Alternative Oil Source Research Articles

Wear Resistance Characteristic of Vegetable Oil

The main source for lubricant oils is mineral oils, but the source of mineral oils are depleting from day to day and it is also a major cause for environmental pollution in the world. This aim of research is to introduce vegetable oil as an alternative source of lubricant oil in industrial applications. In this study, we measured the physical properties of Jatropha, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and empty fruit bunches. All experiment were done according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) condition, method B and with the use of four-ball tribotester, CCD camera, microscope and viscometer to obtain results. The test oils were measured of their coefficient of friction, wear, viscosity and flash temperature parameter. To evaluate the results, the same conditions were applied for all experiments with the use of engine and hydraulic mineral oil. The results showed that the anti-friction ability of Jatropha oil and PFAD was higher than the engine and hydraulic mineral oils.

Characterisation of a highly saturated Irvingia gabonensis seed kernel oil with unusual linolenic acid content

The search for new sources of oil with improved characteristics has focused our attention on the characterisation of Irvingia gabonensis seed kernel oil. Physicochemical analysis have revealed the following assets: refractive index (1.42 ± 0.00), free fatty acids (2.3 ± 0.8%), peroxide value (3.33 ± 0.57 meq O(2)/kg), iodine value (32.43 ± 1.22 g I(2)/100 g), saponification value (233.75 ± 2.60 mg KOH/g), unsaponifiable matter (1.5 ± 0.02%), carotenoids (63 ± 0.01 mg β-carotene/100 g) and phospholipids (2.1 ± 0.01%). Absorbance of this oil decreased abruptly in the range of UV-B and UV-A wavelengths. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the major fatty acids were saturated, being mainly composed of lauric (C12:0, 39.35 ± 0.01%) and myristic acids (C14:0, 20.54 ± 0.01%). Nevertheless, an unusually high amount (6.44 ± 0.02%) of linolenic acid was also noted. Mass spectrometer analysis of volatile compounds highlighted the presence of various aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds. I. gabonensis seed kernel oil also showed oxidative stability at 60 °C after 12 days of storage with maximum peroxide value of 34.66 meq O(2)/kg. In view of these interesting characteristics, I. gabonensis seed kernel could be used as an alternative source of oil for lipid industries.

Fatty Acid Compositional Studies of Lesser Known <i>Acacia tortilis</i> Seed Oil

A. tortilis is commonly known as “Israeli babool”. The species is exposed to the world for its pods, gum and other aerial parts as fodder &feed for cattles. The plant was used as antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antiasthmatic and also had several other medicinal benefits but the seed oil was not explored to the extent of its real potential. Hence the study was carried out to characterize the seed for oil and analysis of fatty acid composition through GC for quality control and maintenance. Commercial indices of oil were also estimated. Extracted oil is rich in Linolenic acid (50.43%) and Linoleic acid (36.74%). Beside this palmitic, stearic and oleic acid are other fatty acids identified. MUFA, PUFA, SFA and omega-6/ omega-3 ratio were also found to be promising for its potentiality in edible and clinical uses. The investigation thus scopes the utility of oil and prospects the lesser known plant seed as alternative oil source of nutritional and therapeutic importance.

EFFECT OF PRETREATMENTS ON CHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SKY FRUIT (Swietenia macrophylla) SEED OIL

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pretreatments on chemical and antioxidant properties of sky fruit ( Swietenia macrohyll a) seed oil. The seeds were treated with different heat pretreatments (roasting, steaming, and microwaving) and subsequently subjected to oil extraction by using a Bligh and Dyer method. It was found that different pretreatments significantly (p<0.05) affected yield and peroxide value of the extracted oils. However, no significant effect of pretreatment was observed on free fatty acid content of the seed oils. The oils exhibited significantly different levels of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity due to different heat pretreatments. The results revealed that the mean percentages of DPPH scavenging activity of untreated (control) seed oil (87.69%) and steamed seed oil (83.40%) were significantly higher than those of roasted seed oil (75.71%) as well as the microwaved one (63.98%). In contrast, the pretreatments did not significantly affect total phenolic content (TPC) of the seed oils with the TPC mean values ranging from 0.016 to 0.022 mg/g (as gallic acid). Data gained from this study provided valuable information for edible oil industries in searching for alternative source of edible oil with medicinal benefits.

