Alternative Step Research Articles

Spiritual Approach and Tiered Counselling as a Non-Pharmacological Therapy to Control Smoking Behavior of Elderly Women in Dieng

Background: The religious atmosphere and various efforts to prevent smoking behavior in the Dieng Plateau have not raised awareness of smoking cessation, especially for elderly female smokers, even though the number of Acute Respiratory Tract infections and chronic respiratory disorders is increasing. To reduce smoking behavior, tiered counseling efforts and spiritual approaches can be used as alternative steps. Objectives: This research was to determine the reduction in smoking rates among elderly women in the Dieng Plateau after being given a spiritual approach as a non-pharmacological therapy. Methods: The type of research used was a quasi-experiment that provided pharmacological therapy (spiritual approach) to the control and intervention groups. Results: The research results showed that the smoking reduction rate was more significant after being given the spiritual approach intervention than the tiered counselling. The mean knowledge of the spiritual approach group was (95.37) and the tiered counselling group was (91.96) with a mean difference of 3.41. Therefore, health promotion using a spiritual approach is more effective in increasing the willingness of elderly women to control their smoking behavior compared to the multi-level counseling media. Conclusion: This study concludes that a spiritual approach is more effective than tiered counselling in reducing smoking rates among elderly female smokers in the Dieng Plateau. However, integrating both methods can better empower elderly women to control their smoking behavior and improve their overall health outcomes.

Penyuluhan tentang Pengenalan dan Penggunaan Obat Tradisional (Herbal Medicine)

The introduction and use of traditional medicine is an alternative step to carry out natural and effective treatment. Traditional medicine has great potential to improve people's health. Not many people use herbs for medicinal purposes, so the community service activity team aims to increase knowledge about Traditional Medicine (Herbal Medicine), especially for teenagers. Currently, teenagers prefer to use modern medicine, so their knowledge and experience regarding traditional medicine are still very lacking. Knowledge about herbal medicine is important for teenagers because it can help them use traditional medicine appropriately. Good knowledge of herbal medicine can also help prevent traditional medicine that can heal from becoming dangerous. The activity method is carried out using education through counseling about the introduction and use of traditional medicine (Herbal Medicine), which is carried out for students at Ummul Quro Al-Hamidiyah Foundation Middle School, Masjid Kyai Muara Ogan Street, Kertapati Palembang. This activity was held on December 19, 2024, with 50 participants from Ummul Quro Al-Hamidiyah Foundation Middle School students. The activity results stated that students understood the counseling about using traditional medicine (Herbal Medicine) well.

Reliability and Validity of Four Step Tests in Older Adults With Dementia.

To determine the test-retest and inter-rater reliability, concurrent and discriminative validity of the Four Square Step Test (FSST), the Choice Stepping Reaction Time Test (CSRTT), the Maximum Step Length Test (MSLT), and the Alternate Step Test (AST) in older adults with dementia. Thirty-seven older adults with dementia who could walk independently for at least 10m were recruited at community centers and day care centers for older adults. The participants completed the step tests conducted by two independent raters on three separate testing occasions within 3weeks. In addition, the physical and cognitive function of the participants were evaluated at baseline. The FSST, CSRTT, and MSLT showed good-to-excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.83-0.91), and the AST exhibited fair test-retest reliability (ICC=0.70). All the step tests showed good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.75-0.94). The step tests had moderate-to-strong correlations with various physical and cognitive measures (Pearson correlation coefficients=0.34-0.72). The MSLT side step and AST could differentiate between individuals who did and did not use a walking stick to ambulate (p≤0.046). The FSST, CSRTT, and AST could differentiate between individuals with and without a major neurocognitive impairment (p≤0.005). The FSST, CSRTT, and MSLT were reliable and valid for examining the stepping performance of older adults with dementia. Clinicians can use these tests to evaluate the physical and cognitive function of this population and identify those with significant cognitive impairment. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04296123.

