Alternative Transportation Systems Research Articles

Valuation of Bus Characteristics in Urban Area: Al-Najaf as a Case Study

Increased population, the rapid growth of vehicles owned, and quick land-use shifts have resulted in an abnormal rise in trips generated and directed to and from the activities area; the occurrence of traffic congestion in different segments of the transportation network leads to extended travel time, resulting in inconvenience and discontent among individuals. It has become necessary to provide alternative transportation systems, as city residents need faster, safer, and more comfortable transportation systems. This study aims to evaluate current public transport in Najaf city and propose a bus line based on international standards as an alternative transport means in al-Najaf city and its effectiveness. Sustainable performance indicators were evaluated based on previous studies, such as traffic congestion, travel time, sustainability, and reliability. Where Traffic flow rates indicate high congestion streets, as flow rates reached 6228 (Veh. /hr.) at Karbala-Najaf Street. The more increase in flow rates the more defect in the network, and the journey time increases reached 30 minutes at Kufa-Najaf Street (8,5) km. The data of traffic mix from most of urban roads have been determined. The results of studies stated that Public The forms of transportation in the city of Najaf are generally represented by several routes starting from the Najaf internal garage and passing through small buses. These routes do not cover the entire city and the actual need for people. The percentage of transport buses and minibuses is about 0.8% and 10%, respectively. The public transport in the city is not managed by any policies and has no schedule times for travels with no considerations for passengers' comfort which indicate that public transport sector in the city of Najaf is significantly poor.

Sustainable urban mobility in Istanbul: A financial assessment of fuel cell hybrid-electric buses in the metrobus system

As cities grow and become more populous, the demand for public transportation increases due to a need for authorities to expand their transportation capacity. However, the increased use of vehicles can cause environmental impacts such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise. To address these issues, governments and other stakeholders seek alternative transportation systems or technologies. This paper intends to assess the financial viability of using fuel cell hybrid-electric buses as an alternative transportation system for the Istanbul Metrobus System. The analysis is based on the Payback Period Method, which evaluates the costs and benefits of a project over its lifetime. The study compares the total operating costs of using fuel cell hybrid-electric buses to diesel and battery-electric buses. The study determined that fuel cell hybrid-electric buses can lead to a reduction in total operating costs of 81.1% compared to diesel buses and 56.3% compared to battery-electric buses. This analysis suggests that fuel cell hybrid-electric buses offer added value after approximately 9 years. The outcome of this study is significant as it can help stakeholders take informed decisions about the financial viability of alternative transportation systems. Furthermore, the financial model or approach used in this study can be useful for understanding how public transportation systems can be funded in the future.

Simulations of the Effects of Different Waiting Point Scenarios on DRT Operation Performance in Gwacheon, South Korea

The usefulness of DRT (Demand Responsive Transit) as an alternative public transportation system for small urban areas without a large-scale transportation infrastructure is widely recognized. The success of DRT operations lies in ensuring sufficient demand against the costs. One of the causes of inefficient DRT operations is the failure to provide a suitable waiting point for vehicles that have just completed a service. Existing simulation studies on DRT performance are based on less realistic assumptions (such as no consideration of vehicle waiting points, a waiting point at the garage only, or limiting to only the optimal waiting points), which makes it difficult to evaluate the differences in DRT performance between various placement approaches for vehicle waiting points. The purpose of this study is to propose alternative methods for designating waiting points of virtual stops for idle vehicles, and to analyze the changes in key performance indices according to each method. To this end, this study established virtual stops on an actual road network in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do, which currently operates DRT, and measured and compared the changes in indices such as user waiting time and vehicle driving miles between the proposed methods. The research results have important implications for revitalizing public transportation in small cities and can inform the strategies and improvements of DRT operations.

Different Topologies of Electrical Machines, Storage Systems, and Power Electronic Converters and Their Control for Battery Electric Vehicles—A Technical Review

Electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as an alternative transportation system owing to a reduction in depleting lubricates usage and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a technical review of each and every sub-system and its feasible control of battery EV (BEV) propulsion units. The study includes the possible combination of electrical machines (EMs), storage system, and power electronic converters and their associated control strategies. The primary unit, i.e., EM, is the heart of the EV, which is used to drive the vehicle at the desired speed as well as to restore the regenerative braking (RB) energy that is generated to enhance the overall system reliability. To electrify the transportation sector, it is necessary to include new options of power electronic converter topologies and their associated control strategies for numerous reasons, which include extracting maximum power from sources in case the EV is powered from renewable energy resources, boosting the energy storage capability for longer electric range, managing power flow from the source to battery or battery to vehicle or vehicle to battery, and regulating the speed of the vehicle and braking control. Based on the survey, the suitable combination of sub-systems and their control for three and four-wheeler EVs are summarized in this paper.

