Alto Rio Negro Research Articles

Tuberculosis and epidemiological profile of the indigenous population of the Alto Rio Negro - Brazilian Amazon

The dissemination of information about Tuberculosis (TB), the types of manifestation of the disease, its main symptoms, which preventive measures are taken and how treatment is carried out are fundamental strategies for coping with it today, in addition to informing the rates of notifications of TB on a global, national and regional scale. The objective of this article is to present the epidemiological profile of the indigenous population of the Alto Rio Negro region, in the State of Amazonas (Brazil), regarding tuberculosis. Methodologically, the article was built through a bibliographical survey, eight articles were read and only two were selected to carry out the literature review identifying the epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis for the indigenous population of the Alto Rio Negro region – AM. By carrying out a literature review, it was possible to identify how essential the relationship between health, society and the environment is in a social group, determining the possible diseases that can affect this population. It was concluded that the social conditions of Indians and non-Indians are different in economic, social, political, cultural and territorial aspects, thus making it difficult to access not only the diagnosis of the disease, but also the direct treatment observed, and information about the transmission of tuberculosis, its diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic procedure.

One Hundred and Eighty Years of Botanical Work in the Alto Rio Negro - Vaupes Region on the Border of Colombia and Brazil (1785 – 1965)

Este artículo estudia los trabajos adelantados por botánicos entre 1785 y 1965 en la región del Alto Río Negro - Vaupés, área fronteriza en la Amazonia entre Colombia y Brasil. Tras las figuras del siglo XIX, la literatura suele exaltar al estadounidense Richard Evans Schultes, pero sus trabajos contaron con una importante participación de otros investigadores colombianos y también hay aportes desde Brasil que no suelen mencionarse. Los materiales revisados permiten visibilizar estos otros científicos que hicieron valiosas contribuciones al conocimiento de la flora amazónica.

Tecer outro Cesto de Conhecimentos? Pesquisa colaborativa e remota na pandemia de covid-19.

Abstract From the experience of the project Indigenous Responses to COVID-19 in Brazil: social arrangements and global health (PARI-c), in the region of Alto Rio Negro (AM), we seek to reflect in this article on the possibilities and implications of collaborative knowledge production with indigenous researchers, taking into account the health emergency, territorial immobilities, social inequalities, and epistemological and ontological policy differences. From the idea of Baskets of knowledge, we think about the forms and possibilities of this collaboration, in the light of contemporary discussions on processes of “decolonization” of public health (global, planetary) and health knowledge. The empirical basis for this article is a description of the methodological experience of knowledge production, focused on two aspects: the field and writing. This material allows us to make some considerations around the relevance and meaning of ways of generating “hybrid knowledge”, to deal with contexts of global crises or syndemics. These ways, as we shall see, cross the realignment of alliances and find a special focal point on women’s writing.

Geological knowledge advances on the Alto Rio Negro region, northwestern Amazonian Craton, Brazil: a review

This paper presents a literature review of the geology of the Alto Rio Negro region, located in northwestern Brazil. Firstly, we summarize the Amazonian Craton tectonic models and how the study area fits in these different tectonic models. The aim is to organize the literature data and better guide the consultation for new studies. The first geological reports about the Alto Rio Negro are from the Mid-19th century, when the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace travels to this country and, since then, long periods of scientific production absence occur. However, after the RADAMBRASIL Project in the 1970s, there was a significant research advance. Recent publications reveal a complex tectonic evolution, with three events that mark periods of generation and reworking of the Proterozoic basement. Two Paleoproterozoic magmatic arc systems generated the geological basement. The Calymmian collision of these terrains produced a large volume of crustal granites, in addition to pre-, and post-tectonic granites. A crustal reworking period (1.4-1.1 Ga) reactivated the basement structures and, possibly, generated the Ectasian carbonatitic intrusions. There are many difficulties to access this region, so the literature data are of great value and provide a background for new studies. The lack of more detailed geological maps covering the Alto Rio Negro region is the main obstacle. Still, it offers a fertile research field for geologists interested in contributing to diverse research fields of Geology focusing on the Amazonian Craton.

‘Rio Negro, We care’. Indigenous women, cosmopolitics and public health in the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to understand the ‘Rio Negro, We Care’ campaign in its cosmopolitical implications for discussions of global health and human rights. This article is part of a collaborative process centred on the city of São Gabriel da Cachoeira and the Alto Rio Negro region of Brazil. This campaign was developed by the Department of Women of the Federation of Indigenous Organizations of Rio Negro (DMIRN/FOIRN) at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. It had significant effects on the pandemic experience in the region during 2020. The Brazilian responses to the COVID-19 pandemic highlight complex, intersectional and neocolonial processes, associated with what has been understood as the necropolitics led by the Brazilian federal government. At the same time, such responses shed light on the limitations of the biopolitical orientation of public and global health for the management of the pandemic. We seek to narrate a cosmopolitical intervention located ‘in culture’ as a counterpoint to this process. Our analysis highlights questions in the field of global and planetary health milestones, such as the conditions of legitimacy for cosmological knowledge and care technologies, or the ontological implications of the persistent biopolitical bias of mainstream public health interventions.

