Alternative Ideas Research Articles

Using computer‐based cognitive mapping to improve students' divergent thinking for creativity development

AbstractCreativity is increasingly considered to be an important goal of education. While creativity can be influenced by many noncognitive factors (eg, personality and motivation), creative thinking remains the most important source of creativity. Creative thinking combines several cognitive processes leading to the generation and selection of new and useful ideas or solutions. Divergent thinking or the ability to generate a range of alternative ideas, is a necessary component of creative thinking. Research has explored cognitive strategies to activate divergent thinking. However, such strategies are often abstract and difficult to implement. This study proposes a computer‐based cognitive mapping approach to improving divergent thinking as a response to this challenge. The approach enables students to build a computer‐based cognitive map that can foster divergent thinking by associating unrelated concept, object or situation (COS), by decomposing a COS into rich details for viewing it from divergent perspectives, and by combining and changing COSs. A quasi‐experiment was conducted with high school students. The results have shown promising effects of the approach on improving students' performance and perceived competence in divergent thinking.Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topicDivergent thinking is an important part of the cognitive processes that may lead to creativity.Divergent thinking can be enhanced by training in cognitive strategies, but these strategies involve complex cognitive processes that are abstract and difficult to implement.Cognitive mapping can facilitate complex thinking and cognitive processes.What this paper addsThis study proposes a computer‐based cognitive mapping approach as a divergent thinking tool that may help students visualize the process of applying divergent thinking strategies (association, decomposition, and combination and adjustment) when performing creativity‐related tasks.The approach is effective in improving high school students' divergent thinking performance in terms of idea fluency, flexibility and originality, in addition to perceived competence in divergent thinking.Implications for practice and/or policyIt is important to provide learners with effective thinking tools that facilitate the complex cognitive processes of applying divergent thinking strategies.Divergent thinking processes can be facilitated by associating unrelated concept, object or situation (COS), by decomposing a COS into rich details for viewing it from divergent perspectives, and by combining and changing COSs.

“Tea girl and garden boy” bankers: exploring substantive equality in bankers’ narratives

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore what narratives of inequality tell us about societal inequality both inside and outside of workplaces. It illuminates the intertwined fates of social agents and the productive potential of seeing organisational actors as social beings in order to advance resistance and substantive equality. Design/methodology/approach This research empirically examines narratives of inequality and substantive empowerment among a group of 25 black bankers within a major bank in Johannesburg, South Africa. Data were gathered through one-on-one interviews. The data were analysed using narrative analysis. Findings The findings indicate that narratives of organisational agents always contain fragments of personal and societal narratives. An intersectional lens of how people experience inequality allows us to work towards a more substantive kind of equality. Substantive equality of organisational actors is closely tied to the recognition and elimination of broader societal inequality. Research limitations/implications The implications for teaching and research are for scholars to methodically centre the continuities between the personal, organisational and societal in ways that highlight the productive tensions and possibilities for a more radical form of equality. Moreover, teaching, research and policy interventions should always foreground how the present comes to be constituted historically. Practical implications Policy and inclusivity interventions would be better served by using substantive empowerment as a theoretical base for deeper changes beyond what we currently conceive of as empowerment. At base, this requires policy makers and diversity practitioners to see all oppression and inequality as interconnected. Individuals are simultaneously organisational beings and societal agents. Social implications Third world approaches to diversity and inclusion need to be vigilant against globalised western notions of equity that are not contextually and historically informed. The failure of equity initiatives in SA means that alternative ideas and approaches are necessary. Originality/value The paper illustrates how individual narratives become social scripts of resistance. It develops a way for attaining substantive empowerment through the use of narrative approaches. It allows us to see that employees are also social agents.

