Reinforced Aluminum Research Articles

Analiza hibridnog kompozita na bazi bronze kod klipa benzinskog motora

The development in automotive industry leads to economy and comfort of the vehicles and thus forces the designers to develop new materials for the improved performance. In this work, Bronze hybrid composite with Aluminium and Silicon reinforcement for spark ignition engine piston was fabricated through vacuum stir casting process. Conventional machining techniques such as turning, drilling and boring etc., were used to manufacture the piston. Thermal analysis on the composite piston was carried out using Finite Element Software ANSYS. The mechanical properties tensile and impact strength and hardness of the composite were measured. Wear analysis on the composite material was carried out and wear rate was calculated. The results were compared with the existing material and found enhanced with bronze hybrid composites. Emission test was also carried out and found improved. Microstructure examination was carried out to study the structure of the composites.

超声处理对SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料微结构与性能的影响

超声处理对SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料微结构与性能的影响

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanohorns Reinforced Aluminum Composites Prepared by Ball Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering

Commercial purity aluminum was reinforced with different percentages of carbon nanohorns (CNH) using ball milling (1 h) followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 550 °C for 5 min under 50 MPa pressure with heating rate 100 °C/min. The microstructure, hardness and compression properties of the spark-plasma-sintered carbon-nanohorns-reinforced aluminum (Al-CNH) composites were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a uniform distribution of 0.3% CNH in Al, but above 0.3% CNH, agglomeration occurred. The compression strength of Al-0.3%CNH composites increased by 44% compared to the milled Al sample without CNH.

Applicability of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminium 7075 Composites for Aircraft Wings and Engines

It has become a prerogative of any industry to aim for lightweight materials, having promising strength for all of its major applications. Right from car manufacturers, aiming to incorporate lightweight materials, to substantial Space Research organizations, also aiming to reduce their functional weight, every organization puts forth voluminous efforts to achieve this goal. In such a scenario, Aluminium 7075 and Boron Carbide composites are found to be promising. This article briefs an experimental observation using these Aluminum-Boron Carbide composites which were synthesized using stir casting technique with varying particulate weight fraction (3%, 6%, and 9%). The experimental observation yielded promising outcomes of using this composite for lightweight applications. The composites are found to have greater strength and better weight ratio and are conveniently suitable for lightweight applications. This research work proposes this composite be applied in aircraft wings and engine.

An appraisal of characteristic mechanical properties and microstructure of friction stir welding for Aluminium 6061 alloy – Silicon Carbide (SiCp) metal matrix composite

It is expected that the demand for Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs) will increase in these applications in the aerospace and automotive industries sectors, strengthened AMC has different advantages over monolithic aluminium alloy as it has characteristics between matrix metal and reinforcement particles. However, adequate joining technique, which is important for structural materials, has not been established for (MMCs) yet. Conventional fusion welding is difficult because of the irregular redistribution or reinforcement particles. Also, the reaction between reinforcement particles and aluminium matrix as weld defects such as porosity in the fusion zone make fusion welding more difficult. The aim of this work was to show friction stir welding (FSW) feasibility for entering Al 6061/5 to Al 6061/18 wt. % SiCp composites has been produced by using stir casting technique. SiCp is added as reinforcement in to Aluminium alloy (Al 6061) for preparing metal matrix composite. This method is less expensive and very effective. Different rotational speeds,1000 and 1800 rpm and traverse speed 10 mm \ min was examined. Specimen composite plates having thick 10 mm were FS welded successfully. A high-speed steel (HSS) cylindrical instrument with conical pin form was used for FSW. The outcome revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joint (Al 6061/18 wt. %) was 195 MPa at rotation speed 1800 rpm, the outcome revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joint (Al 6061/18 wt.%) was 165 MPa at rotation speed 1000 rpm, that was very near to the composite matrix as-cast strength. The research of microstructure showed the reason for increased joint strength and microhardness. The microstructural study showed the reason (4 %) for higher joint strength and microhardness. due to Significant of SiCp close to the boundary of the dynamically recrystallized and thermo mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) was observed through rotation speed 1800 rpm. The friction stir welded ultimate tensile strength Decreases as the volume fraction increases of SiCp (18 wt.%).

Phase, microstructure, and wear behavior of Al2O3-reinforced Fe–Si alloy-based metal matrix nanocomposites

In the present work, phase, microstructure, and wear properties of Al2O3-reinforced Fe–Si alloy-based metal matrix nanocomposites have been studied. Composites using 2 wt.% and 5 wt.% of Si and rest Fe powder mix were synthesized via powder metallurgy and sintered at different temperature schedules. Iron–silicon alloy specimens were found to have high hardness and high wear resistance in comparison to pure iron specimens. Addition of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% alumina reinforcement in Fe–Si alloy composition helped in developing iron aluminate (FeAl2O4) phase in composites which further improved the mechanical properties i.e. high hardness and wear resistance. Formation of iron aluminate phase occurs due to reactive sintering between Fe and Al2O3 particles. It is expected that the improved behavior of prepared nanocomposites as compared to conventional metals will be helpful in finding their use for wide industrial applications.

