified water in all samples after purification with coagulants was less than 0.05 mg dm-3, it is reasonable to use these coagulants, as they do not have a negative effect on the health of consumers. The efficiency of using the RM-1 coagulant to remove turbidity and reduce the colour of the natural water of the Dnipro is high, so this coagulant has the potential to be chosen as a new coagulant.

Effects of Al doping on structural, optical, morphological, and low-concentration CO2 gas sensing properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel method

Abstract This work examines the morphological, structural, optical, and gas-sensing characteristics of ZnO thin films doped with Al that were created by the sol-gel spin coating technique. The thin films, doped with varying aluminum concentrations (0%, 2%, and 5%), were characterized using XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, and FE-SEM to assess their crystallinity, band gap, and surface morphology. XRD analysis confirmed the incorporation of Al into the ZnO lattice without forming secondary phases, while UV-visible spectroscopy revealed an increase in transmittance and band gap with higher Al doping. FE-SEM images showed a transition from agglomerated grains to smoother surfaces with increased Al content. Gas sensing performance was evaluated using low-concentration CO2 as the target gas. The results demonstrated that Al doping significantly enhances the CO2 sensing response, with the 5% Al-doped ZnO exhibiting the optimal sensitivity due to increased carrier concentration and improved surface interaction. These findings suggest that Al-doped ZnO thin films are promising candidates for efficient CO2 gas sensors, combining enhanced structural and optical properties with superior gas sensing capabilities.

Adsorption equilibria and kinetics of CO2 and N2 on silica-alumina gels for reducing gas production by CO2 removal from iron flue gases

In industrial fields, hydrogen-containing flue gases generally contain a certain amount of CO2 and N2. After removing CO2, the raffinate gases can be used in various applications to mitigate carbon emissions. Furthermore, the concentrated CO2-rich extract contributes to efficient CO2 capture. Silica-alumina gel can be a high potential adsorbent because of its high CO2 adsorption capacity and energy-saving desorption. Three different silica-alumina gels with different amounts of alumina (FJ, KD, and WS) were compared to study the impact of the alumina content on the adsorption characteristics. The adsorption behaviors of CO2 and N2 were measured at 293K, 308K, and 323K at pressures up to 1000 kPa. The isotherms correlated with the dual-site Langmuir model, showing that the adsorption capacity for CO2 was much higher than that for N2 across all the adsorbents. The surface areas and adsorption capacities followed the opposite order of alumina content: FJ > KD > WS. However, the difference intervals in the isotherms did not align consistently with the alumina content, but the micropore volume changed by alumina contributed highly to the adsorption capacity. In the adsorption kinetic analysis, the diffusional time constants and kinetic parameters in a non-isothermal adsorption kinetic model showed minor dependence on pressure and temperature. The adsorption rate was higher for N2 than for CO2. It increased with alumina content, following the order WS > KD >> FJ. The results contribute to the establishment of guidelines for the selection of silica-alumina gel and the design of the adsorption process.

9.4 μm Emitting Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by MOCVD: Performance Improvement Obtained through AlInAs Composition Adjustment

Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is a prevalent technique for the epitaxial growth of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), with the material quality being paramount to the overall device performance. Previous studies have indicated that the actual aluminum (Al) content in InAlAs barrier layers grown via MOCVD often diverges from the specified design values, particularly for layers with a thickness below 1 nm. To address this discrepancy, the Al content within the InAlAs layers can be fine-tuned by modifying the MOCVD growth parameters. This study undertakes an exhaustive analysis of QCL devices, comparing those with and without aluminum content compensation, through a combination of simulation and experimental approaches. The results demonstrate that the implementation of the Al compensation methodology facilitates the alignment of the QCL device wavelength with the intended design value. This approach also enhances the laser transition efficiency and gain coefficient of the QCL device, thereby improving its slope efficiency and threshold current density. The final QCL device exhibits a wavelength of 9.4 μm, with a maximum continuous wave (CW) and pulsed optical power and wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of 1.26 W and 7.4% and 2.08 W and 10.1%.