A escola nunca vai entender a comunidade...e será que a comunidade entende o significado da escola?

The article presents an analysis of the school education for the Kraho indigenous people discussing the difficulties of understanding between the school and two communities of that ethnicity. Puts the relationship of the traditional knowledge and the so called universal at the kraho schools, as well as the expectation of the young and old Kraho concerned to the school institution. Other investigated aspect of this work is the comparation between the Kraho secondary schools and the schools of the Alto Rio Negro in the Amazon State. Reflects on cultural changes and interference in the kraho identity occurred after implantation of the secondary school at the villages.

A “ESCOLA NUNCA VAI ENTENDER A COMUNIDADE... E SERÁ QUE A COMUNIDADE ENTENDE O SIGNIFICADO DA ESCOLA?”

  The article presents an analysis of the school education for the Krahô indigenous people discussing the difficulties of understanding between the school and two communities of that ethnicity. Puts the relationship of the traditional knowledge and the so called universal at the krahô schools, as well as the expectation of the young and old Krahô concerned to the school institution. Other investigated aspect of this work is the comparation between the Krahô secondary schools and the schools of the Alto Rio Negro in the Amazon State. Reflects on cultural changes and interference in the krahô identity occurred after implantation of the secondary school at the villages.

Avaliação Epidemiológica do Câncer do Colo do Útero no Estado do Amazonas

Cancer of uterine cervix is one of the main public health problems of the female population in the world. In Brazil, with the exception of non-melanoma skin tumors, cervical cancer is the third most prevalent in women. The present study aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile of cervical cancer in the State of Amazonas, from January 2015 to December 2019. This is a retrospective, quantitative, with an ecological approach study that used data available at SIH/DATASUS. The study identified that most patients hospitalized with cancer of uterine cervix were brown in the age group of 40 to 49 years. The majority of these hospitalizations were concentrated in the region comprising Manaus plus its surroundings and Alto Rio Negro. It was found a progressive annual increase in the number of hospitalizations and the number of deaths due to this disease in the state. Thus, it is essential to intensify public policies aimed at the prevention of cervical cancer, especially in cities furthest from the large urban centers of the north region. In addition, it is essential that the screening and diagnostic measures are enhanced in the region, in order to reduce the time elapsed until the diagnosis.

Tuberculosis and malaria walk side by side in the Brazilian Amazon: an ecological approach.

To assess the spatial distribution of TB and malaria incidence, as well as their spatial association with each other, regardless of environmental and socio-economic factors commonly reported as determinants of both disease rates among the municipalities of Amazonas State, Brazil between 2012 and 2015. Through an ecological approach considering municipalities of Amazonas, Brazil, as unit of analysis, a negative binomial regression model was used to assess association between malaria and TB rates, in which the dependent variable was the average municipal tuberculosis incidence rate. Positive associations of overall malaria (β=0.100 [CI=0.032, 0.168], P=0.004), P.vivax malaria (β=0.115 [CI=0.036, 0.195], P=0.005), and P.falciparum malaria (β=0.389 [CI=-0.0124, 0.791], P=0.057) with TB rates were found, regardless of the sociodemographic factors included in the study. In the Brazilian Amazon, TB and malaria are spatially associated. Therefore, it is very likely that co-infections also occur in this region, regardless of the HIV status.

Wa’ikhana - Wehsepʉ buude wehẽgʉ ehsamii emo sañodukugʉ tʉ’osuaʉ - Fui à roça caçar a cutia. Ouvindo o grito do macaco guariba no mato, fui atrás

Esta narrativa relata uma experiência pessoal de um falante de wa’ikhana (ou piratapuyo, família tukano oriental), língua ainda pouco descrita e altamente ameaçada. Os Wa’ikhana vivem no noroeste amazônico, em comunidades da TI Alto Rio Negro (Brasil) e no Departamento de Vaupés (Colômbia). A narrativa relata de forma bem-humorada um episódio na vida do narrador, Tomás Nogueira, sobre um dia de caçaria que não deu certo. Além da análise interlinear completa da narrativa, oferecemos informações sobre do povo wa’ikhana e um perfi l tipológico da língua, destacando características estruturais salientes que se apresentam ao longo da narrativa.