The association between locomotive function and incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis following adult spine deformity surgery

Background and objectivesThis retrospective review study aimed to determine whether functional mobility test (FMT) results are related to the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) after surgical correction of adult spinal deformity (ASD).MethodsA total of 157 patients who underwent reconstructive spinal surgery for ASD between July 2019 and December 2021 were included in this study. Three types of FMTs were performed preoperatively: timed-up-and-go (TUG) test, five times sit-to-stand (STS) test, and alternate step (AS) test. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of PJK at 1 year after surgery. Oswestry disability index (ODI) and EuroQOL-5-dimension (EQ-5D) scores were surveyed as patient-reported outcome measures of the surgery.ResultsThe occurrence of PJK was observed in 41 of the 157 patients (26.1%) at 1 year after surgery. Among the three functional mobility tests, STS test results were significantly higher in the patients who developed PJK. The receiver operating characteristics curve drawn with the STS test had an area under the curve of 0.69 and the optimal cutoff value was suggested as 22 seconds. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the STS test along with age and preoperative ODI score as the significant predictors of PJK (p = 0.026, 0.005 and 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsA longer test time on the STS test result was associated with a higher occurrence of postoperative PJK. A cutoff value of 22 s can be suggested. Preoperative surveillance of these patients and providing additional efforts and surgical procedures for the prevention of PJK are anticipated to improve the surgical outcome of ASD correction.

The Major Role of T Regulatory Cells in the Efficiency of Vaccination in General and Immunocompromised Populations: A Review.

Since their conception with the smallpox vaccine, vaccines used worldwide have mitigated multiple pandemics, including the recent COVID-19 outbreak. Insightful studies have uncovered the complexities of different functional networks of CD4 T cells (T helper 1 (Th1); Th2, Th17) and CD8 T cells (T cytotoxic; Tc), as well as B cell (BIgM, BIgG, BIgA and BIgE) subsets, during the response to vaccination. Both T and B cell subsets form central, peripheral, and tissue-resident subsets during vaccination. It has also become apparent that each vaccination forms a network of T regulatory subsets, namely CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells and interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing CD4+ Foxp3- T regulatory 1 (Tr1), as well as many others, which shape the quality/quantity of vaccine-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody production. These components are especially critical for immunocompromised patients, such as older individuals and allograft recipients, as their vaccination may be ineffective or less effective. This review focuses on considering how the pre- and post-vaccination Treg/Tr1 levels influence the vaccination efficacy. Experimental and clinical work has revealed that Treg/Tr1 involvement evokes different immune mechanisms in diminishing vaccine-induced cellular/humoral responses. Alternative steps may be considered to improve the vaccination response, such as increasing the dose, changing the delivery route, and/or repeated booster doses of vaccines. Vaccination may be combined with anti-CD25 (IL-2Rα chain) or anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to decrease the Tregs and boost the T/B cell immune response. All of these data and strategies for immunizations are presented and discussed, aiming to improve the efficacy of vaccination in humans and especially in immunocompromised and older individuals, as well as organ transplant patients.

Rapid susceptibility of Carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its resistance gene to non-thermal plasma treatment in a batch reactor

The critically ranked carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been observed to infect immunocompromised patients that consume polluted waters, leading to critical infections and more hospital costs. To save lives and unburden the public health sectors of preventable costs, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology was investigated as an alternative disinfection step that could be applied in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to inactivate this bacterium and its prominent carbapenem resistance gene (blaNDM-1). Culture and molecular-based techniques were employed to confirm carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa (27853). Culture suspensions of carbapenem-resistant ATCC P. aeruginosa (16 h culture) were prepared from confirmed isolates and subjected to plasma treatment at varying time intervals (3 min, 6 min, 9 min, 12 min and 15 min) in triplicates. The plasma treated samples were evaluated for re-growth and the presence of blaNDM-1. The treatment resulted in a 0.68 log reduction after 3 min and the highest log reduction of ≥8 after 12 min, suggesting that plasma disinfection has a great potential to be an efficient tertiary treatment step for WWTPs. Moreover, the gel image showed that band intensity of blaNDM-1 reduced with treatment time, thereby suggesting a probable reduction of amplified genes. Notwithstanding, longer treatment time, a grounded electrode with a larger surface (≥ 40 mm diameter) and/or oxygen-containing feeding gas is warranted to completely inactivate its antibiotic resistance gene (ARG), which might be bound by biofilms as they seem to protect P. aeruginosa from the action of non-thermal plasma (NTP) disinfection.