The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant attributes of propolis sourced from various regions in Iran

Honey, beeswax, and propolis have long been recognized for their significance in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated their antioxidant properties, making it crucial to investigate in depth their physicochemical, antioxidant, and microbial characteristics. The objective of this research was to examine the characteristics of propolis sourced from different areas within Iran. Propolis samples were obtained from beehives located in Sarab, Maku, Quchan, Neka, Qom, and Sanandaj regions for analysis. The physicochemical and antioxidant properties and mineral content of propolis were evaluated. Obtained data showed that Quchan propolis has the highest total antioxidant level, and the lowest amount was found for Qom samples (0.848 vs 0.531 %). Qom propolis samples had the highest aluminium, calcium and magnesium content among region samples. At a concentration of 1% propolis, the Qom exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus. The Quchan samples had more antibacterial activity against E. coli at a level of 2% propolis. The results of this study showed that the chemical composition, mineral content and antibacterial properties of propolis can be different based on the region. This finding can trigger measures to further enhance the quality of a given provenience.

Effect of aluminum nanoparticles size and concentration on the combustion characteristics of nanofluid fuel: experiments and modeling

Effect of aluminum nanoparticles size and concentration on the combustion characteristics of nanofluid fuel: experiments and modeling

Deciphering genetic mechanisms of Al toxicity tolerance through meta-QTL analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice is known for its tolerance to high aluminum (Al) concentrations in soil. However, the precise genetic and physiological mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Recent research has identified several candidate genes (CGs) and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with Al toxicity tolerance in rice. Nevertheless, many more QTLs/genes are yet to be precisely mapped. We employed meta-QTL (M-QTL) analysis, integrating 12 independent mapping studies and 5 Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). The meta-analysis identified 53 M-QTLs from 157 projected QTLs, which were further narrowed down to 28 M-QTLs based on the number of overlapping QTLs on a consensus map. Gene identification through batch retrieval from the RAP database yielded 2,765 non-redundant genes within the 28 M-QTL regions. Comparison of M-QTL CGs with six expression datasets associated with Al toxicity tolerance in rice resulted in the identification of 219 CGs with significant differential expression. Notably, 34 CGs were identified to be common across at least 2 studies. Further downstream analyses of CGs revealed the presence of cis-regulatory elements, transcription factors, and transporter proteins related to the Al toxicity tolerance response. Additionally, we analyzed the expression patterns of the four CGs, namely NRT2.3, ALMT4, MT1, and MTP11, which showed significant upregulation in the Al toxicity-tolerant rice genotype, Anjali. Conversely, in the sensitive genotype Swarna, only NRT2.3 exhibited upregulation, while ALMT4, MT1, and MTP11 were downregulated. Our study highlights significant meta-regions that hold the potential for improving rice genotypes for enhanced tolerance to Al toxicity in acidic soils.

Influence of alumina on the performance of Ag/ZnO based catalysts for carbon dioxide hydrogenation

We study silver-zinc oxide type catalysts with and without the addition of alumina and perform structural analysis and activity tests for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Adding alumina has a dispersing effect on the zinc oxide without structurally altering the silver phase. An alumina-surface enriched ZnO/Al2O3 phase is observed with an increased surface reducibility. Ag/ZnO has a high selectivity towards carbon monoxide (63 ± 12 %) and methane (24 ± 3 %) and low selectivity towards methanol (13 ± 0.5 %). Operando infrared (SSITKA-FTIR) and mass spectrometric product detection indicate methane formation via an adsorbed carbon monoxide (COads) intermediate. The selectivity changes gradually with increasing alumina content, up to 80 ± 3 % toward methanol, and 20 ± 4 % carbon monoxide without methane detection, combined with a tripling of the space time yield to 0.65 ± 0.02mmolMeOH*gcat-1*h−1 at 250 °C and 30 bar. Kinetic analysis suggests that the selectivity change originates from hindering the CO-pathway, while the formate pathway leading to methanol remains active.