Regional health network in the Amazonian context: the case in Manaus, Entorno and Alto Rio Negro

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the dimensions of policy, structure and organization in the construction of Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS) (healthcare networks) in the health region of Manaus, Entorno and Alto Rio Negro, focusing on Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) (primary healthcare) and Rede de Urgência e Emergência (RUE) (urgency and emergency network). Methods: a case study with multidimensional analysis using quantitative and qualitative approach carried out in the first semester of 2016. Results: 37 interviewed key informants, such as managers (States, Cities and Regionals), providers and civil society. The reality was marked by the difficulties in the implementation of RAS's with centralized decision-making powers of State level. Perception of insufficient human resources of limited installed capacity, particularly in the APS, with insufficient priority given to this level of care. Concentration of services in Manaus, priority for urgency and emergency actions expressed in the greatest investment in human resources and mate-rials allocated at this level of care, lack of proposals for promoting equity. Conclusions: the Region was unable to implement RAS to respond to the health demands in the region. The necessity to overcome the dependency relation with the cities and the State and to strengthen its protagonism and fulfillits roles in management network, instituting a plan capable of strengthening APS to be committed in reducing iniquities and with adequate responses in health needs.

Assessment of Intercultural Bilingual Education in the Brazilian State of Amazonas

In Brazil, and more generally, in Latin America, the struggle of the indigenous movements for the demarcation of their ancestral land and the development of an intercultural education contributed to the constitutional changes of the 1980s, which led these states to regard themselves as a multicultural nation and to recognize specific collective rights to native people and tribes living on their territory. This dynamic deals with the scope of a democratic transition and a decentralization process which characterizes a new form of governance of almost all Latin America countries where the indigenous territories and the resources at their disposal can be preserved. By giving the possibility to formulate another vision of the school education based on a dialectic between indigenous knowledge and school knowledge in a sustainable developmental perspective of the indigenous territories, new experiments started to be expanded from the 1990s. This article advances the discussion between globalized and localized educational practices. It enlightens the debate between the homogenization of school systems and other alternatives such as the use of traditional knowledge. It focuses on socio-cultural knowledge and its intersection between formal and informal education. The first section of this paper presents the theoretical framework of my research and its methodology. The second section discusses, in a historical background, how the Brazilian indigenous public policies were implemented. In the third section, I use my fieldwork data to examine and analyze the advent and the development of intercultural bilingual education (IBE) in two regions of Amazonas state (Alto Solimões and Alto Rio Negro) among the Ticuna, Baniwa, and Tukano people during the 1990s and 2000s.

O modelo de atenção diferenciada nos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas: reflexões a partir do Alto Rio Negro/AM, Brasil

The implementation of the National Policy for Healthcare of Indigenous Peoples (Pnaspi) in the Alto Rio Negro Amazon region was analyzed based on the principles of the differentiated care model. This theme was investigated from three perspectives, namely the formulation of the guidelines, the therapeutic itineraries in indigenous villages, and the work routines of the Indigenous Community Health Agents (AIS). It involved qualitative research based on the anthropological perspective of Eduardo Menéndez. The techniques used were participant observation, interviews, and, document analysis. The formulation of the guidelines of differentiated care emphasizes the adaptation of technologies and professionals, minimizing the coexistence and disputes among healthcare models. Menéndez's perspective focused on the viewpoint of the subjects was crucial for identifying the coexistence and articulation among different forms of care in the villages through the healthcare itineraries. Nevertheless, it was not possible to identify the inclusion of indigenous health practices and representations through the work routines of the Indigenous Community Health Agents (AIS). The focus was on self-care developed and practiced by the subjects and their families.

The implantation process of oral health services in indian communities of the rivers Tiquié and Uaupés – special indian sanitary district for the Alto Rio Negro – Amazonas

This study reconstitutes the implantation process of oral health services in Indian communities of the rivers Tiquie and Uaupes – Special Indian Sanitary District for the Alto Rio Negro – Amazons. In the political, administrative, anthropological and socioeconomic context, it aims at identifying its contribution to the organization of basic attention in oral health and its reflexes in the assistance provided. The reality in the realm of contracts 439/99 and 2349/00 is established as a recut, celebrated between Fundacao Nacional de Saude and the Associacao Saude Sem Limites in the period of 2000 – 2001 which object is the organization of health services in the Tiquie and Uaupes rivers area, in the implantation process context at the Rio Negro’s Special Indian Sanitary District. It reveals the strategical dimension of establishing, in the field of organization and operation of the services, the guiding principles of Unique Health System. It points out, as fundamental in the oral health basic attention, the local planning, with emphasis in a greater visualization of life reality of the local population. Its daily practice reflects the restrictions regarding the political, technical and administrative sectors in order to define projects propose intervention mechanisms, allocate and manage the existing resources and the potential ones including human resources. It is necessary that the managers assume the challenges of power, work and knowledge relations between the population and the professionals and among different groups of these segments.

