Alum Dose Research Articles

Comparing the log‐response curve and adsorption isotherm model for removing dissolved organic matter during La Nina event

AbstractCoagulation is the most commonly used chemical treatment process that is used to remove contaminants from drinking water. In this study, the Log‐Dose‐Response (LDR) model and theoretical isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were employed to predict the DOC removal in the coagulation process during La Nina events. The six months water samples were collected during an intense La Niña cycle at various locations along the River Murray and elsewhere in South Australia. The Jar testing was conducted with different Alum dose and pH levels, that is, at 5.5, 6.0 and 7.0. The result indicates that the optimum dose of Alum for DOC removal is 15.0 mg/L and the LDR model is the best one for predicting the DOC removal in the coagulation process. The mean of standard error for this model is less than 5% for all pHs compared to Langmuir and Freundlich predictions with a value of 11% and 8%, respectively. Moreover, the standard deviation for the LDR model was low at 2.49, 1.22 and 0.75 for pH 5.5, pH 6.0 and pH 7.0, respectively.

Modeling of Head Loss through Deep Bed Sand Filters. (Dept. C ( Public Works ) )

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Removal of fluoride from water by using a coagulant (inorganic polymeric coagulant).

Excess fluoride (F) ion of drinking water is a major problem in many areas of India and causes harmful effects such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. The World Health Organization (WHO 2004) recommends an upper limit of 1.5 mg/L fluoride in drinking water, and the concentration of fluoride in groundwater has been found 10-20 times higher in many of the States in India. In this study, the performance of inorganic polymeric coagulant (IPC) named as IPC-23, IPC-13, IPC-17, and alum for fluoride removal from drinking water was investigated. The amount of IPC was decided according to the Al2O3 amount present in the alum dose recommended in the batch Nalgonda defluoridation technique. The effects of coagulant dosage (IPC) at different pH and initial concentrations of fluoride on fluoride removal have been studied. The synthetic sample having a fluoride concentration of 2 to 6 mg/L was treated at the optimized dosage and residual fluoride was reduced to 1.0 to 1.2 ppm with IPC-17. Residual aluminum in treated water was well within WHO norms (< 200 μg/L) for drinking water. Optimum pH for fluoride removal was 6.5, and there was deterioration in the performance of IPC at both lower and higher pH.

Using iron alum in surface water treatment

Surface water contains clay, bacteria, dissolved metals, organic matter, color, other suspended solids. The purpose of coagulation and flocculation is to remove these suspended particles which ensure proper operation in treatment plant. Improper use of coagulant dosage affects water quality after treatment, cause operation problems and production costs. A study is being conducted at a surface water treatment plant at Dong Nai River with the capacity of 300,000 m3/day. The treatment process uses iron alum for coagulation and flocculation. Due to the high corrosion property of iron alum and the residue effects of the quality of treated water, it requires strict control in the treatment process as well as the chemical dosage. The main aim of this study is to determine appropriate amount of alum used for the coagulation-flocculation process. Research method is data collection including: turbidity, pH, flow rate of raw water, dosage of iron alum, lime, polymer used in current treatment process. Then, find the model using iron alum by linear regression analysis and BMA methods on R tool platform. Next, verify the appropriate linear regression model of iron alum by Jar test experiment. Results revealed that the BMA model is not suitable for the application because one Jar test results has a mean turbidity value greater than 4 NTU, which does not meet the water quality requirements after sedimentation tank according to the water treatment regulation. The linear regression analysis showed that raw water turbidity and season are two independent factors related to the alum dosage, of which these two factors explain about 78% of the differences that affect the coagulation-flocculation process. This study was successful in determining the appropriate iron alum dosage for the water treatment plant, which can be applied similarly to build appropriate chemical model for water surface water plants and raw water resources.