Eri silkworm: a source of edible oil with a high content of α‐linolenic acid and of significant nutritional value

The study was undertaken to provide value addition to spent eri silkworm as an alternative source of edible oil for the food and feed industry by carrying out a short-term nutritional and toxicological evaluation of eri silkworm pupae oil using Wistar NIN rats. Growth performance of rats fed either sunflower oil (Control) or eri silkworm pupae oil (Experimental) was comparable. Histopathological examination of the various tissues showed no signs of toxicity even after feeding the eri silkworm oil for 18 weeks. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased (P < 0.05) which is attributed to the high α-linolenic acid content of eri silkworm oil. The study showed that eri silkworm pupae oil is safe and nutritionally equivalent to commonly used vegetable oils. Eri silkworm pupae can be harvested to provide a cost effective alternative edible oil that can be used to nutritional advantage in the food and feed industry. Therefore eri silkworm and its host plants offer an excellent example of multiple product crops and of sustainable agricultural practice with excellent opportunity for economic and nutritional benefits.

POTENTIAL OF SEAFOOD INDUSTRY BYPRODUCTS AS SOURCES OF RECOVERABLE LIPIDS: FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MEAT AND NONMEAT COMPONENT OF SELECTED INDIAN MARINE FISHES

ABSTRACT Lipids from different body components (head, meat and waste) of three commercial varieties of Indian marine fishes-Pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) were analyzed for lipid class distribution and fatty acid profile. Total lipid (TL) content was in the range of 4.3–13.6% (wet weight basis [wwb] ) in head, 2.53–10.97% (wwb) in meat and 2.7–15.1% (wwb) in waste. The highest TL was in sardine waste (14.1%). Among all the body components of different fishes, neutral lipipids (NL) were higher in head (83.2–89.2%). Fatty acid composition revealed higher concentration of palmitic acid among the saturated fatty acids in TL of all the fishes, irrespective of the body components. In case of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found in higher concentrations. The potential of nonmeat components of marine fishes as sources for recovery of UFAs is highlighted by this study. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The health benefits of fish oil especially EPA and DHA are well documented. Fish oil has several applications including pharmaceutical, feed and nutraceutical applications. With dwindling fish catches and increasing demand for food fishes, alternatives for fish oil are a need of the hour. Lipids recovered from processing by products of commercial fishes are better alternatives to fish oil and can effectively contribute towards sufficing the demand for fish oils in the aqua- or livestock feed industries. The present work mainly highlights the importance of processing byproducts/wastes as alternative sources of fish oil.

Lipid productivity, settling potential and fatty acid profile of 11 microalgal species grown under nitrogen replete and limited conditions

Microalgae are a promising alternative source of oil for biodiesel production. Identification of a species with desirable characteristics is a key component towards achieving economic feasibility for the process. This has been compromised by a lack of data allowing effective interspecies comparison. Eleven species of microalgae, selected on the basis of available literature data, were tested for lipid productivity, gravity sedimentation and the suitability of their fatty acid profiles for biodiesel production. The response to nitrogen limitation was species-specific. Lipid yields and productivity were higher at 150 mg L−1 nitrate than at 1,500 mg L−1 for all species tested except Spirulina platensis. The Chlorophyta, particularly Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus, had the highest growth rates and showed the greatest increase in lipid content in response to nitrogen limitation. Cylindrotheca fusiformis, S. platensis, Scenedesmus and Tetraselmis suecica had the fastest settling rates and highest biomass recoveries after 24 h of gravity sedimentation. For most species, the fuel would need to be blended or culture conditions to be optimised to achieve the correct lipid profile in order for microalgal fuel to meet the European standards for biodiesel production (EN 14214). The most promising species overall were the freshwater algae Scenedesmus and C. vulgaris and the marine algae C. fusiformis and Nannochloropsis.

Sowing Date and Tillage Effects on Fall‐Seeded Camelina in the Northern Corn Belt

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.), a member of the Brassicaceae family, can potentially serve as a low‐input alternative oil source for advanced biofuels as well as food and other industrial uses. Winter annual camelina genotypes may be economically and environmentally advantageous for the northern Corn Belt, but little is known about their agronomic potential for this region. A 2‐yr field study was conducted in western Minnesota to determine optimum fall sowing time for yield and oil content of two winter camelina cultivars in a no‐tillage (NT) and chisel‐plowed (CP) system. Seeding dates ranged from early September to mid‐October. Plants reached 50% flowering as much as 7 d earlier in the NT than the CP system. Plant stands were generally greatest in the NT system, but yields were only greater than those in the CP system during the second year of the study, possibly due to differences in water logging of soil between tillage systems. Seed yield and oil content increased with sowing date up to early October. When sown in October, seed yield and oil content ranged from 419 to 1317 kg ha−1 and 282 to 420 g kg−1, respectively. Results indicate that camelina is a viable winter crop for the northern Corn Belt and that seed yields and oil content tended to be greatest when sown in early to mid‐October. Moreover, fall‐seeded camelina offered good weed suppression without the use of herbicide, supporting the contention that it can be successfully produced with low agricultural inputs.

