Alumina Nanoparticles Research Articles

Assessing the Effect of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticle Additives on Biodiesel Combustion in Marine Diesel Engines

Abstract The increases in annual ship exhaust emissions have prompted the shift towards adopting alternative energy sources. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute fuel for marine engines that does not necessitate engine alterations. Biodiesel is renewable, environmentally friendly, and plant-based with biodegradable properties. The fuel is also non-toxic and oxygenated and shares similar characteristics with diesel fuel. Nonetheless, biodiesel fuel exhibits slightly reduced performance compared to diesel primarily due to its lower energy content. This study aims to evaluate the combustion attributes of a marine diesel engine employing palm biodiesel fuel incorporated with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticle additives. A B20 biodiesel fuel was blended with 50, 100, and 150 ppm Al2O3 nano additives. The engine combustion parameters, in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), mass fraction burned, and ignition delay were analysed and compared to the B20 fuel without additives. Adding Al2O3 nano additives to the B20 biodiesel blend improved the engine combustion characteristics. The optimal performance was recorded by the blend incorporating 150 ppm nanoparticles. The in-cylinder pressure and HRR peaks also improved by 5.41 to 15.1% and 4.69 to 16.9%, respectively, compared to the other B20 fuel blends. Furthermore, the B20 mixed with Al2O3 documented a more rapid mass fraction burned rate, resulting in a shorter ignition delay of approximately 5 CA°. In addition, the amount of oxygen in biodiesel blended with Al2O3 nano additives has improved engine combustion compared to B20 fuel. The present study demonstrated that adding Al2O3 nano additives to palm biodiesel fuel significantly enhanced engine combustion attributes, thus highlighting its potential to reduce reliance on petroleum-based fuels and provide sustainable fuel alternatives for marine diesel engines.

Controlled curcumin delivery via carboxymethyl starch‐modified gamma alumina nanoparticles in a polyethylene glycol‐based hydrogel

AbstractOne of the most prevalent cancers affecting women globally is breast cancer. Consequently, the development of cost‐effective and low‐risk treatment options remains a critical pursuit. This study describes the synthesis via water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) of a pH‐responsive nanocarrier for curcumin delivery, a promising anticancer drug. The nanocarrier comprises carboxymethyl starch (CMS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and gamma alumina (γ‐Al2O3) nanoparticles. The molecular interactions between the nanocomposite components, its crystalline structure, surface morphology, size distribution, and surface charge were assessed via Fourier‐transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, respectively. The nanocarrier showed a size ranging from 150 to 280 nm, zeta potential of +35.4 mV, drug loading of 47% and an encapsulation efficiency of 87%, which are among the maximum values reported to date for curcumin nanocarriers. A gradual drug release was observed, with 51% and 90% released after 72 h at pH 7.4 and 5.4, respectively, which corroborates the pH‐sensitivity of the nanocarrier. The cytotoxic effects of the curcumin‐loaded nanocomposite on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and normal cells were investigated using methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that loading curcumin onto the hydrogel significantly enhances its penetration into MCF‐7 cells. Overall, this novel nanocomposite offers a promising approach for curcumin delivery in breast cancer treatment.

Resistivity and Piezoelectrical Behavior of the Smart Oil Well Cement Incorporated with Aluminum Oxide and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles—Experimental and Analytical Study

Abstract The effects of individually adding 1 % nano aluminum oxide (NA) and 1 % nano iron oxide (NF) on the curing, compressive piezoelectric, and stress-strain characteristics of cement (Class H) were studied and quantified. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were used to evaluate the cement (class H) with and without the 1 % NF and 1 % NA modification. The cement’s initial electrical resistivity (ER) incorporated with 0.1 % conductive filler was improved by 16 and 31 %, respectively, with 1 % NF and 1 % NA. Including 1 % NF and 1 % NA enhanced the stress at the failure of the cement paste by 26 and 39 % and 17 and 42 %, respectively, after curing times of 1 and 28 d. The nonlinear Vipulanandan p-q curing model was employed to anticipate ER change with curing age. Depending on the curing period and type of nanomaterial, the piezoelectrical (piezoresistivity) of “smart” cement containing NF and NA was more significant than normal cement by 500 times. The nonlinear curing model has been applied to model variations in ER with the curing period. The gauge factor model relating strain to resistivity changes under compressive stress was also developed using a relation model.