Cross-Modal Federated Human Activity Recognition.

Federated human activity recognition (FHAR) has attracted much attention due to its great potential in privacy protection. Existing FHAR methods can collaboratively learn a global activity recognition model based on unimodal or multimodal data distributed on different local clients. However, it is still questionable whether existing methods can work well in a more common scenario where local data are from different modalities, e.g., some local clients may provide motion signals while others can only provide visual data. In this article, we study a new problem of cross-modal federated human activity recognition (CM-FHAR), which is conducive to promote the large-scale use of the HAR model on more local devices. CM-FHAR has at least three dedicated challenges: 1) distributive common cross-modal feature learning, 2) modality-dependent discriminate feature learning, 3) modality imbalance issue. To address these challenges, we propose a modality-collaborative activity recognition network (MCARN), which can comprehensively learn a global activity classifier shared across all clients and multiple modality-dependent private activity classifiers. To produce modality-agnostic and modality-specific features, we learn an altruistic encoder and an egocentric encoder under the constraint of a separation loss and an adversarial modality discriminator collaboratively learned in hyper-sphere. To address the modality imbalance issue, we propose an angular margin adjustment scheme to improve the modality discriminator on modality-imbalanced data by enhancing the intra-modality compactness of the dominant modality and increase the inter-modality discrepancy. Moreover, we propose a relation-aware global-local calibration mechanism to constrain class-level pairwise relationships for the parameters of the private classifier. Finally, through decentralized optimization with alternative steps of adversarial local updating and modality-aware global aggregation, the proposed MCARN obtains state-of-the-art performance on both modality-balanced and modality-imbalanced data.

Non-thermal obliteration of critically ranked carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and its resistance gene in a batch atmospheric plasma reactor

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been implicated as direct key reservoir of both antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) associated with human infection, as high concentrations of ARBs and ARGs have been detected in recycled hospital wastewater. Among the ARBs, the carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has been ranked as priority 1 (critical) pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO), due to its overwhelming burden on public health. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology as an alternative disinfection step to inactivate this bacterium and its ARGs. Culture-based method and PCR were employed in confirming the carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM-1 in A. baumannii (BAA 1605). Suspension of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (24 h culture) was prepared from the confirmed isolate and subjected to plasma treatment at varying time intervals (3 min, 6 min, 9 min, 12 min, and 15 min) in triplicates. The plasma-treated samples were evaluated for re-growth and the presence of the resistance gene. The treatment resulted in a 1.13 log reduction after 3 min and the highest log reduction of ≥ 8 after 15 min, and the results also showed that NTP was able to inactivate the blaNDM-1 gene. The log reduction and gel image results suggest that plasma disinfection has a great potential to be an efficient tertiary treatment step for WWTPs.

Improved weighted nuclear norm with total variation for removing multiplicative noise

This paper introduces an improved weighted nuclear norm with a total variation model tailored for removing multiplicative noise. The model incorporates a weight matrix to regularize the residual matrix, effectively leveraging image redundancy to differentiate various statistical properties of the noise. Since there is no guarantee of a unique solution, the model is reformulated as a linear equality constraint problem and decomposed into two subproblems. These are addressed by using the alternating direction method of multipliers and the split Bregman method, respectively. In addition, each alternative update step has a closed-form and convergent solution. After obtaining the denoised image in the log-domain, the recovered image is given by using the exponential function and bias correction. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms in enhancing image restoration quality.