Removal behavior of microplastics using alum coagulant and its enhancement using polyamine-coated sand

In recent years, microplastics (MPs) smaller than 100μm have been reported to be abundant in bulk water samples from drinking water treatment plants (WTPs). In this study, the removal behavior of MPs for different sizes (10–100μm), shape and surface morphology were investigated using alum coagulant and alum combined with cationic polyamine-coated (PC) sand. For identification and quantification, MPs were stained with Nile Red dye and observed under a laser scanning fluorescent microscope. The removal of MPs increases with increasing doses of alum up to 30mgL–1 (70.7%). Further increases in the doses resulted in a sharp decrease in the removal of MPs. The analysis for different sizes showed lower removal of smaller MPs (10–30μm) for all doses of alum. PC sand (500mgL–1) combined with 20mgL–1 of alum dose showed the highest removal (92.7%) of MPs. The removal was enhanced by 26.8% when compared with alum alone. The removal of MPs followed the behavior of elongated-rough (ER)>elongated-smooth (ES) >spherical-rough (SR)>spherical-smooth (SS) and was supported by a flocculation kinetic study. This study revealed that size, shape and surface morphology of MPs play important roles in the removal of MPs from drinking WTPs.

Turbidity and TSS removal from textile wastewater using a combination of natural and chemical coagulants

Abstract: Recently natural coagulants are a consistently expanded; plants extracted coagulant which may be adopted in the coagulation-flocculation activity of textile wastewater treatment for reduction concentration of turbidity and total suspended solids. In this study, the possibility of a combination between chemical coagulant (alum) and natural plant coagulant (Capparis Spinosa) in excluding turbidity and total suspended solids from textile wastewater has been studied. A set of experiments were implemented for verifying the turbidity and TSS removal efficiency using alum and powder extracted from Capparis Spinosa plant separately. A combined dosage consisted of chemical coagulant (alum) dosages (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l) with natural coagulant dosages (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l) in order to detect the optimum combined percentage of both coagulants (alum and Capparis Spinosa) that produces higher removal efficiencies for both turbidity and TSS. The study found the activity of removal for both turbidity and total suspended solids increased in high performance when mixing is occurred between natural coagulant (Capparis Spinosa) and chemical coagulant (Alum). The results illustrate that the combination of 20 mg/l alum with 30 mg/l Capparis Spinosa made 99% turbidity removal and the combination of 30 mg/l alum with 30 mg/l Capparis Spinosa made 98% TSS removal.

Sustainable use of natural and chemical coagulants for contaminants removal from palm oil mill effluent: A comparative analysis

• Raw Palm Oil Mill Effluent characterized; sample treated and 4000 mg/L Alum dose was obtained as the optimum. • 1000 mg/L of Ferric chloride significantly increased the removal efficiency in the experimental sample. • Chitosan as a biopolymer showed continuous removal efficiency until the optimum dose was reached at 400 mg/L. • Moringa Oleifera dose of 2000 mg/L as a natural coagulant was very efficient in heavy metals removal from the sample. • Zeolite dose of 1000 mg/L showed significant increase in removal efficiency as it provides the highest removal percentages for Cadmium, Zinc and Iron. This article aimed at determining the optimum coagulant dose for various coagulants. This is to ascertain coagulant with the potential for higher removal of contaminants. By fixing the initial pH, settling time, coagulant aid dose, rapid mixing speed & time, slow mixing speed & time as constant parameters, the study assessed the process efficiency in terms of percentage removals for TSS, oil & grease, COD, NH 3 -N, turbidity and colour. The results indicated that the optimum dosage for FeCl 3 , moringa oleifera , aluminum sulphate, chitosan and zeolite was found to be 1000, 2000, 4000, 400 and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Results were analysed using the one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17 where P-values for all contaminants tested across various coagulants and their dosages found to be <0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis is discredited which indicate there is significant improvement in the removal efficiencies.