FUTURE AIR TRANSPORTATION RAMIFICATION: URBAN AIR MOBILITY (UAM) CONCEPT: URBAN AIR MOBILITY

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a new concept offered for solving urban transportation system problems, contributing to reducing traffic congestion, atmospheric pollution and mobility around metropolitan areas which is progressively an evolved aviation market. Facing the evolved dynamics in the airspace and on the ground, developed new technologies are able to withstand against destroy transportation infrastructures of the big cities, making it necessary to develop UAM services in the megapolises and regional transportation sector. Based on new technologies and modern business approaches, applying the next generation aviation infrastructure makes it capable of setting up a novel air traffic within the urban environment. This case study aims to explore the urban air transport advantages, particularly adoption of UAM, which might be an alternative next generation air transportation system. Referring to the collected operational data and design performances of the UAM, in this paper, we will try to describe a multi approach studying differences between traditional aviation transportation and UAM operation. The first step of the study consists of defining an airspace classification for UAM mission and use of applicable requirements for air navigation service providers and second part of the study describes performing UAM infrastructure and design of vertiports necessary for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles. Detailed design specification is not included in this study but limited characteristics are indicated according to the VTOL manufacturer that are obtained from the test results. As far as VTOL vehicles have not started their mission yet, the UAM operators are at the stage of development to set up their future operation. The expected trend provides justifiable assumptions of the necessity of establishing the new transportation ramification within the aviation industry, upon transforming existing business activities and regulations.

Assessment of the environmental impact and policy responses for urban air mobility: A case study of Seoul metropolitan area

Urban air mobility (UAM) is expected to be a new alternative future transportation system to overcome the limitations of infrastructure investment and resolve traffic congestion cost issues in urban areas. This study aims to estimate the parameters of the mode choice model incorporating the cleaner transportation mode and evaluate the environmental impact by calculating the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ground traffic. A stated preference survey is employed to estimate the parameters for each travel mode, including the emerging travel mode. The awareness and experience of the air travel modes remove the hesitation concerning travel mode choice having positive values, but concerns about taking new types of air mobility reduce the probability of choosing urban air mobility. The macroscopic travel demand forecasting program simulates the travel demand of urban air mobility to calculate the reduction of CO2 emissions between before and after the introduction. While about 30 thousand of urban air mobility travel demand are generated after the introduction of urban air mobility in the urban area, it reduces about 90 thousand tons of CO2 emissions from the ground traffic. The introduction of urban air mobility causes modal shifts from ground traffic, reducing climate change and global warming. Policymakers should evaluate the feasibility of introducing urban air mobility, including environmental impact assessment, and an appropriate transit fare policy is required for the proliferation of urban air mobility.

Evaluation of public opinion regarding the changes implemented to encourage bicycle use in the city of São Paulo

Purpose: To identify the main factors that make the population of a large metropolis adhere to the use of bicycles as a option of transportation. Method: Survey with 299 respondents analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression Originality/Relevance: Unpublished study in relation to the inhabitants of the city of São Paulo and that can help in the elaboration of public policies that improve urban mobility. Results: It was possible to identify that the greatest acceptance for the policies occurs by individuals more connected to public services and not with demographic factors. Contributions: Individual factors that explain the propensity to adopt an alternative transportation system were identified.

Coal slurry pipelines: A coal transportation method in Kalimantan, Indonesia

ABTSRACT This study identifies the potential economic advantages and environmental/social aspects of three different scenarios for coal slurry pipelines as an alternative to current truck haulage system in a mine in Indonesia. The developed financial model indicates that the trucks system still gives higher economic benefit compared to the three slurry pipeline scenarios tested. Nevertheless, the study results argue that there can generally be economic and environmental advantages when using coal slurry pipelines as an alternative transportation system in other countries. Hence, this study serves as a comparative analysis for when considering alternative coal transportation methods, taking into account diverse parameters.