On the (in)effectiveness of textual disclosures on expectancies, attitudes, and perceived appropriateness of alcohol

Objective Drinking alcohol is frequently portrayed in the media, often overemphasizing its positive attributes. In particular, hip-hop music videos regularly depict alcohol consumption. Building on social cognitive theory, we conduct three pre-registered experimental studies to examine whether textual disclosures from different sources and with varying degrees of explicitness about the consequences of alcohol consumption can influence viewers’ alcohol expectancies, attitudes toward alcohol, and the appropriateness of alcohol presentations following a hip-hop video depicting alcohol consumption. Methods and measures We test 1) the established YouTube product placement disclosure, 2) a disclosure that explicitly refers to alcohol and a disclosure that additionally refers to the harmful consequences of alcohol consumption, 3) and finally the role of user comments on YouTube that discuss the negative or positive consequences of alcohol. Results We found that none of the disclosures tested were able to reduce positive attitudes toward alcohol, positive drinking expectancies, or perceived appropriateness of alcohol portrayals. Instead, one’s own drinking behavior was most important in explaining these dependent variables, with frequent drinkers reporting higher scores on attitudes toward alcohol, positive drinking expectancies, and a positive evaluation of alcohol portrayals in the media compared to people who never or rarely drink. Conclusions Our findings across the three studies paint a picture of the ineffectiveness of various forms of textual disclosure on alcohol-related attitudes, expectancies, and ratings of the appropriateness of alcohol portrayals in the media. Alternative steps forward, i.e., the creation of offerings for content creators that encourage them to consider the consequences of their representations, are therefore needed.

Design of NB-IoT Based Household Light Electric Energy Monitoring System

Energy is a vital part of human life, especially in the digital era that requires a lot of energy. Monitoring energy use, especially electricity, is an alternative step to improve energy efficiency. This research aims to develop and implement an NB-IoT-based electrical energy monitoring. The proposed system allows users to monitor, analyze their electrical energy consumption efficiently. Then the Quality-of-Service test results at 500 m get very good results, with the results: average RSSI of -62.8 dBm, average latency of 3.0667 seconds, and PDR ratio of 100%. Quality of Service testing at 1 km gets pretty good results, with the results: average RSSI of -68.933 dBm, average-latency 3.24138 seconds, and PDR ratio of 90%. Quality of Service testing at 1.5 km gets fewer good results, especially on RSSI and PDR parameters, with the results: average RSSI of -84.80 dBm, average-latency 3.4667 seconds, and PDR ratio of 83.33%. The NB-IoT network is suitable for on-grid electricity meters in urban areas with an optimal distance of 500 to 1 km, while at more than 1.5 km it is better used for household scale.

Exploration of Clean Water Provision Endeavors in Residential Facilities for Construction Workers within the National Capital Development Area (IKN), Indonesia

Clean water is one of the basic needs to support human life. As the population grows, the need for clean water also increases. In the development of the National Capital area in North Penajam Paser, a lot of clean water will be needed. The study aims to find out alternative steps that will be taken to increase the fulfillment of clean water needs in the construction area of flats housing construction workers (HPK) in the National Capital Region (IKN) North Penajam Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The study was carried out in the construction area of flats housing construction workers in the National Capital Region, North Penajam Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The data collected is in the form of qualitative data, namely a description of the study location in general, and quantitative data: number of residents, water needs per person, number of flats for worker housing, and rain conditions in the study area. The techniques used to collect data that are appropriate to the object of study are observation, interviews, institutional visits, and literature review. The analytical methods used are: (1) a qualitative approach using descriptive analysis which describes the existing conditions of the study area, (2) analysis of population projections and (3) analysis of clean water supply. The study results in a show that efforts to provide clean water in HPK IKN can be done other than dams and reservoirs, namely by harvesting rainwater through infiltration wells, rainwater collection ponds, bio pore absorption holes, rain gardens, porous paving blocks, and storage reservoirs.

Storytelling as a Strategy to Attract Tourists Visiting the Sunan Kalijaga’s Penjamasan Pusaka Tourist Attraction

The Sunan Kalijaga’s penjamasan pusaka tourist attraction has been included in the calendar of events of Demak Tourism Service since 1976. However, tourists visiting to this tourist attraction of penjamasan pusaka have not increased significantly. This research aims to analyze the causes of the minimal number of tourists coming to this penjamasan pusaka tourist attraction. This research method uses a phenomenological approach which is used to explore detailed data on informants. The results of the research show that the dissemination of information related to Sunan Kalijaga’s penjamasan pusaka tourism attraction only relies on posters and banners so this is not effective in attracting tourist interest. Therefore, it needs an alternative step by using storytelling about the religious meaning of penjamasan pusaka. Finally, it is hoped that this storytelling will increase tourist visits so that it not only preserves this tourist attraction, but also the prosperity of the people in the destination.