A brass wire electric discharge machining variable optimization of aluminium–nano alumina composite

Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) showing an extreme abrasion action against the cutting tool is preventing usage in the multi-industrial field of aerospace, automotive and defence applications. The advent of the nano alumina reinforcement nano alumina is improving the ductile aluminium matrix strength and fracture toughness. Wire based electric discharge cutting is a quite simple and effective method for machining of MMCs. A comprehensive straight profile cutting study was performed on MMC reinforced with nano alumina particle with various controlling factors and its effect on the process characteristics. Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array-based experimentation is planned with various machining parameters on the expected outcome are estimated through ANOVA and S/N ratio scheme. These combined data analyses providing pulse on time and voltage were strongly affecting the machining characteristics. This works increasing visibility of Taguchi method to obtain the surface integrity with minimum experiments.

High mechanical performance alumina-reinforced aluminum nanocomposite metal foam produced by powder metallurgy: fabrication, microstructure characterization, and mechanical properties

In this research, alumina-reinforced aluminum nanocomposite foams with high compressive performance were produced using the powder compact melting (PCM) process and CaCO3 foaming agent. The content of Al2O3 nanoparticles, with sizes smaller than 80 nm, varied between 0–15 wt%. Aluminum, Al2O3, and CaCO3 powders were mixed and compacted to dense precursors with 318 MPa stress. Finally, foam samples were fabricated by heating up the precursors at 1000 °C for 10 min. A range of porosity values was achieved between 34% to 43% for different combinations of aluminum matrix and alumina reinforcement phase. The crystallite size of the alumina reinforcement phase in Al-3 wt% alumina and Al-15 wt% alumina composite foam was estimated as 23.51 nm and 23.24 nm while the crystallite size of the aluminum matrix was determined as 15.72 nm and 15.44 nm for the same samples. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images indicated micro-size pores, which were connected via channels. The composite foam with 3 wt% of Al2O3 nanoparticles had a more uniform microstructure and more channels than other samples. The Vickers hardness values of the composites foam increased with an increase in wt% of alumina particles. This amounts to an approximately 93% increase in hardness when 15 wt% alumina particles are added to the aluminum foam. The sample with 3 wt% Al2O3 nanoparticles showed enhanced compressive strain up to 50% with high compressive strength up to 45 MPa and a uniform microstructure.

Development of brake lining based on mountain stone and shellfish waste

In general, brake pads made from asbestos, when used asbestos brake lining have a negative impact on health and the environment. In this research, a hybrid composite brake lining was developed with reinforcement of mountain stone powder, shellfish powder, and alumina with a certain composition. This paper describes the compression strength and water absorption ability of hybrid composite brake linings developed, as an alternative to brake pads that have good mechanical properties and are environmentally friendly. Hybrid composite brake lining material is made in seven weight fraction compositions through a sintering process. The test method is carried out by an experimental method based on ASTM E 9-89a for compression strength testing and based on ASTM D 570-98 for water absorption. The results showed that there was an influence of weight fraction on each composite variation on the compression strength of the brake lining. Reduction of percentage of mountain stone in each composition resulted in varying compression strength values, with the highest compressive strength value in specimen A of 0.1350 kN/mm2 and the lowest in specimen G of 0.0883 kN/mm2. Then the highest water absorption of the brake pad specimen made is 0.041558%, still lower than the asbestos brake lining pads.

Improvement and Properties of Fiber Metal Laminates Used in Aircraft Wing by Using Graphite-Polyester

The main objective of this study is to reduce weight and to improve the mechanical properties of aircraft wing by using Hybrid materials known as fiber metal laminates (FMLs). They are new age of engineering materials, which consist of metal layers reinforced with fibers emerged by matrix phase. In this study, seven layers were used to produce the FMLs, which are consist of aluminum alloy2024-T3 reinforced by carbon and glass fibers bonded with using blend of graphite-polyester as adhesion. The Carbon Glass Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (CAGRALLs) is used as FMLs. The results show that the CAGRALLs give better in mechanical properties because of increasing in tensile strength, yield strength, , elastic modulus, elongation at fracture, flexural modulus and impact toughness except flexural strength by comparing with FMLs by using commercial epoxy as adhesion for other researchers. The increasing in layers is led to weaken adhesion force between layers of FMLs that led to decrease almost mechanical properties. The FMLs has good mechanial properties by using carbon and glass fiber by comparing with carbon and jute fibers. The CAGRALLs have the higher numbers of cycles at failure under cyclic loadings than Aramid Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (ARALLs). The CAGRALLs have the lower density by comparing with aluminum alloy 2024-T3 and steel that used in manufacturing of aircraft wing.