Removal of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from wastewater using traditional chemical coagulants and chitosan

AbstractAlum and ferric chloride were used individually as coagulants to remove P25 TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from a simulated wastewater. Previous studies have addressed the use of alum, polyaluminum chloride, chitosan, and polyaluminum chloride with chitosan for coagulation of NPs. A goal of this study was to reduce chemical usage associated with wastewater treatment by examining the coagulation effectiveness of chitosan in conjunction with alum. To further reduce chemical consumption during coagulation, the initial solution pH was limited to 6 or 8. A range of alum doses removed NPs from pH 8 wastewater to achieve residual turbidity &lt;1 NTU. NP removal from pH 6 solutions produced water with residual turbidity &lt;2 NTU only at lower initial NP concentrations. For pH 8 solutions, ferric chloride produced treated water with residual turbidity &lt;1 NTU but at higher doses than required for alum. While chitosan alone did not significantly reduce turbidity, the use of alum and chitosan together reduced the optimal alum dose by 10% and also reduced alum treatment acidification. Therefore, the use of chitosan in coagulation can potentially reduce chemical usage during water treatment and the energy and water consumption associated with chemical production. Use of alum with low chitosan concentrations produces faster settling floc, which can potentially reduce settling tank volume and produce an effluent containing lower aluminum concentrations.

The Effect of Alum as Filter Conditioner on the Performance of Conventional Rapid Sand Filter

Filtration is a one of the most important and critical unit process followed worldwide which removes dirt particles from water. As the water quality standards are changing and becoming more stringent, the improvement in the performance of existing rapid sand filters is unavoidable. The use of filter conditioning to improve filter performance is a relatively recent development in drinking water treatment. Different advantages claimed by such use of filter aid includes lessening ripening period, superior turbidity removal and relatively stable filtrate quality. It also has limitations like reduction in filter run and comparatively higher back washing requirement. To assess the suitability of such method,under the existing conditions is of enormous importance.12 Current research explains the impact of filter media conditioning on the overall performance of conventional rapid sand filter. The study was carried out by installing a pilot plant at Ichalkaranji municipal water treatment plant. Different doses of alum as filter conditioner were tested and the comparison was made with the performance of conventional filter without filter aid. The parameters for evaluation were turbidity removal, filter run and backwash requirements. The dose of alum as filter conditioner was given as slug dose. The effect of zeta (ζ) potential change was observed to be one of the major reasons of the performance improvement, accelerating the surface removal since initial phase.

Evaluation of a Low-Cost Ceramic Filter for Sustainable Reuse of Urban Stormwater in Arid Environments

Sustainable reuse of urban stormwater is inevitable in the fight against water crises in arid regions. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost ceramic filtration process for reuse applications of urban stormwater. Stormwater was collected from a storage pond located in Buraydah (Qassim, Saudi Arabia) for laboratory experiments. The filtration tests were performed in a continuous mode with constant pressure using a low-cost ceramic filter made of clay soil and rice bran. The removal rates of the contaminants (heavy metals) as well as the turbidity, suspended solids, and nutrients of the stormwater were assessed. High removal efficiencies for turbidity (97.4%), suspended solids (97.0%), BOD5 (78.4%), and COD (76.1%) were achieved while low removals were achieved for the nutrients: 19.7% for total nitrogen, 25.3% for nitrate, and 8.6% for phosphate. Removal efficiencies ranged between 36.2% and 99.9% for the heavy metals, i.e., iron, manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium, selenium, and barium. Contaminant removal rates observed for the ceramic filter were also compared with the alum coagulation process operated in a continuous mode at an optimum alum dose of 50 mg/L. Similar removal behaviors for removal of turbidity, suspended solids, organics, nutrients, and heavy metals suggested that both ceramic filtration and alum coagulation can be effectively used for stormwater treatment. Effluent qualities of both the ceramic filter and alum coagulation met the standards, for recycling/reuse of wastewater, set by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and World Health Organization for unrestricted irrigation and toilet flushing. The study results revealed that ceramic filtration is a low-cost, energy efficient, and easy to maintain technology which can be complimentary to best management practices for stormwater.