Investigation of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Aluminum Metal Matrix Hybrid Nanocomposites Reinforced with Alumina and Titanium Carbide Nanoparticles

Particle-reinforced aluminum metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) garnered huge attention in recent years, owing to their increased wear properties and mechanical characteristics. Metal matrix composites and alloys often make use of nanoparticles of alumina and titanium carbide for reinforcing purposes. Fewer details are known about hybridized MMNCs that have been fortified with different types of nanoparticles. The characteristics of hybrid nanocomposites are evaluated in comparison to those of nanocomposites reinforced with individual reinforcements. A 100 gmf stress was applied for 10 seconds to test the specimens' Vickers micro-hardness. The hardness increased by 114% and the compressive strength by 60% with the addition of nanoparticles to the metal matrix. Tests were conducted on the specimens' dry wear characteristics at speeds of 550, 600 and 650 rpm with loads of 40, 45 and 50 N. A higher carbon reinforcing level in the metal matrix results in a higher wear resistance.

Mesoporous silica and alumina nanoparticles to improve drug delivery of pioglitazone on diabetic type 1 nephropathy in rats.

Diabetic nephropathy leads to end-stage renal disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic effect of pioglitazone-loaded mesoporous silica and alumina scaffold on renal function and the underlying mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The mesoporous nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical methods from tetraethylorthosilicate and aluminum isopropoxide and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The soaking method was applied to load pioglitazone into the mesoporous silica and alumina. Subsequently, the most capable formulation was evaluated for lipid profile, blood glucose, renal function biomarkers, malondialdehyde, and kidney histopathological changes in diabetic rats. Pioglitazone loaded in the mesoporous included a superior release of about 80%. No interaction was observed in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction was shown crystalline. Scanning electron microscopy showed the size of the nanometer in the range of 100 - 300 nm. Mesoporous silica containing the drug significantly decreased urinary parameters, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose, malondialdehyde, and creatinine. In addition, it showed increased high-density lipoprotein, significantly. The renal histopathological changes indicated improvement compared with the untreated diabetic group. It was concluded that the mesoporous was potent to serve as a promising drug carrier and a platform aimed at the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs for improving oral bioavailability. Furthermore, it has the potential to provide a beneficial effect on the changes in diabetic parameters.

A novel polycaprolactone film-coated electrode incorporating aluminum nanoparticles for pyruvate biosensing in clinical diagnosis

Pyruvate is an important parameter that is measured in a wide range of fields, from healthcare to environmental monitoring. Accurate and rapid measurement of pyruvate is therefore essential. Biosensors are well suited for this purpose. A novel, simple, and reliable biosensor was developed by modifying a polycaprolactone film with aluminum nanoparticles and used for the first time to detect pyruvate. The electrochemical properties and surface characteristics of the aluminum nanoparticle-modified film-coated gold electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The biosensor responded to pyruvate within a concentration range of 1 μM to 1000 μM with a sensitivity of 2.30 µA µM−1 cm−2 at an applied potential of + 0.4 V. The obtained accuracy was 99.5 % ± 0.002 with a relative standard deviation of only 0.041 %. The limit of detection was calculated to be 0.45 μM. The accuracy of spiked pyruvate measurement in a complex medium was highly accurate, with a result of 105.11 ± 0.02 % when tested using human serum from male AB plasma. The initial response was maintained at 98 % and 87 % after 10 and 20 days, respectively.

Al nanoparticles coated with polyaniline and functionalized modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) for removal of Ni2+ and Zn2+ from a simulated industrial effluent

Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental pollutants. One of the methods of absorbing heavy metals from industrial wastewater is the use of synthesized nanosorbents. The high cost and low efficiency of some common industrial wastewater treatment processes have created limitations. One of the interesting methods is the absorption process by carbon nanotubes as a new method. The present research aims to investigate the application of Al nanoparticles coated with polyaniline and functionalized modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) for removal of Ni2+ and Zn2+ from a simulated industrial effluent. In the present study, the effect of absorption process time, pH, nickel and zinc ion dose, adsorbent dose and temperature on the efficiency of heavy metal absorption was investigated. The concentration of metal ions was measured using the ICP model ES-710. FTIR spectra for modified MWCNT nanotubes and polyaniline-coated alumina nanoparticles were recorded before and after adsorption using a PerkinElmer Spectrum One FTIR vacuum oven. X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained by XRD Rigaku Ultima IV, Japan, and SEM and TEM micrograph analysis were performed by FESEM TESCAN MIRA 3 and PHILIPS CM300, respectively.The maximum removal efficiency of nickel and zinc cations using nano alumina coated with polyaniline was obtained at pH 10 and 8, respectively. The maximum removal percentage of these two metal ions using functionalized MWCNTs can also be obtained at pH 7 and 8. The optimal concentration of metal ions for the highest removal efficiency of studied cations using surface modified alumina nanoparticles and functionalized MWCNT was obtained at 800 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the adsorption efficiency decreased with increasing process temperature. The obtained results showed that surface MWCNT with carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups together with alumina nanoparticles modified by polyaniline can be considered as a potential adsorbent for absorbing nickel and zinc cations from simulated industrial effluents.

Hydration-induced plasma surface modification of aluminum nanoparticles for power generation in oxygen deficient environments

An approach to increase the energy release rate from aluminum (Al) combustion is to modify the alumina (Al2O3) passivation shell surrounding the Al fuel core. One approach uses atmospheric plasma treatment to physically reduce the Al2O3 shell thickness while simultaneously exposing the defected surface to water vapor to promote surface hydration. Combining water-vapor with an atmospheric helium dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma yields a thinner Al2O3 shell with double the surface hydration compared to as-received aluminum nanoparticles (nAl). Non-equilibrium combustion studies on plasma-treated nAl particles demonstrate increased energy release rates owing to the thinned shell and reduced diffusion barrier. Adding hydration further provides more oxidizer species in molecular scale proximity to the core such that the thinned and hydrated shell increased the initial pressurization rate by 50 % compared to as-received nAl. The results introduce a method to modify the native oxide surface and a strategy to control energy release rates from metal particle combustion.

TO HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINUM NANOPARTICLES IN PLASMA FLOW AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Purpose. To study the highly productive evaporation of aluminum micron powder in an atmospheric pressure plasma jet for the synthesis of nanoaluminum. Using special plasma technology, nanoparticles can be produced by rapid melting and evaporation of the initial micrometer particles and their subsequent re-nucleation. Research methods. Methods of mathematical and computer modeling of subsonic plasma turbulent jets at atmospheric pressure and experimental studies of two-phase processes during thermal plasma treatment using an arc plasma torch. Results. Based on computer modeling, a special reactor system was designed and developed, which includes a plasma-jet reactor with an electric arc plasma torch for the synthesis of aluminum nanoparticles. Numerical modeling makes it possible to determine the position of the melting point, evaporation and crushing of a molten particle, the evolution of the fractional composition of the dispersed phase, and find the speed and temperature of the particle in the area from its melting point to the crushing point. An experimental test of the operation of the reactor system was carried out using arc plasma torches with a power of 30 and 150 kW. It has been shown that intensifying the fragmentation of dispersed raw materials in a plasma jet can be useful in technologies for producing nanomaterials. The consequence of the fragmentation process is the redistribution of the fractional composition of the powder along the plasma jet and the accompanying changes in the dynamics of movement, heating and evaporation of particles. It has been determined that when the temperature of the largest aluminum particles reaches 2500 C, the total amount of evaporated mass is theoretically equal to 100%. The main parameters influencing the behavior of particles in a plasma jet are particle diameter, powder injection rate, flow rate, temperature and composition of the plasma gas. Taking these parameters into account will allow the process to operate at increased productivity. Scientific novelty. A mathematical description of the process of fragmentation a polydisperse powder, based on a continuum approach, has been obtained, which makes it possible to determine the position of the crushing point of a molten particle, the fractional composition of the dispersed phase, and find the speed and temperature of the particle in the area from its melting point to the point of crushing and evaporation. It was shown for the first time that it is possible to carry out a process in which complete evaporation of a molten drop is achieved due to the high enthalpy of the plasma before the end of mixing with steam. Practical value. A special reactor system has been designed and developed, which includes a plasma-jet reactor with an electric arc plasmatron for the synthesis of aluminum nanoparticles. The operating parameters of the reactor system have been determined, which will allow the synthesis of aluminum nanoparticles to be carried out with high productivity.