Effect of Heat Exposure on Grain Growth and Oxidation Behavior of Cobalt Based Composite Powders by Facile Suspension Synthesis

In this study the intermetallic-matrix composite powders CoNiCrAlY-2wt. %Al2O3 were characterized in order to investigate the effect of heat exposure time on morphologies, grain growth and phases formed by facile suspension route synthesis. The as-synthesized powders were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of NiAl phase was noticed after 1 hour of heat treatment. The average particle size of intermetallic-matrix composite powders CoNiCrAlY-2wt.%Al2O3 increased as the heat exposure time increased. It is found that the reinforcement of alumina allowed the particles to uniformly distributed when the sample was heated for 10 hours. The formation of NiAl started when the sample was heated at 1 hour and NiAl continued to form when heated at 10 hours.

Micrometeoroid impact-induced damage of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum fiber-metal laminates

Through several decades of development, engineers have made the GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum material fit for aviation structures, e.g., the fuselage of Airbus A380. A request like ‘GLARE + impact’ in a web search engine gives hundreds if not thousands of scientific articles address the high impact resistance of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum. GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum can be a suitable material for shielding systems to protect manned and unmanned spacecraft against micrometeoroids and orbital debris. However, it is hard to comprehend a rational reason why a thorough search in the relevant literatures yielded only a couple of articles focused on the ballistic impact response of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum. Handful of studies have interrogated the damage of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum using analytical, numerical and experimental methods. No physical model, yet has been proposed and validated to capture the damage of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum upon collision with micrometeoroids. This study, therefore, introduced a new numerical model based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics and the finite element method. The model was able to predict the exorbitant strain-rate of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum. Besides, the model could approximate the cataclysmic amount of energy dissipated in the shockwave-induced collapse of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum. The model assumed that the behavior of the S2-glass/FM94-epoxy composite material was orthotropic elastic prior to the onset of damage. After the damage initiation, the energy-based orthotropic softening governed the damage accumulation in the composite material. Looking at the outputs of the model, an impact of a 2 mm 2024-T3 aluminum sphere on a GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum 5–6/5–0.4 plate led to petals in the front aluminum layer, spallation of the rear aluminum layer and buckling of the inner aluminum layers. By contrast, the S2-glass/FM94-epoxy composite laminates conserved the imparted energy through membrane stretching before had been pierced. A test campaign, with the aid of a two-stage light-gas gun facility, was pursued to assess the model accuracy. It was found that the model predicted many of the experimental observations with a high degree of fidelity.

Corrosion behavior of hybrid coconut shell powder and silica carbide reinforced aluminium composite towards aggressive biofilm attack

This study enveloped innovative uses of a hybrid agro waste and silica carbide incorporated with aluminium as a new hybrid composite materials for marine application. In this study, the purpose of adding coconut shell powder (CSP) from the agro waste and silicon carbide (SiC) as reinforcement aluminium composites materials for combating corrosion problem. The CSP was incorporated into the molten aluminium alloys varies from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of weight percentages. The corrosion behaviour was determined by weight gain measurement (WGM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP). As a results, 5% CSP reinforcement in hybrid aluminum composites contribute to excellent corrosion resistance performance by shifting the polarization curve towards the positive region, increases the value of polarization resistance, Rp and reduces the Icorr value. It can be concluded that, by adding CSP into aluminium composite has significantly increase the corrosion resistance towards a severe biofilm attack.

Preparation of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites (SiC/Al) by Selective Laser Melting

Silicon carbide reinforced aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) attracted a lot of attention owing to their low density, high specific strength and specific stiffness, and good wear resistance. Selective laser melting (SLM) technique has been widely used in the preparation of complex structural product with high precision, short production cycle and low cost. In this paper, silicon carbide (SiC) powders and aluminium (Al) powders were mixed together firstly with a weight ratio of 15:85 and then used to prepare AMCs by SLM technology. The effects of laser power on the microstructures, microhardness and flexural strength of formed AMCs were studied. The results show that the relative density, microhardness and flexural strength of the as-prepared samples can be improved with increasing the laser power. Meanwhile, the samples prepared at higher laser power exhibit lower friction coefficient.