Penerapan Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pada Pengambilan Keputusan Penilaian Kinerja Karyawan dengan Menerapkan Metode MOOSRA

The quality of the company will increase as employee performance increases. There are many ways that companies or organizations can improve employee performance. One way is to provide awards or rewards for employees who excel and for employees who are not able to provide their best performance, they will be given as a consequence. Rewards will be given by assessing employee performance. So far, Kofipindo has only relied on leaders' decisions to assess employee performance. This makes employees less motivated to show their best performance. Decision support systems are alternative solutions or alternative means and steps to resolve problems so that problems can be resolved effectively and efficiently. The Moosra method is used to calculate the weight of the criteria and determine the level of rejection as the main criterion. Where the decision support system is used as a model or reference in the decision-making process, especially in the employee performance assessment process. The Moosra method examines the suitability of separating a set of alternative value data with certain criteria described in the decision matrix. The aim of the research is to assist in the employee performance assessment process, making it easier for companies to provide rewards for the performance results of selected employees. The results obtained in the research process were Alternative (A10) with the name Roland Zebua as the employee with the best performance assessment.

Efficient Improved Local Time Stepping with the Leapfrog Scheme for Transient 3-D Electromagnetic Analyses

An alternate boundary local time stepping (ABLTS) method is proposed for the discontinuous Galerkin time domain method for transient electromagnetic simulations to reduce the computation complexity of the local time stepping (LTS) method. The proposed method exhibites lower storage and time complexity than the conventional LF-LTS method . The stability, accuracy, and effectiveness of the ABLTS method are verified by applying it to the simulation of a resonator cavity and multi-layer microstrip antenna. The numerical results revealed that the developed method is effective for the transient electromagnetic simulation of antennas.

Water vapor effect on the physico-geometrical reaction pathway and kinetics of the multistep thermal dehydration of calcium chloride dihydrate.

This study investigated how water vapor influences the reaction pathway and kinetics of the multistep thermal dehydration of inorganic hydrates, focusing on CaCl2·2H2O (CC-DH) transforming into its anhydride (CC-AH) via an intermediate of its monohydrate (CC-MH). In the presence of atmospheric water vapor, the thermal dehydration of CC-DH stoichiometrically proceeded through two distinct steps, resulting in the formation of CC-AH via CC-MH under isothermal conditions and linear nonisothermal conditions at a lower heating rate (β). Irrespective of atmospheric water vapor pressure (p(H2O)), these reaction steps were kinetically characterized by a physico-geometrical consecutive process involving the surface reaction and phase boundary-controlled reaction, which was accompanied by three-dimensional shrinkage of the reaction interface. In addition, a significant induction period was observed for the second reaction step, that is, the thermal dehydration of CC-MH intermediate to form CC-AH. With increasing p(H2O), a systematic increase in the apparent Arrhenius parameters was observed for the first reaction step, that is, the thermal dehydration of CC-DH to form CC-MH, whereas the second reaction step exhibited unsystematic variations of the Arrhenius parameters. At a larger β in the presence of atmospheric water vapor, the first and second reaction steps partially overlapped; moreover, an alternative reaction step of the thermal dehydration of CC-MH to form CaCl2·0.3H2O was observed between these reaction steps. The physico-geometrical phenomena influencing the reaction pathway and kinetics of the multistep thermal dehydration were elucidated by considering the effects of atmospheric and self-generated water vapor in a geometrically constrained reaction scheme.