The role of aluminum nanoparticles in the visible light activated photocatalytic properties of laser ablation produced nano-alumina particles

In this experimental study, chemical agent contaminated water was treated by the photocatalytic activity of aluminum-alumina nanocomposite. Methyl red was used as the chemical agent pollutant. Nanocomposite was synthesized by laser ablation method. The presence of both Al and Al2O3 in the structure of synthesized nanocomposite and the structural and optical properties of Al/Al2O3 nanocomposite were evaluated by XRD, FESEM, TEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques. Photocatalytic activity of Al doped alumina nanocomposite was triggered by UV and visible light irradiation and results were compared. The highest efficiency of the photocatalytic treatment of water was due to degradation of methyl red under UV radiation. In spite of large bandgap energy of alumina nanoparticles, presence of Al atoms in the synthesized nanocomposite as the effective traps to prevent the recombination of electrons and holes was responsible for acceptable efficiency of Al/Al2O3 nanocomposite in degradation of methyl red dye under visible light irradiation. Effects of photocatalyst concentration and reaction temperature were also investigated.

Experimental Investigations on the Impacts of Aluminum Nanoparticles on a Low Heat Rejection Engine Running on a Blend of Soya Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel

Experimental Investigations on the Impacts of Aluminum Nanoparticles on a Low Heat Rejection Engine Running on a Blend of Soya Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel

Electrospray Nested Energetic Cells from Nanothermite with MoO3 Nanostrips: Reactivity, Sensitivity and Combustion Performance

Nanothermites have attracted great attention over the last two decades for their superior performance in heat release and pressure wave generation. The shape of the oxidizer and the assembly structure could significantly influence the performance. This paper reports on the reactivity, sensitivity and combustion performance of nanothermite of aluminum nanoparticles and MoO3 nanostrips prepared via electrospray strategy. The resulting particles were in good integrity, resembling bird nests. There were two exothermic processes for the resulting composites, which successively conformed to the Avrami–Erofeev equation of n = 4 and the Zhuravlev–Lesokhin–Tempelman (Z-L-T) equation. And the corresponding activation energies for the two processes were 148.645 kJ/mol and 297.280 kJ/mol, respectively. The flame sensitivity and impact sensitivity for the electrosprayed product were 50 cm and 35 cm, respectively, which were both higher than those of the mechanically mixed counterpart. The constant-volume combustion test showed that the maximum pressure of the electrosprayed product was 1.96 MPa, which was 0.69 MPa higher than that of the mechanically mixed counterpart. The combustion performances were evaluated under confined and unconfined conditions. Due to the fast heat release and transfer efficiency, fierce deflagration was achieved in the case of the electrosprayed sample under confined conditions. The combustion rate of the electrosprayed sample under unconfined conditions was almost a hundred times as much as that of the mechanically mixed one.

Exploration of heat transfer and entropy generation in an irregular wall cavity filled with Al2O3-water nanofluid

This study investigates 2-D natural convection heat transfer within an irregular wall cavity filled with nanofluid, employing a computational approach. The rough profile of the cavity surface is generated using the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot (W-M) function, and various parameters such as Rayleigh number ( 10 3 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 ), Knudsen number ( 0 ≤ Kn ≤ 1.5 ), solid volume fraction ( 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.15 ), and amplitude of the irregular rough wall ( 0 ≤ A 1 ≤ 0.1 ) are varied. The nanofluid consists of water as the base fluid and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles. Heat transfer characteristics are analyzed using the Nusselt number (Nu), while entropy generation is quantified to optimize thermal system efficiency. Grid sensitivity analysis and validation against existing literature are conducted to ensure the accuracy of the numerical methodology. Notably, the study demonstrates that increasing the slip velocity at the cavity wall enhances convection within the cavity, leading to a substantial increase in Nu. At Ra = 106, the Nu increases by 53.52% when Kn changes from 0 to 1. Furthermore, the study highlights the significant influence of nanoparticle volume fraction on Nu, showing that as the volume fraction increases, Nu also increases, indicating improved convective heat transfer performance. The Nu for a cavity with an amplitude of 0.1 is roughly 2.5 times higher compared to a smooth-walled cavity at Ra = 106. Increased surface irregularity enhanced turbulence intensity and mixing, leading to stronger convective currents. The novelty of this study lies in examining natural convection in irregular shaped cavities with wall-slip conditions, which are common in practical applications such as solar collectors, microelectronic devices, energy storage units, industrial furnaces, etc. This study offers valuable insights into the thermal behavior of rough enclosures filled with nanofluids, which will facilitate the optimization of heat transfer systems to minimize energy losses.