Coagulation- and Adsorption-Based Environmental Impact Assessment and Textile Effluent Treatment

Disposal of industrial effluents (especially the textile industry) into the drains without prior treatment is a common practice that affects aquatic life and pollutes the soil and groundwater quality. Textile effluents contain organic and inorganic pollutants in terms of high pH, suspended and dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, heavy metals, and many other contaminants. Therefore, it is obligatory to dispose off wastewater according to environmental standards. The present study is planned to determine textile wastewater characteristics and recommend efficient and economical treatment options. Wastewater samples from three different industries were collected and analyzed. Nine different treatments using different dosages of alum, activated carbon, and their mixture were used to investigate treatment performance. Analysis of variance and correlation was used to optimize the results. A highly significant correlation was found among the treatments ranging from 92 to 100% for observed parameters. pH, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids were removed significantly. A combination of alum and activated carbon found to be the most efficient treatment. Based on the highly significant results among different parameters, a combined wastewater treatment plant is recommended for a cluster of industrial units.

Using the Leopold Matrix Procedure to Assess the Environmental Impact of Pollution from Drinking Water Projects in Karbala City, Iraq

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is designed to identify and predict the impacts of bio-geophysical environments on human health. In this study, the Leopold matrix was applied to predict the pollution impacts of seven water projects in Karbala city in Iraq based on water quality data collected for the period January to December 2018. The results showed that the impacts of Ca and SO4 in treated water were unacceptable in most cases due to uncontrolled dosage of alum and lime added during water treatment processes. The results also demonstrated that the maximum environmental impact (EIV) for raw water was 51.21 at Al-Hendiya Al-Qadeem water treatment plant (WTP) while that for treated water was 99.97, at Hay Al-Hussein WTP. The obtained impact values of treated water quality parameters in this study occurred due to the use of old techniques in water treatment and demonstrate the need to upgrade these techniques. The Leopold matrix was, however, shown to be good process for sifting out or mitigating the negative effects of such projects on humans and the environment.

PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI RUMAHAN SABLON (WARNA DAN B3) DI KELURAHAN KRENDANG, KECAMATAN TAMBORA, JAKARTA BARAT

The community development conducted is the Training of waste water management (color and hazardous waste) of screen printing home industri in “Krendang Kelurahan”, Tambora District, West Jakarta, which aims to provide training and demonstration to screen printing home industri sothat the liquid waste generated from industrial activities can be handled properly and will not cause environmental problems when discharged into the environment. Waste management is also expected to not butden the business actors about cost and time, so that screen printing businesses are able to do the management themselve. The method used is initial research on the characteristics of screen printing waste, testing in the laboratory in determining the dosage and residence time needed in treating the waste, designing simple processing equipment, training in handling liquid waste printing, and demonstrating the screen printing waste treadment in one of thr screen printing home industri. From the results of laboratory tests and simple installation designs, the optimal conditions for the screen printing waste treadment unit are coagulation and mechanical flocculation units, and preparations unit, witch is carried out in 1 tub with a dose of Alum 45 mg/l.

Coagulation and disinfection by-products formation potential of extracellular and intracellular matter of algae and cyanobacteria.

Coagulation and flocculation can remove particulate algal cells effectively; however, they are not very effective for removing dissolved algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water plants. In this work, optimum coagulation conditions using alum for both extracellular and intracellular organic matter of six different algal and cyanobacterial species were determined. Different coagulation conditions such as alum dosage, pH, and initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were tested. Hydrophobicity, hydrophilicty, and transphilicity of the cellular materials were determined using resin fractionation method. The removal of DOC by coagulation correlated well with the hydrophobicity of the AOM. The disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) of various fractions of AOM was determined after coagulation. Although, higher removal occurred for hydrophobic AOM during coagulation, specific DBPFP, which varied from 10 to 147 μg/mg-C was higher for hydrophobic AOM. Of all the six species, highest DBPFP occurred for Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an abundant marine diatom species, but is increasingly found in surface water.