Phytochemicals of selected plant species of the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae from Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

A concern about the declining supply of petroleum products has led to a renewed interest in evaluating plant species as potential alternate sources of energy. Five species of the Apocynaceae and three species of the Asclepiadaceae from the Western Ghats were evaluated as alternative sources of energy, oil, polyphenol, and phytochemicals. The highest protein content was observed in Caralluma attenuata with 6.6%. Plant samples of Aganosma cymosa yielded 10.3% oil. The highest polyphenol content was observed in Carissa carandas with 7.7%. Species of the Asclepiadaceae exhibited the highest quantity of hydrocarbon viz. Sarcostemma brevistigma (3.6%), C. attenuata (3.4%), and Tylophora asthmatica (2.7%). Carbohydrate content was high in S. brevistigma with 6.9%. A whole plant gross calorific value of 16.5 MJ kg−1 for Nerium odorum (white flower variety) was the highest value observed. The highest gross calorific value observed in the oil fraction was from C. attenuata with 33.4 MJ kg−1. The hydrocarbon fraction of T. asthmatica exhibited the highest gross calorific value of 39.2 M Jkg−1. The hydrocarbon fractions were further analyzed using NMR to determine the type of isoprene present. Fatty acid compositions of oil samples were also analyzed. All the species except N. odorum (white flower variety) contained higher quantities of saturated fatty acids than unsaturated fatty acids.

Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid (18:3n-3)/Linoleic Acid (18:2n-6) Ratio on Fatty Acid Metabolism in Murray Cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii)

Global shortages in fish oil are forcing the aquaculture feed industry to use alternative oil sources, the use of which negatively affects the final fatty acid makeup of cultured fish. Thus, the modulation of fatty acid metabolism in cultured fish is the core of an intensive global research effort. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of various dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3)/linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) ratios in cultured fish. A feeding trial was implemented on the freshwater finfish Murray cod, in which fish were fed either a fish oil-based control diet or one of five fish oil-deprived experimental diets formulated to contain an ALA/LA ratio ranging from 0.3 to 2.9, but with a constant total C₁₈ PUFA (ALA+LA) content. The whole-body fatty acid balance method was used to evaluate fish in vivo fatty acid metabolism. The results indicate that dietary ALA was more actively β-oxidized and bioconverted, whereas LA appears to be more efficiently deposited. LA was β-oxidized at a constant level (~36% of net intake) independent of dietary availability, whereas ALA was oxidized proportionally to dietary supply. The in vivo apparent Δ-6 desaturase activity on n-3 and n-6 PUFA exhibited an increasing and decreasing trend, respectively, in conjunction with the increasing dietary ALA/LA ratio, clearly indicating that this enzymatic activity is substrate dependent. However, the maximum Δ-6 desaturase activity acting on ALA peaked at the substrate level of 3.2186 (μmol g fish⁻¹ day⁻¹), suggesting that additional inclusion of ALA is not only wasteful but counterproductive in terms of n-3 LC-PUFA production. Despite a constant total supply of ALA+LA, the recorded total in vivo apparent Δ-6 desaturase activity on both substrates (ALA and LA) increased in synchrony with the ALA/LA ratio, peaking at 1.54, and a 3.2-fold greater Δ-6 desaturase affinity toward ALA over LA was recorded.