Improving the Traffic Flow in Hot Arid Climate Areas by Implementing a Monorail Light Rail Transit System: Case of Kuwait

This study investigated the viability of establishing a monorail network system in Kuwait as an additional means of transportation to the current transportation systems. Two critical areas with high traffic demands were identified through the collected traffic data at the major intersections in these areas., These areas were Kuwait City (near the ministries area) and Al-Blajat street (known as the Arabian Gulf street). Traffic data and Level Of Service (LOS) of these areas were then analyzed using Synchro software, supported by site suitability studies conducted using ArcGIS Pro software. The most suitable locations of the proposed monorail systems were obtained by identifying the major Points Of Interest (POIs) in these areas. Synchro simulations of the systems with and without the monorail systems were performed. The results showed that the level of service at various intersections is improved, which can result in a significant reduction of the traffic congestion in these areas. The study also targeted different passengers and residents in the selected areas to evaluate the level of acceptance of the monorail system as an alternative transportation system in the state of Kuwait.

Multi-modal transportation planning for multi-commodity rebalancing under uncertainty in humanitarian logistics

Multi-commodity rebalancing plays a critical role before and during the attack of large-scale disasters. In practice, some relief centers can be out of reach from the ground for vehicles due to the road disruption. Accordingly, alternative transportation systems are essential to maximize fairness and minimize the total transportation time, simultaneously. However, little study has reported on this issue for humanitarian logistics. To address it, a bi-objective stochastic optimization model is proposed to rebalance and transport commodities with the multi-modal transportation system. This work first linearizes the model and then applies an adaptive augmented E-constraint method to obtain a number of Pareto-optimal solutions. Furthermore, a case study of an emergency event is carried out, of which the computational results indicate its decision making effectiveness. Lastly, sensitivity analysis on critical parameters is conducted and the trade-off between the objectives is also analyzed to provide valuable managerial insights.

Predictive Modeling of Transportation Systems in Jiuzhai Valley World Heritage Site, China

Tourist congestion is a significant issue in Jiuzhai Valley World Heritage Site (JVWH). The “demand-driven” approach of alternative transportation system (ATS) has led to the issues related to visitor crowding, visitor safety, and visitor experience quality. JVWH requires a more efficient approach to achieve a suitable tourist distribution while preserving the quality of visitors’ experiences. Accordingly, this study examines descriptive data, which are collected in 2015 regarding visitor use of the ATS in JVWH to spatially model current and future distribution scenarios. Researchers developed four theoretical scenarios by using the computational model which imitate the current ATS system. Imitation results indicate Scenarios 3 and 4, which adjust spot combination and tourist duration are the two most effective methods for balancing tourist distribution, and are, therefore, the most effectively ways to optimize the current ATS system. This research provides a glimpse into potential management strategies for the tourist distribution of JVWH and possibly other parks in China.

Modified multiport Luo converter integrated with renewable energy sources for electric vehicle applications

Purpose Growing concerns about the depletion of fossil fuels and global awareness about the environmental pollution motivate the automobile industries to search for an alternative transportation system such as hybrid vehicular systems, plug-in hybrid vehicular systems and electric vehicular systems. To have carbon emission-free environment, these electric vehicles use renewable sources, such as solar and fuel cell, as primary source of supply. As these renewable sources are intermittent in nature, an energy buffer such as battery or super capacitor is required for the smooth supply and regulation of load power. The current electric vehicle systems use multistage power electronic converters for energy transfer. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a modified multiport converter based on Luo topology. Design/methodology/approach The suggested converter is developed based on Luo topology using voltage lift technique. Findings Most of the research presents buck boost converter as power electronic interface in electric vehicle applications. Whereas the converter proposed in this paper is based on Luo topology. It exhibits the features of single stage conversion between the input output ports, with less ripple, high efficiency, fewer components and centralized control for effective power management. Originality/value The presented converter can work in all possible modes such as buck and boost modes independently or simultaneously during various operating conditions of electric vehicles. During buck/boost mode, the primary source PV (Photovoltaic) in the converter provides the required power for the vehicle and charges the secondary source, i.e. battery, whereas during boost mode the battery supplies the sufficient power to load.