Removal of micron-sized microplastic particles from simulated drinking water via alum coagulation

Microplastics are being recognized as an emerging pollutant entering wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. Microplastics are often defined as having a dimension less than 5 mm, however much smaller plastic particles have been identified in the environment. While a few studies have addressed the effectiveness of traditional water treatment processes for the removal of microplastics in the mm-size range, additional investigations that study the behavior of smaller plastic particles during water treatment are needed. The results of this work confirm that conditions which are suitable for the removal of a conventional oxide colloid, kaolin, are also effective for the removal of a model plastic sphere (density 1.3 g/cm3, 1–5 µm diameter). Coagulation using alum at concentrations between 5 and 10 mg/L Al produced water with turbidity less than 1.0 NTU from solutions containing 5 mg/L microspheres with an initial turbidity of 16 NTU. Although the presence of 20 mg/L of surfactant in solution shifted the microsphere zeta potential, it did not impair microsphere coagulation at low alum doses and all solutions showed a gradual trend toward higher residual NTU at higher alum dose. Evidence from floc photos and zeta potential measurements point to sweep flocculation as the dominant mechanism for microsphere removal for the conditions of this study. The dispersion of polyethylene microfibers (density 0.96 g/cm3, 5 µm diameter cut to 0.1 mm lengths) in water was strongly influenced by surfactants yet the fibers were still effectively removed via coagulation. Further experimentation with other plastics and solution conditions is needed to enhance understanding of the effectiveness of traditional water treatment processes for microplastic removal.

ALVAC-HIV B/C candidate HIV vaccine efficacy dependent on neutralization profile of challenge virus and adjuvant dose and type.

The ALVAC-HIV clade B/AE and equivalent SIV-based/gp120 + Alum vaccines successfully decreased the risk of virus acquisition in humans and macaques. Here, we tested the efficacy of HIV clade B/C ALVAC/gp120 vaccine candidates + MF59 or different doses of Aluminum hydroxide (Alum) against SHIV-Cs of varying neutralization sensitivity in macaques. Low doses of Alum induced higher mucosal V2-specific IgA that increased the risk of Tier 2 SHIV-C acquisition. High Alum dosage, in contrast, elicited serum IgG to V2 that correlated with a decreased risk of Tier 1 SHIV-C acquisition. MF59 induced negligible mucosal antibodies to V2 and an inflammatory profile with blood C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels correlating with neutralizing antibody titers. MF59 decreased the risk of Tier 1 SHIV-C acquisition. The relationship between vaccine efficacy and the neutralization profile of the challenge virus appear to be linked to the different immunological spaces created by MF59 and Alum via CXCL10 and IL-1β, respectively.

Competence of blended coagulants for surface water treatment

Owing to the advantages of the natural coagulants under study, the present objective is to study the efficiency of blended coagulants: alum and chitin; alum and sago; and alum + chitin + sago. In this attempt, we have reduced the quantity of alum dose and added increasing quantities of the natural coagulants. The surface water samples collected from nearby sources were analyzed for the following parameters pre- and post-treatment with the coagulants. Coagulation and flocculation experiments were carried out using conventional jar test apparatus. Turbidity removal was observed to be nearly 99.29% at all pH ranges and doses. Removal of conductivity, solids and hardness was 58.83%, 32.03% and 33.33%, respectively. From the results obtained, it can be observed that the efficiency of blended coagulants in removal of various physicochemical parameters from the waters was better when compared to individual coagulants. The floc size in blend coagulants was larger than that of single coagulants. The data obtained in this study indicated the coagulation efficiency could be enhanced by using the blend coagulant.