Production, characterization and properties of open-cell calcium phosphate foams reinforced with alumina

In this study, tailored made open-cell calcium phosphate foams reinforced with alumina were fabricated by employing a dissolution-sintering process, using crystalline raw cane sugar as a water-leachable material. The effect of the alumina addition in the 3D morphology and in the microstructure of the produced calcium phosphate-based foams was examined. Preliminary in vitro bio-dissolution studies were performed to obtain an initial indication for the suitability of these composite bioceramic foams as implant materials. The mechanical properties of the produced composite calcium phosphate foams were also evaluated. It was found that the addition of small amount of alumina (5 wt%) resulted in a microstructural alteration affecting both the 3D geometry of the produced bioceramic foams and the morphology of the precipitated apatite during the biodegradation tests. The addition of alumina resulted in considerable enhancement of the mechanical strength of the bioceramic foam when the porosity was above 70%. The produced calcium phosphate-based composite foams (with alumina reinforcement) are suitable for biomedical applications.

Fabrication of Silicon Carbide and Graphite Reinforced Aluminium MMC by Stir Casting and Characterization by Wear Test

Aluminum metal matrix composites with various reinforcements had pronounced prospective of meeting the criteria of recent engineering applications like aerospace, automobile, breakpads, sports, this is due to their enhancement of some mechanical properties by some addition of matrix in to decide material. The present study focuses on the fabrication of 6351 aluminum MMC hybrid composites reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite powder, followed by a wear test for characterization of the material. Although several methods are available for the fabrication of Al-Sic MMC, we have employed stir casting technique due to its simplicity and economical. In this work aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with different weight fractions of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% graphite and silicon carbide in equal proportion characteristics were compared with Al6351 alloy. It is found that the wear properties have been improved with increase in weight fraction of the reinforcements of silicon carbide and graphite in aluminum matrix.

Mechanical Behaviour of Fly Ash Reinforced Aluminum Composite Prepared by Casting

Mechanical Behaviour of Fly Ash Reinforced Aluminum Composite Prepared by Casting

Failure assessment of fiber metal laminates based on metal layer dispersion under dynamic loading scenario

In this study, tensile behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sandwiched with different thickness aluminium alloy layers were investigated at strain rates of the order 400–480 /s. The loading was induced through Spilt Hopkinson Tensile Bar (SHTB) setup and specimen size and shape were determined through Finite Element (FE) analysis by ensuring all damage modes should evolve inside the gauge region of the specimen. Three GLAss fiber REinforced (GLARE) aluminium laminates with top/bottom metal layers apart from the inside layer(s) were investigated. The idea is to observe the dynamic response of these laminates when they are sandwiched with no metal layer, one metal layer and two metal layers inside their lay-up configuration. They were named as 2/1–0.6, 3/2–0.4 and 4/3–0.2(O) laminates respectively. The FE analysis is used to observe the damages occurred within these laminates which are later compared with the experimental results. However, FE analysis results were able to investigate in-depth damage and failure occurring in these laminates unlike in experiments. Johnson-Cook (J-C) damage model was used as a material model for metal layer modeling while for GFRP a strain rate dependent 3D Hashin damage user-defined model is incorporated via VUMAT to observe the failure occur in these laminates. The interface delamination between the laminas were invoked through cohesive surface methodology. The GLARE laminates with metal layer(s) inside the configuration i.e. 3/2–0.4 and 4/3–0.2(O) laminates, was found to have comparable strength with GLARE having no metal layer inside the layup i.e. 2/1–0.6 laminate. From FE analysis it was noticed that the initiation of delamination due to the formation of matrix cracks in quasi-static loading was delayed in high strain rate loading as the strength in the matrix failure mode was higher due to rate sensitivity. However, the sequence of failure events occurring in these laminates like metal yielding, matrix failure, fiber failure accompanied with delamination remains same as in quasi-static loading.

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin Reinforced Carbon Fibers and Alumina Nanoparticles

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin Reinforced Carbon Fibers and Alumina Nanoparticles

Bearing Strength and Failure Modes Analysis of Carbon Reinforced Aluminium Laminate

Objective of this paper is study the bearing strength and failure modes of the Fiber Metal Laminates prepared by hand layup technique in two different stacking sequences. Parameters like ratio of hole distance to hole diameter (e/D), ratio to the width of composite to hole diameter (W/D) are varied during the experiment. Hole diameter is kept constant as 6mm and e value is taken as 6mm, 12mm, 18mm, 24mm, 30mm and 36mm. Similarly the width of the FML specimen is maintained as 24mm and 36mm respectively. Results show that laminate with [Ca0°/Ca90°/Al/Ca90°/Ca0°]s orientation is having a bearing strength 3.94% higher than that of [Al/Ca0°/Ca90°/Al/Ca0°]s orientation. In terms of failure modes the specimens with distance-diameter ratio greater than 3 and the two width- diameter ratio 4 and 6 exhibited bearing failure. For smaller ratios, the failure is due to shear out which involves combination of bearing and net tension failure.