An Introduction to Smart Hydrones (Platforms): Design, Performance, and Applications

This electric monograph is divided into five chapters: The first presents a general description of each chapter in detail. The second chapter evaluates the crucial role of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the case of natural disasters response and relief humanitarian aid. The main objective of this chapter is to evaluate how unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the present and near future can play a crucial role to help survivors in the case of a tsunami, earthquake, flooding, and any natural disaster. Basically, we need to assume that in any natural disaster always exist the high possibility of damage in the infrastructure, transportation systems, telecommunications systems access, and basic services immediately. We propose in three areas the uses of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the case of natural disasters response and relief humanitarian aid: (i) the aerial monitoring post-natural disaster damage evaluation; (ii) the natural disaster logistic and cargo delivery; (iii) the post-natural disaster aerial evaluation. The third chapter presents three new smart hydrones for surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations anywhere and any time. We have three new models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, and logistic operations anywhere and anytime. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by pollution or natural disasters damages subsequently. Additionally, the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to private sector, government, and humanitarian agencies an alternative maritime transportation system. The MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on basic materials such as PVC pipes with PVC glue, high reception radio control systems, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful lipo batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operations in case of surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone have different and special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of wa-ter respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart platform, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy to be produced in developing countries and least developed countries according to this research. Subsequently, the chapter fourth introduces a new concept of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- are called Smart Flying Platforms (SFP). The main objective of this chapter is to evaluate how smart flying platforms in the present and near future can play a crucial role to help to fight terrorism. Basically, we need to assume that in any terrorist attack always exist the high possibility of damage in the people, infra-structure, transportation systems, telecommunications systems access, and basic services immediately. We propose in three areas the uses of smart flying platforms in the case to fight terrorism response: (i) the aerial monitoring pre-terrorist attack evaluation; (ii) the destruction of terrorist logistic and cargo delivery; (iii) the post-terrorist attack aerial evaluation. Finally, the chapter fifth presents two new smart hydrones in case of floods or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anywhere and anytime. We have two models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate the carrying of food, medi-cines, and water to areas were affected severally by any flood or Tsunami. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by a flood or Tsunami subsequently. Addition ally, the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to government and humanitarian agencies an alternative emergency maritime transportation system in case of floods or Tsunami disasters. The MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on a high reception radio control system, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operation in case of a flood or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anytime. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone has special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of water respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy for his construction according to this research.

Ride sharing with flexible participants: a metaheuristic approach for large‐scale problems

AbstractSevere traffic congestion and growing ecological consciousness have led to the rise of alternative transportation systems. Ride sharing is one such alternative in which drivers and passengers with similar time schedules and travel plans are matched. For this service to be effective, a large number of users are required to increase the probability of finding suitable travel partners. The present paper proposes a late acceptance metaheuristic to decide which users act as drivers and to construct their routes. The underlying optimization model allows passengers to walk to/from alternative pickup/drop‐off locations so as to further exploit user flexibility. A computational study quantifies the impact of different types of participant flexibility on CO2 emissions. These insights can inform and support policymakers in organizing effective ride‐sharing systems.

The Uses of Fan-Aquadrones in Case of Floods or Tsunami Rescue and Relief Operations: MAR21 Prototype and MAR27 Prototype

This research presents two new fan-aquadrones in case of floods or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anywhere and anytime. We have two models of fan-aquadrones such as the MAR21 prototype and MAR27 prototype. Initially, the MAR21prototype has a large structure to facilitate the carrying of food, medicines, and water to areas were affected severally by any flood or Tsunami. At the same time, the MAR21 prototype can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by a flood or Tsunami subsequently. Additionally, the MAR21 prototype and MAR27 prototype offer to government and humanitarian agencies an alternative emergency maritime transportation system in case of floods or Tsunami disasters. The MAR21 prototype and MAR27 prototype construction is based on a high reception radio control system, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operation in case of a flood or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anytime. The design of the structure of the MAR21 prototype and MAR27 prototype have special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of water respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 prototype and MAR27 prototype is relatively cheap and easy for his construction according to this research. On the other hand, the MAR27 prototype is a smaller fan-aquadrone that can help to monitoring and scanning the pre and post flood or Tsunami disaster by using advanced GPS system, HD cameras with high resolution to observe the levels of damage in real time. Finally, the MAR21 prototype and MAR27 prototype are complementary emergency maritime transportation systems that can help in any case of floods or Tsunami rescue and relief operations rapidly and efficiently.