Treatment of Wastewater Disposal from the General Hospital in Tuz Region Using Alum and Bentonite

The general hospital in Tuz town in Iraq suffers from the absence of a wastewater treatment plant, in which the disposals of the hospital are discharged directly into the sewerage system. The aim of this study is to use simple and basic methods for treating wastewater from the general hospital in Tuz Town using bentonite clay and alum with different dosages by methods of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation using Jar test, to measure the general characteristics of wastewater such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), potential of hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), nitrates (NO3), phosphates (PO4), hardness, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), turbidity, chlorides (Cl), and sulfates (SO4). The results showed that bentonite clay was more effective than alum in removing pollutants from wastewater. The removal efficient of COD and BOD5 was 65% and 57%, respectively, at the optimum dosage of bentonite clay, whereas the efficient removal of COD and BOD5 using alum was 60% and 48%, respectively. Higher efficiency removal of turbidity was 75% for bentonite and 65% for alum; the higher value of efficiency removal was 68% for NO3 and 60% for PO4 while the higher efficiency using the treatment with alum was 58% for NO3 and 49% for PO4. The changing in the value of pH was decreased with increasing the dosages of alum, for the first dosage 20 mg/l, the value of PH was 7.1 then it was decreased to reach 6.2 at 120 mg/l, whereas bentonite shows increasing in value of PH to reach 7.6 at dosage of 120 mg/l.

Removal of natural organic matter and ammonia from dam water by enhanced coagulation combined with adsorption on powdered composite nano-adsorbent

Abstract Enhanced coagulation and adsorption were investigated in separate and combined processes to alleviate problems created by high levels of NOM (15 mg L−1) and ammonia (2.5 mg L−1 NH4-N) in dam water. Raw water acidification to pH 6.2 with optimised enhanced coagulation in jar tests achieved effective (68%) DOC reduction and satisfactory residual turbidity, aluminium, and colour, however removed only 5% ammonia. Adsorption on the nano-adsorbent (termed ACZ) led to 45% DOC reduction and excellent 58% ammonia removal in 30 min. Concurrent enhanced coagulation and complementary adsorption using only 80 mg L−1 alum and 150 mg L−1 ACZ doses showed high performance with 76% ammonia, 90% DOC, and 95% trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP) reduction in 20 min time. Concurrent treatment can be simply implemented utilising readily available rapid mixers and flocculators, and operated on demand. Pre-adsorption and consecutive enhanced coagulation using the same alum and ACZ doses resulted in slightly better DOC but reduced (61%) ammonia removal. The results showed that concurrent treatment could safely resolve a challenging operational problem. ACZ combines the distinct advantages of zeolite and activated carbon in a single product, and may find additional uses in removing taste and odour, heavy metals, and synthetic organic matter from ground and surface waters.

Aluminium recovery from water treatment sludge under different dosage of sulphuric acid

Aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3 known as alum is commonly added chemical in coagulation-flocculation process in water treatment plants. Despite of its effectiveness in treating the water, it produces high volume of residual alum sludge to be discarded to sludge lagoon. Therefore, sludge disposal is one of the main drawbacks in water treatment plants as it requires large footprints to store the residual sludge before being dumped at landfills. The sludge still contains high concentrations of aluminium that can be recovered for further use. Acidification process using sulphuric acid is investigated in this study to recover the aluminium from sludge. Different dosage of sulphuric acid ranges at 0.45 – 1.80M at constant weight of alum sludge at 300g were analysed to obtain the maximum percentages of aluminium recovery. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the recovered aluminium concentration. Besides the element of aluminium, other elements such as Ferum (Fe), Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) were also recovered through the acidification process. It was found that element of aluminium shows the highest concentration. The optimum recovery of aluminium was attained at alum sludge 300g and dosage of 1.35M sulphuric acid in which the recovery ratio at up to 98%. This shows that the aluminium present at high concentration in the sludge and if the sludge is dumped at landfills, the remaining aluminium will affect the environment. Furthermore, it is recommended that the recovered aluminium from water treatment sludge has the potential to be an alternative coagulant element in water treatment process.