Aluminum/Graphene Thermal Interface Materials with Positive Temperature Dependence.

Graphene is widely used in excellent thermal interface materials (TIMs), thanks to its remarkably high in-plane thermal conductivity (k∥). However, the poor through-plane thermal conductivity (k⊥) limits its further application. Here, we developed a simple in situ growth method to prepare graphene-based thermal interface composites with positively temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, which loaded aluminum (Al) nanoparticles onto graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). To evaluate the variations in thermal performance, we determined the thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity of the composites using a laser-flash analyzer and a differential scanning calorimeter, respectively. The Al nanoparticles act as bridges between the nanoplatelets, enhancing the k⊥ of the 1.3-Al/GNPs composite to 11.70 W·m-1·K-1 at 25 °C. Even more remarkably, those nanoparticles led to a unique increase in k⊥ with temperature, reaching 20.93 W·m-1·K-1 at 100 °C. Additionally, we conducted an in-depth investigation of the thermal conductivity mechanism of the Al/GNPs composites. The exceptional heat transport property enabled the composites to exhibit a superior heat dissipation performance in simulated practical applications. This work provides valuable insights into utilizing graphene in composites with Al nanoparticles, which have special thermal conductivity properties, and offers a promising pathway to enhance the k⊥ of graphene-based TIMs.

Preparation of Al@FTCS/P(VDF-HFP) Composite Energetic Materials and Their Reaction Properties.

Strengthening the interfacial contact between the reactive components effectively boosts the energy release of energetic materials. In this study, we aimed to create a close-knit interfacial contact condition between aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) and Polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (P(VDF-HFP)) through hydrolytic adsorption and assembling 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane (FTCS) on the surface of Al NPs. Leveraging hydrogen bonding between -CF and -CH and the interaction between C-F⋯F-C groups, the adsorbed FTCS directly leads to the growth of the P(VDF-HFP) coating layer around the treated Al NPs, yielding Al@FTCS/P(VDF-HFP) energetic composites. In comparison with the ultrasonically processed Al/P(VDF-HFP) mixture, thermal analysis reveals that Al@FTCS/P(VDF-HFP) exhibits a 57 °C lower reaction onset temperature and a 1646 J/g increase in heat release. Associated combustion tests demonstrate a 52% shorter ignition delay, 62% shorter combustion time, and a 288% faster pressurization rate. These improvements in energetic characteristics stem from the reactivity activation of FTCS towards Al NPs by the etching effect to the surface Al2O3. Moreover, enhanced interfacial contact facilitated by the FTCS-directed growth of P(VDF-HFP) around Al NPs further accelerates the whole reaction process.

Achieving Low Voltage Plasma Discharge in Aqueous Solution Using Lithographically Defined Electrodes and Metal/Dielectric Nanoparticles.

Because of the high dielectric strength of water, it is extremely difficult to discharge plasma in a controllable way in the aqueous phase. By using lithographically defined electrodes and metal/dielectric nanoparticles, we create electric field enhancement that enables plasma discharge in liquid electrolytes at significantly reduced applied voltages. Here, we use high voltage (10-30 kV) nanosecond pulse (20 ns) discharges to generate a transient plasma in the aqueous phase. An electrode geometry with a radius of curvature of approximately 10 μm, a gap distance of 300 μm, and an estimated field strength of 5 × 106 V/cm resulted in a reduction in the plasma discharge threshold from 28 to 23 kV. A second structure had a radius of curvature of around 5 μm and a gap distance of 100 μm had an estimated field strength of 9 × 106 V/cm but did not perform as well as the larger gap electrodes. Adding gold nanoparticles (20 nm diameter) in solution further reduced the threshold for plasma discharge to 17 kV due to the electric field enhancement at the water/gold interface, with an estimated E-field enhancement of 4×. Adding alumina nanoparticles decorated with Pt reduced the plasma discharge threshold to 14 kV. In this scenario, the emergence of a triple point at the juncture of alumina, Pt, and water results in the coexistence of three distinct dielectric constants at a singular location. This leads to a notable concentration of electric field, effectively aiding in the initiation of plasma discharge at a reduced voltage. To gain a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the electric field enhancement mechanism, we performed rigorous numerical simulations. These simulations provide valuable insights into the intricate interplay between the lithographically defined electrodes, the nanoparticles, and the resulting electric field distribution, enabling us to extract crucial information and optimize the design parameters for enhanced performance.