Use of canola oil in fish feeds

In the world and our country, rapidly growing population has reached problem causal dimen-sions especially in terms of food requirements in society. Marine products have been main-taining the importance and the place in our diets from the past to present. Nowadays, the de-mand for aquaculture is increasing because of the depletion of natural stocks and the excessive hunting. Therefore, the rapid development of fish farming causes an increase for the demand to fish meal and fish oil, the basic contents of aquaculture feeds. Fish meal is an indispensable protein source due to high level of protein and balanced amino acid composition contents. Fish oil is an excellent source of oil in terms of A‰Â· -3 fatty acids contents for fish feeds. Fish oil leads to significant increase in the feed production cost since it is used not only in fish feed but also in land-based livestock feed and human consumption. In this case, while global amount of fish oil has decreased, the usage of fish oil has increased. The amount of fish oil to be used in aquafeed industry is estimated to reach almost 80 to 90 % of global fish oil production (0.96 million tonnes) by 2010. It is important to find alternative oil sources which are healthy and can met the fatty acid requirements of fish for the establishment of a sustaina-ble and economic aquafeed industry in terms of decreasing the cost of sector and contri-bute to national economy. Therefore, several studies done on fish nutrition have covered the substituting other alternative vegetable oil sources (corn, sunflower, linseed etc.) that are easy to produce, economic and rich in Essential Fatty Acids in recent years. These in-vestigations showed that plant oils, rich for fatty acids and not affecting fish growth and the whole body fatty acid composition negatively in freshwater and marine fish species, are alternatives to fish oil and partial or total replacement of dietary fish oil with these oil have successfully presented. For this purpose, in this study, the potential use of canola oil, which is intensively produced and much cheaper than fish oil in Turkey, as an alternative to fish oil will be evaluated comparing with the other studies where the other vegetable oil sources have been tested so far in fish diets.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. SEED OIL OF THE INDIGENOUS‐CULTIVAR OF BANGLADESH

ABSTRACTMoringa oleifera Lam. seed oil of the indigenous‐cultivar of Bangladesh was extracted using n‐hexane (H), light petroleum ether (LPE) (bp 40–60C) and chloroform/methanol (50:50, v/v) mixture (CM). The oil content ranged from 37.50 (H) to 40.20% (CM). The moisture, protein, ash and crude fiber contents of seed residues, and the density, refractive index, color, acidity, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter content, oxidative state, sterols, tocopherols and fatty acid composition of the extracted oil were determined. The oil contained a high amount of oleic acid (C18:1) of up to 74.41% and a high ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids with moderate oxidative stability. The results of the present study were compared with those reported in literature for different regional habitats and species variants.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA high‐oleic oil with a good potential for edible and industrial use can be produced from Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) oilseeds of the indigenous cultivar of Bangladesh. Thus, mature seeds of M. oleifera can be considered as an alternative source of vegetable oil in Bangladesh provided that it is cultivated on a large scale.

Fish Oil Promotes Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Mice

Fish oil (FO), and specifically omega 3 fatty acids, has favorable effects on cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of FO on the process of macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in an in vivo mouse model. C57BL/6J mice were fed a FO diet, whereas control mice were fed diets containing alternative sources of fats, soybean oil (SO), and coconut oil (CO) for 4 weeks. Macrophage RCT was assessed by injecting [(3)H]cholesterol-labeled J774 macrophages intraperitoneally into mice. After 48 hours, tissues were harvested and feces were collected. An increase in the excretion of macrophage-derived [(3)H]-tracer recovered in fecal neutral sterols for FO-fed mice was observed (273% versus SO and 182% versus CO). FO also decreased [(3)H]-tracer in hepatic cholesteryl ester compared to SO and CO by 76% and 56%, respectively. To specifically determine the effect of FO on the fate of HDL-derived cholesterol, mice fed FO or SO diets were injected with HDL labeled with [(3)H]cholesteryl oleate, and the disappearance of [(3)H]-tracer from blood and its excretion in feces was measured. There was no significant difference in the fractional catabolic rate of [(3)H]cholesteryl oleate-HDL between the 2 groups. However, there was a 242% increase in the excretion of HDL-derived [(3)H]-tracer recovered in fecal neutral sterols in FO-fed mice, concordant with significantly increased expression of hepatic Abcg5 and Abcg8 mRNA. As measured by this tracer-based assay, FO promoted reverse cholesterol transport, primarily by enhancement of the hepatic excretion of macrophage-derived and HDL-derived cholesterol.

A new concept for the Caucasus

This article offers a new perspective of the regional dimensions and historical, political and economic legacies of the Caucasus. The Caucasus is composed of three regions: the Central Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), the North Caucasus (some southern autonomous republics of Russia), and the South Caucasus (some northern provinces of Iran and Turkey). Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey are one ‘team’ in the implementation of regional projects for the development of transportation networks, while Armenia, Iran and Russia are in principle opposed to these projects. Further activation of the cooperation of the United States and the European Union in the Caucasus is, therefore, very important in obtaining as many alternative sources of oil and natural gas as possible.

Recovering oil from corn ethanol fermentation by‐products

AbstractRemoving oil from by‐products of corn fermentation is desirable for improving feed quality and providing an alternative source of oil for biodiesel production. We are investigating ways to increase oil removal by centrifugation during the typical dry grind fermentation process. We have to first make oil or oil containing “bodies” go into the liquid phase and then free the oil so it can be separated by centrifugation. This report outlines our research approaches and results.