Impact of Al3+ substitution on structural, Raman, transport electromagnetic properties of LiFe2O4 nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline Li0.5AlxFe2.5-xO4(x = 0.0 to 0.8 in steps, x = 0.2) compounds were prepared using the sol-gel auto-combustion technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the single-phase cubic spinel structure, which showed that the lattice constant changed significantly, especially in the x = 0.6 sample, where it decreased clearly. The crystallite size decreased with increasing Aluminium content, reaching a small value of about 5 nm for the composition x = 0.8 sample. Raman peaks of pure LiFe2O4 were determined in both phases (alpha and beta), while smaller peaks at 198 and 236 cm−1 that related to the alpha phase were distinguished. All peaks diminished in intensity after Al3+ ions were doped to LiFe2O4 except for the peak at 700, where it became predominantly. The bandgap of the samples was deduced and analyzed from Tauc's plot according to UV–Vis spectra. The change in the electronic structure of the Li-Al ferrites, at which the size of the ferrite becomes close to the de Broglie wavelength, results in a band gap for the Al replaced by LiFe2O4 with different electronic configurations. The variation of the fundamental part of the dielectric constant (ε′), loss tangent (tan δ), and AC conductivity with frequency has been discussed with composition. The increase in Al3+ ion content affected the coercive force, as it decreased, while the saturation magnetism increased when adding Aluminium (x = 0.2) and then began to decline gradually.

The Effect of La, Ce Rare‐Earth Elements on the MnS Inclusion Precipitation and Distribution in U75V Heavy‐Rail Steel

The quality of heavy rail steel is significantly influenced by the distribution and morphology of MnS inclusions. With the help of experimental methods and thermodynamic predictions, the evolution of inclusions in heavy rail steels with different rare‐earth (RE: La + Ce) additions is investigated, and the relationship between RE inclusions and MnS is better interpreted by the classical two‐dimensional mismatch degree theory. The results show that the deoxidizing ability of RE elements added to the steel is greater than the desulfurizing ability. The best data for physical parameters of inclusions in steel are obtained at a RE addition of 122 ppm. The MnS inclusion particles are roughly spherical around the REAlO3 inclusion particles when the aluminum content in the RE inclusion is high. The MnS inclusion particles are better able to fit flatly around the RE2O2S inclusion particles when the sulfur content of the RE inclusion is high. By computing the two‐dimensional mismatch between the interfaces of different inclusions, it is discovered that the heterogeneous nucleation efficiency is comparatively low between MnS and REAlO3, relatively high between MnS and RE2O2S, and highest between MnS and RE2O3.

Fiber morphological characteristics of bamboo Ferrocalamus strictus culms from different geographical distribution regions

The fiber index including fiber length, width, wall thickness and lumen diameter of Ferrocalamus strictus culms (1, 2, and ≥ 3 years) from Jinping, Mojiang and Lvchun counties of Yunnan Province was determined and the elemental content of the soil was also determined to analyze the fiber characteristics. The average relative fiber index measured for F. strictus culms were fiber length (1.30 mm), width (21.57 μm), slenderness ratio (60.79 μm), wall thickness (4.21 μm), lumen diameter (7.22 μm), and runkel ratio (1.22 μm), which belonged to the range of middle and long fibers. The fiber length increased with the culm age. The proportion of long fiber increased while short fibers decreased along with culm maturing. The fiber morphology did not show a specific trend with the culm height. Fiber length reached the maximum in the bottom portions of the culms. There is a correlation between fiber morphology and soil elements, the content of organic matter, total potassium, total sulfur, total aluminum, total zinc, total iron, total boron, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available silicon in the soil affects fiber morphology. The content of organic matter, total boron and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil from Mojiang County was largest. Comparatively, the culm fiber in Mojiang County had the best fiber index performance for utilization, since the greatest proportion of medium and long fibers and the optimal distribution of fiber length frequency was obtained from the culms in Mojiang County. This study can provide a theoretical basis for large-scale bamboo forest cultivation and the development and utilization of bamboo culm fiber.