Insight into the variations of concentration experiencing leading-edge accretion and thermal analysis: water conveying nanotubes, graphene, and aluminum oxide nanoparticles over a convectively heated surface

Insight into the variations of concentration experiencing leading-edge accretion and thermal analysis: water conveying nanotubes, graphene, and aluminum oxide nanoparticles over a convectively heated surface

Understanding adhesion induced by calcium compounds at 900 °C using model particles

In waste and biomass combustion plants, ash adheres to the inside of the combustors and surfaces of air heaters, etc., accumulating over time and causing operational problems due to the deposited ash layer. Here, we evaluated the adhesion properties of calcium-rich ash using synthetic ash. Specifically, we investigated the role of Ca-Al in ashes. The adhesion of Ca-Al synthetic ash and mixed ash of Ca-Al and SiO2, which is included in ash and utilized as a bed material in fluidized-bed combustion systems, was investigated. Adhesion was found to increase when three conditions were met: Ca/Al molar ratio >1, SiO2 coexistence, and 900 °C. The increase in tensile strength of the powder bed corresponded to shrinkages in volume, specific surface area, and total pore volume, suggesting solid phase sintering as the cause of increased adhesion. Adding alumina nanoparticles to the highly adherent sample successfully suppressed the adhesion increase.

Computational analysis of transient thermal diffusion and propagation of chemically reactive magneto-nanofluid, Brinkman-type flow past an oscillating absorbent plate

The current work concentrates on increasing the thermal and solutal performance in exponentially accelerating vertical surfaces via the utilization of nanofluids containing the mixtures of base water fluid and Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Copper (Cu), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles. During the fully utilize the capabilities of nanoparticles in a variety of applications and to evaluate the effects that they will have on the environment and biological systems, it is crucial to comprehend and manage heat transmission. This motivation allows us to investigate the nanofluid boundary layer flows under cross-diffusion effects, as this model study earlier was not conducted, thus the results of this work are new, which describe the novelty of the current problem. The partial differential equations for the developed model are altered into dimensionless statements first via non-dimensionalization. The numerical simulations implementing a finite difference scheme are applied for the solution description. The physical description of the variation of momentum, temperature, and mass fields for different factors is computed and presented graphically for ramped temperature and isothermal heat cases. Convergence and validation of the problem are checked with the help of tables. We found that enhancement in the Reynolds number, Brinkman parameter and magnetic field mark a downward trend in the fluid velocity, but it strengthens with the porosity parameter and time factor. The temperature distribution expands for advancing diffusion-thermal and radiation effects, whereas a contrary pattern was noted with the Prandtl number and heat consumption parameter. The thermo-diffusion effect enlarges the concentration distribution but decays with chemical reaction and Schmidt number.

Investigation of the use of aluminum oxide nanoparticle-enhanced waste cooking oil blends in compression ignition engines.

The sustainable utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative to fossil fuels has gained considerable attention due to its potential for delivering substantial environmental and economic benefits. This research attempts to explore the impact of incorporating aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AONP) into WCO on the emissions, combustion characteristics, and overall performance of a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Comparative analyses were conducted against conventional commercial diesel fuel and pure WCO, as well as varying blends of WCO with AONP at 25ppm, 50ppm, and 75ppm concentrations. The experimental results demonstrate a notable enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), with a 13.2% increase observed in the WCO + 75 AONP fuel blend compared to neat WCO. Engines fueled by WCO nanoparticle blends showed significant augmentation in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates. Furthermore, these blends exhibited a substantial reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and soot emissions by 44%, 31%, and 48%, respectively, while nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions increased by 7% compared to neat WCO. Among the assessed fuel mixtures, the WCO + 75 AONP blend demonstrated higher engine performance. This study underscores the potential of aluminum oxide nanoparticle-enhanced WCO blends as viable and environmentally responsible options for sustainable energy solutions. However, challenges such as production costs and long-term fuel stability must be addressed to establish nano-fuels as financially viable alternatives.