A Cost-Efficient Approach to EV Charging Station Integrated Community Microgrid: A Case Study of Indian Power Market

Rising atmospheric adulteration due to exponential growth in urbanization, industrialization, and increasing the number of on-road vehicles is raising an alarming situation for urban communities. To mitigate the effects of this escalating issue, there is direct need for implementation of alternative fuel-based distributed generation and transportation system. In this paper, an optimal framework of energy management system (EMS) for public electric vehicles (EVs) charging station integrated with the community microgrid is proposed, based on switching mechanism from one trading market to another. The proposed framework is executed by formulating a mix integer, nonlinear problem under multiple trading locations. The aim of EMS is to minimize the cost of energy to charge the vehicle and to meet the community load, demand while maximizing the selling cost of the surplus energy of a solar photovoltaic system and the energy discharged by EVs. The proposed approach is applied to a 100-house community in the context of the Indian community, assuming each house governs one EV and returning charging station to charge and discharge the EV.

The Uses of Smart Hydrones in Case of Floods or Tsunami Relief Operations: MAR21 & MAR27 Smart Hydrones

This research presents two new smart hydrones in case of floods or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anywhere and anytime. We have two models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate the carrying of food, medicines, and water to areas were affected severally by any flood or Tsunami. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by a flood or Tsunami subsequently. Additionally, the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to government and humanitarian agencies an alternative emergency maritime transportation system in case of floods or Tsunami disasters. The MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on a high reception radio control system, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operation in case of a flood or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anytime. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone has special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of water respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy for his construction according to this research.

An Introduction to the MAR21, MAR25, & MAR27 Smart Hydrones

This research presents three new smart hydrones for surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations anywhere and anytime. We have three new models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, and logistic operations anywhere and anytime. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by pollution or natural disasters damages subsequently. Additionally, the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to private sector, government, and humanitarian agencies an alternative maritime transportation system. The MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on basic materials such as PVC pipes with PVC glue, high reception radio control systems, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful lipo batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operations in case of surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone have different and special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of water respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart platform, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy to be produced in developing countries and least developed countries according to this research.

공유 자전거 시스템의 수요기반 재배치

As the environmental effect is becoming increasingly important in urban life, an eco-friendly bike sharing system has been considered as a good alternative transportation system. Most of the bike-sharing systems operate in a one-way mode, in which users can borrow a bike from any station and return it wherever they want. Hence, an imbalance exists between the supply and the demand of each station, and in such a situation, the operators must relocate bicycles using an inter-station vehicle (truck). In this study, we focused on dynamic repositioning, which relocates bikes several times a day. A mathematical model for an optimal dynamic repositioning operation plan is proposed, which can be executed once a day. This model considers pickup and delivery vehicle routing under time constraints and aims to minimize the number of unbalanced bikes while ensuring target fulfillment as close as possible. The relocating vehicle may visit several stations to pick up and deliver bikes needed within a time allowed for operation. The suggested model is evaluated through the standard cases with reasonable size and the real cases of Seoul city as well. Results indicate that the bike-sharing system can be operated efficiently to meet demand with practical implementation validity

Visitors’ Attitudes towards Bicycle Use in the Teide National Park

Few studies have examined visitor preferences with regard to public bike-sharing inside national parks. Here, we present a case study of the Teide National Park (TNP), the most visited national park in Spain. The TNP is a clear example of a natural site suffering the effects of mass tourism, largely due to the fact that 70% of visitors access the TNP by car. This puts the park’s sustainability under considerable pressure, may well affect visitor enjoyment, and highlights the need to implement alternative transportation systems. The main aim of this paper is to assess the attitudes of visitors to the TNP towards the implementation of a public bike-sharing system. To do so, we combine information on revealed and stated preferences and estimate ordered logit models to establish the determinants of the propensity to choose the bicycle to move around the park. Our findings suggest that the bicycle has potential as a means of transport in this setting. The results have implications for the design of mobility management measures aiming to increase visit quality and reduce the negative externalities associated with mobility patterns in national parks.