Effect of Nattokinase in D-galactose- and Aluminum Chloride-induced Alzheimer's Disease Model of Rat.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. Nattokinase is a serine protease extracellularly produced by natto, a fermented product of Bacillus subtilis var. natto. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of nattokinase in a rat model of AD induced by aluminum and D-galactose. Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal, vehicle, and orally administered nattokinase (NK65 and NK130 groups). Except for the normal group, all groups were treated with AlCl3 and D-galactose for 10 weeks. The NK65 and NK130 groups additionally received 65 mg/kg/day and 130 mg/kg/day nattokinase, respectively. We analyzed β-amyloid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the spatial reference test was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. After the Morris water maze test, rats of all groups were subjected to micro-computed tomography (μCT) to assess constructional changes in the brain. Aluminum concentration and β-amyloid levels were analyzed by histochemical staining in all brain tissues. Oral administration of nattokinase in the AD rat model increased free-form β-amyloid levels in the CSF and improved aluminum and amyloid plaque accumulation in the brain. Brain μCT images showed enhanced brain volume with fewer constructional changes after treatment with nattokinase. In the behavioral tests, both the escape latency time in the spatial reference test and the time taken to cross the platform area in the spatial probe test improved partially. The results suggest that nattokinase has potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of AD.

Machining mechanism of CoCrFeNiAlX high entropy alloys via ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting

Abstract This study investigates the micro-cutting mechanism of CoCrFeNiAl X high entropy alloys, focusing on the impact of amplitude, vibration frequency, cutting depth, and the Al element content. The mechanical response of the material is analyzed using simulation methods for both conventional cutting and ultrasonic elliptical vibration assisted cutting (UEVAC). The results show that under different vibration parameters and cutting depth, the cutting temperature produced by UEVAC is significantly higher than that of conventional cutting temperature. When the Y-axis amplitude is reduced from 90 μm to 30 μm, the cutting temperature is reduced by 50%. In addition, the cutting temperature is positively correlated with the Al content, and when the molar ratio is 20%, the cutting temperature is about 2.1 times that of 13%. While keeping the cutting parameters unchanged, the cutting force generated by UEVAC is significantly reduced compared to conventional cutting. It is worth noting that when the X-axis amplitude is 40 μm, the Y-axis amplitude is 90 μm, and the vibration frequency is 25 KHz, the cutting force of UEVAC is the smallest, which is only about 13% of the conventional cutting force. With the increase of the mole ratio of aluminum in the high entropy alloy, when the mole ratio of aluminum increases from 0% to 13%, the cutting force begins to decrease by about 33%. However, when the molar ratio increases from 13% to 20%, the cutting force increases by about 214%. On the surface of the workpiece (within the range of 0–3 μm from the machining surface), the residual stress generated by UEVAC is mainly manifested as compressive stress or tensile stress, which is significantly less than the residual stress generated by conventional cutting. The relation of residual compressive stress of workpiece under different aluminum content is Al1 > Al0.6 > Al0.

Characterization of Some Local Clay Minerals and Fabrication into Ceramic Floor-Tiles

Clay minerals deposits, which include, kaolin, ball-clay, fireclay and zircon, were investigated and used in fabrication of ceramic floor tiles. X-ray diffractometer (XRD-6100, Japan), was used to examine the various compositions and structures of the clay samples. 2000 grams of 0.005 mm grain size of each sample were homogeneously mixed into dough, compressed in metallic mould of 12 mm × 36 mm dimension, and allowed to dry for about 5 hours. Kiln draught oven, at 1200°C was set for glazing and firing of the moulded tiles, to ensure glossy appearance, smoothness and improved strength. XRD test showed higher content of alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and Silicon (iv) oxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) in all the clay samples. The percentage composition of Critobalite, Diphosphorus trioxide (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), Potassium Oxide (K<sub>2</sub>O) and Sodium Oxide (Na<sub>2</sub>O), were reasons for their excellent workability, improved mechanical and rheological properties of ceramics floor-tiles. Water absorption, chemical resistance, shrinkage properties of the different ceramic tiles were compare to some commercial products. This investigation had shown that locally available clay minerals could be fully integrated into ceramic industries to reduce cost of ceramic importation and create job opportunities for youths.