Virtual clinical trials for mechanically ventilated respiratory failure patients under volume-controlled ventilation – The Challenges of Volume-Control Protocols

Resource-intensive clinical trial is a crucial step in validating the safety and effectiveness of personalised, model-based mechanical ventilation (MV) treatments prior to implementation as a clinical standard of care. An alternative first step would be validated in-silico virtual patient (VP) trials. This study evaluates the efficacy of two model-based MV protocols (MBP) in regulating key pressure-based MV outcomes in volume-controlled MV using a well-established in-silico, virtual trial methodology. Two modified, closed-loop MBPs were implemented on volume-controlled VPs (N=18; 955 hours MV data) to derive protocol-suggested MV settings and resulting VP responses to these MV settings. Virtual trial outcomes were compared between the two protocols, and with the retrospective clinical data, by assessing the adherence of measured VP responses to established clinical safety thresholds. A successful intervention is defined as an intervention interval during which the protocol successfully recommended a safe combination of MV settings, defined by established clinical safety thresholds. Both protocols performed 637 interventions with a success rate of 93.72%, improving the overall adherence of measured VP responses to established clinical safety thresholds by ∼53% compared to the retrospective clinical data. This virtual trial further validates the efficacy of VPs for long-term safety and performance assessments of MBPs. They also demonstrate the potential to safely streamline the development, optimisation and validation process of new MV decision support systems, as has been done in other areas of care. The overall outcomes could ultimately accelerate opportunities for the successful translation of these systems into clinical practice.

ROLE OF MEDIATION IN FACILITATING ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ITS TRUE ESSENCE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

The concept of justice is not novel, and so is Mediation. Since the inception of human interactions, disagreements and disputes have been a part of living. When Indian legal System was being formed, it was designed following the adversarial system that seem to favour the strong party and follow the already written law points with little or no room for creative solutions. Also, there are several provisions and arrangements made to extend the access of legal corridors to the underprivileged and left out segments of the society; but this does not ensure that justice has been realised in its true essence. Mere access to legal means, is not access to justice too. This is where Mediation as a means of alternative dispute resolution steps in and creates a comfortable, private, inexpensive and self- determined environment for both the parties at dispute. This paper examines what is true justice and what our constitution makers had in mind in relation to notion of justice when they attempted to give us the related rights. Justifying the stance with real life scenarios and cases, the paper also elucidates how Mediation can help parties achieve justice in its real sense and not just literal or technical.

Pendalaman Ilmu Nahwu dengan Metode Diskusi di Asrama Darus Shibyan

Deepening the science of Nahwu is very urgent, because Nahwu science is a tool science that must be mastered before studying other sciences. The application of the discussion method is very effective for the marhalah ibtidaiyah students in the Darus Shibyan dormitory who in fact still find it difficult to understand the basics of Nahwu. The aim of this research is to assist the students of the Darus Shibyan dormitory to be more in-depth and critical in the Nahwu science lessons, so that they can understand Arabic. The methods used are community development and discussion practice. The data collection technique uses observation and documentation. As a result of this research, the students of the Darus Shibyan boarding school were able to understand the basic Nahwu rules, and were able to describe I'rab and its position. This identifies that the discussion method is an alternative step to deepen Nahwu knowledge.

PREMARITAL COUNSELING; MODEL KONSELING PRA NIKAH MEMBENTUK KELUARGA SAKINAH, MAWADDAH, WA RAHMAH

Every married couple definitely wants a harmonious, happy and sakinah, mawaddah and rahmah household. The quality of marriage that achieves harmony and happiness has an impact on the psychological well-being of children, the optimal development of children's potential and the achievement of a sakinah household. Conversely, when the family is not harmonious, it can lead to divorce, and the psychological condition of the child is shaken. This study aims to determine the model of premarital counselling given to prospective bridal couples. This study used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach which was carried out on several KUA marriage assistant counsellors. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews and FGD (focus group discussion). Stages of data analysis through; (1) The researcher begins by thoroughly describing his experience, (2) grouping the data into meaningful units, the researcher details and writes a textual description of his experience, (3) reflects on his thoughts and uses imaginative variations (imaginative variation), (4) construct all explanations about the meaning and essence of the subject's experience. The research results obtained: (1). Premarital Counseling (premarital counselling) is an obligation for prospective married couples, (2) the need for the implementation of Premarital Counseling to be carried out intensively to increase happiness, (3) premarital counselling as an alternative step to minimize Divorce rates and Preventive Marriage Problems.