Impact of Oil used by the Frying Industry on Population Fat Intake

Chronic multifactorial diet related diseases are the major causes of death and illness worldwide. The amount and composition of fat in the diet is an important determinant of the pathobiology of many of these conditions. In the current review the associations between dietary fat and disease risk will be considered. Mean population fat intakes will be compared with dietary recommendations aimed at reducing the population burden of disease and the main sources of fat in the adult and childhood diet will be given. An assessment will be made of the principal vegetable oil sources used in the manufacture of processed foods, in particular fried foods, with particular reference to the rheological and nutritional justification for their use. The impact of the more widespread use of alternative oil sources with improved fatty acid profiles, on the fat composition of fried foods and the overall diet will be presented, demonstrating that such apparently focussed approaches could potentially result in a significant impact on population fat intake and potentially overall chronic disease burden.

Evaluation of Leaf-Derived Extracts as an Environmentally Sustainable Source of Essential Oils by Using Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry and Enantioselective Gas Chromatography−Olfactometry

In consideration of the world's present environmental situation and the threat of species extinction, investigations concerning alternative sustainable sources of natural substances represent an extremely important issue. In this respect, the present research is focused on the analytical evaluation of Brazilian rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) leaves, as an alternative source (with respect to wood) of rosewood essential oil and, as such, of natural linalool, which is extensively used in perfumery. Enantioselective-gas chromatography-olfactometry (Es-GC-O) was used as a tool for the simultaneous stereodifferentiation and olfactive evaluation of the volatile optically active components present in the analyzed samples. In addition to Es-GC-O analyses, direct olfactive analyses were also performed, enabling the evaluation of the global aroma exerted by each sample and the influence of each linalool antipode, as also other minor compounds. The samples were also submitted to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis, thus establishing their chemical profiles. The assessment of enantiopure chiral compounds through Es-GC-O, along with direct olfactive analyses, confirmed that the leaves are a potential substituent for wood in the extraction of Brazilian rosewood essential oil, representing a sustainable nonwood source of natural linalool.

In search of alternative source of edible oil, biofertilizer and tannin

Terminalia belerica Roxb known as Bahera, found abundant in tropical, Asia, is a source of new edible oil (37% by dry weight of kernel), biofertilizer and tannin and has not been totally explored. The oilcake contains high amount of nitrogen (8.34%). On biochemical evaluation of the oil cake it is evident that about 60 per cent NaCl extractable proteins digestible which can be converted into biofertilizer or some useful fodder. The extractable high quality tannin present in fruit pulp can be used in leather industry and herbal medicines. The different processes for the extraction of tannin have been discussed.

Comparison of cholestane and yttrium oxide as digestibility markers for lipid components in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) diets

The study aimed to test the similarity between apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) calculated using either yttrium oxide or cholestane. Atlantic salmon were fed three diets containing a different mix of oil sources: diets contained only canola oil (CO), canola oil and fish oil (CFO), or canola oil and thraustochytrid meal (CTH) (a marine microorganism with potential as an alternative oil source). Both markers were concentrated by the same amount in the faeces compared to the diets. ADC values using cholestane tended to be higher than yttrium, and there was a significant marker effect for crude protein, energy, total lipid and triacylglycerol. Although statistically significant the marker effect was due to numerically small differences in ADC values and probably of limited biological significance. ADC values for the majority of fatty acids did not show marker effects. Consequently, it was concluded that the broad similarity in the digestibility of lipid components between markers validated the use of cholestane for calculating lipid digestibility in Atlantic salmon.

Promising oil producing seed species of Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu, India)

Fifteen species of plants from the Western Ghats were screened as alternative sources of energy, oil, polyphenol, hydrocarbon, and phytochemicals. The highest oil content was observed in Achras sapota with 13.8%. The highest polyphenol and hydrocarbon content was observed in seeds of Dalbergia sissoo with 7.1% and 1.9%, respectively. The seeds of Prosopis spicigera yielded the highest protein content with 20.9%. P. spicigera exhibits highest quantity of carbohydrate with 7.9%. The gross heat value of 5506.0 cal/g for the seeds of Terminalia tomentosa was the highest among the species analysed. The gross heat value of oil and hydrocarbon fractions of A. sapota were very high with 8717.0 and 9930.0 cal/g, respectively. The fatty acid composition of Calophyllum elatum seed oil contained oleic acid (38.02%), palmitic acid (20.98%), and linoleic acid (14.48%). The hydrocarbon fractions were also analysed to determine the type of isoprene present.