Biogeochemistry of an Amazonian podzol-ferralsol soil system with white kaolin

Abstract. The podzol-ferralsol soil systems, which cover great areas of Amazonia and other equatorial regions, are frequently associated with kaolin deposits and store and export large amounts of carbon. Although natural organic matter (NOM) plays a key role in their dynamics, little is known about their biogeochemistry. In order to assess the specific role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on NOM storage in deep horizons and to determine possible relationships between kaolin formation and DOM properties, we studied the groundwater composition of a typical podzol-ferralsol soil catena from the Alto Rio Negro region, Brazil. Groundwater was sampled using tension-free lysimeters placed according to soil morphology. DOC, EH, pH, and dissolved Si, Al3+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ were analyzed for all samples and values are given in a database. Quantification of other dissolved ions, small carboxylic acids and SUVA254 index and acid-base microtitration was achieved on selected samples. Part of the DOM produced by the hydromorphic podzols is directly exported to the blackwater streams; another part percolates at greater depth, and more than 90% of it adsorbs in the Bh-Bhs horizons, allowing carbon storage at depth. Humic substances are preferentially adsorbed with regard to small carboxylic compounds. With regard to kaolin genesis, kaolinite precipitation is favored by Al release from NOM mineralization within the Bh-Bhs and kaolin bleaching is ensured by iron reduction due to acidity and relatively low EH. Fe2+ mobility can be related to small EH variations and enhanced by the significant concentration of small carboxylic acids. The long-term result of these processes is the thickening of the kaolin, and it can be inferred that kaolin is likely to occur where active, giant podzols are close to a slope gradient sufficient enough to lower the deep water table.

Aspectos socioculturais de vacinação em área indígena

The article analyzes interactions between the Baniwa, an indigenous group from the Alto Rio Negro region, and the multi-disciplinary healthcare teams that conduct vaccination there. Approaching from the perspectives of the anthropology of disease, studies of Rio Negro ethnology, and the theory of social representations, the study endeavors to comprehend indigenous interpretations of vaccination and the diseases these seek to prevent. Results show that biomedical ideas about vaccines are re-interpreted through Baniwa cosmology. It is concluded that the vigor of Baniwa thought encourages these indigenes to interpret biomedical action in accord with cultural features and that the clash between Baniwa outlooks and those of healthcare providers has negative repercussions on the vaccination process.

Dynamique de l’éducation bilingue interculturelle dans l'Amazonie brésilienne

In Brazil – and more largely in Latin America – the fight of the indigenous movements for the demarcation of their territory and the installation of an intercultural school education contributed to the constitutional changes of the years 1980–1990 which led these States to regard themselves from then on as pluricultural and multiethnic nations and to recognize collective rights specific to native people and tribes living on their territory. The author analyzes the advent and the development of this intercultural bilingual education in two border regions of the State of Amazonas (Alto Solimões and Alto Rio Negro) near the populations Ticuna, Baniwa and Tukano during the years 1990 and 2000. He shows in particular how the indigenous school, an assimilationist instrument for the Occidental and Christian culture until the 1980s, has been transformed by supporting the reappropriation of the traditional knowledge; meanwhile this school has opened itself to ‘Western’ knowledge in order to make it possible for the younger generation to acquire the ability to go towards evolution.

Simulium nunesdemelloi (Diptera: Simuliidae), a new species of black fly from the northwestern region of Amazonas State, Brazil

The female, male, pupa, and larva of Simulium nunesdemelloi n. sp. are described and illustrated. The new species shares characters with species in the subgenera S. (Thyrsopelma) and S. (Trichodagmia); the pupa has 19 or 20 gill filaments, similar to the pupa of S. orbitale Lutz, which has 21 to 23 filaments. Simulium nunesdemelloi n. sp. was collected in the Alto Rio Negro region, in the northwestern part of Amazonas State, Brazil.

Detecção de tracoma e doenças corneanas em índios da região do Alto Rio Negro

Objetivo: Avaliar as condições oftalmológicas da população indígena do Alto Rio Negro, fronteira do Brasil com a Colômbia. Métodos: Exame oftalmológico de 179 índios habitantes do Rio Tiquié, afluente do Rio Negro, em julho de 1999. Resultado: Opacidades numulares corneanas 28,5%; pterígio 12,8%; tracoma 55%. Do total de índios examinados 2,8% apresentavam visão inferior a contar dedos a 5 metros, devido a lesões corneanas secundárias ao tracoma.

Natalidade indígena na Região do Alto Rio Negro-AM

Versa sobre as representações e práticas tradicionais da Região do Alto Rio Negro - AM, referente a natalidade e a todo o processo de procriação, gravidez e parto. Aborda as experiências profissionais num contexto cultural indígena, fato que representou um duplo desafio, ou seja, a passagem do aprendizado acadêmico para a prática profissional de enfermagem, lidando com paciente na maioria de origem indígena, com concepções de saúde/doença diferentes das nossas. O trabalho tenta resgatar o saber médico tradicional (indígena).