Reducing the optical end losses of a linear Fresnel reflector using novel techniques

The objective of this work is the investigation of some alternative ideas for enhancing the optical performance of a linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) with North-South orientation. More specifically, the examined methods aim to reduce the optical end losses which are crucial for the short LFR plants in particular during the winter period. The first studied idea is the extension of the receiver after the concentrator which is able to enhance the yearly mean incident angle modifier up to 50.3%. The second examined idea is the displacement of the receiver in order to eliminate the non-illuminated area at the beginning of the receiver. This idea proved that the mean yearly incident angle modifier can be enhanced up it 20.2% for a displacement equal to 20% of the concentrator length. The third examined idea is the hybrid design with the extended and displayed receiver in combined. This idea leads to intermediates enhancements compared to the previous cases but its advantage is the lower investment cost compared to the simple receiver extension case. The analysis is performed with a developed optical model in SolidWorks Flow Simulation and the yearly evaluation has been done for the location of Athens (Greece).

Selective photocatalytic conversion of alcohol to aldehydes by singlet oxygen over Bi-based metal-organic frameworks under UV–vis light irradiation

So far, most efforts in photocatalysis have been devoted to the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and possible use of excitons (i.e., electron-hole pairs) for photocatalytic processes has not received much attention. In this work, we studied the effect of metal dots on the excitonic behaviors of two bismuth-based MOFs, Bi-TATB and Bi-BTC (here the tridentate ligands TATB3− and BTC3− represent the carboxylates of 4,4′,4′'-s-triazine-2,4,6-triyl-tribenzoic and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acids, respectively). The organic ligands (TATB and BTC) display different emission properties from the corresponding Bi based MOFs. Specifically, TATB and BTC display strong fluorescence emission while Bi-TATB and Bi-BTC display strong phosphorescence emission, suggesting the higher efficiency of intersystem crossing for Bi-TATB and Bi-BTC. The reason is attributed to the coordination with Bi, which promotes the singlet→ triplet intersystem crossing of the organic ligand due to the heavy metal effect. The enhanced triplet excited emission of Bi-TATB and Bi-BTC was further confirmed by the detection of 1O2, as 1O2 is well known to be formed due to energy transfer from the triplet state of photosensitizers to the ground-state oxygen (3O2). With above understanding, Bi-TATB and Bi-BTC were finally used to high selective photooxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. This work presents new understanding of the photophysical properties of Bi based MOFs, which provides alternative ideas on designing materials for selective photo-oxidation.

Community

Dear JAAL Readers, Community provides the context within which language and literacy develop and thrive. As such, it is no surprise that community shares a root word with communication, from the Latin, communicare, to share. Members of the same community are often interdependent, helping each other reach common goals. They also share features, which, for humans, include attitudes, interests, and beliefs, along with sufficient differences to offer varying contributions to their respective communities. Many kinds of literacy-related communities are invoked in this issue's feature articles and departments. This is why we chose Communities as the theme for this issue, the last one of JAAL Volume 62. The pieces in this issue speak to the shared pursuits and interdependence of communities that are organized around literacy, as well as to the diversity that enriches them. For instance, this issue's commentary, “College Reading and Studying: The Complexity of Academic Literacy Task Demands” by Jodi Patrick Holschuh, describes how reading required of college students differs from the skills that youths bring to college from their previous experiences. She argues for addressing their needs by helping them develop the generative strategies and stamina they need for the ever evolving expectations of their classes, as well as their current and future workplaces. The feature articles, too, situate literacies in communities within a wide array of classroom, digital, and public spaces around the globe. The first piece, “Using Applied Theater Practices in Classrooms to Challenge Religious Discrimination Among Students” by Kiran Vinod Bhatia and Manisha Pathak-Shelat, shows how applied theater practices helped media literacy students in India become more aware of religious discrimination in their communities. In “A Threat or Just a Book? Analyzing Responses to Thirteen Reasons Why in a Discourse Community,” Brooklyn Walter and Ashley S. Boyd delineate the responses of youths and their parents to the reading of a controversial popular novel in a Northwestern U.S. community. Several feature articles offer alternative ideas about locating literacy in classroom communities. “Classics in Their Own ‘Words’: Analytical Remixes in a Land of Essays,” by Jonathan Baize, describes what happened when the student community in an AP Literature course composed multimodal book trailers instead of essays as their summative assessments. In “The Closer the Better? The Perils of an Exclusive Focus on Close Reading,” Meaghan Brewer points to the perils of a steady diet of close reading when contemporary societies demand a more active, generative reading process. Erin Hope Whitney explains how she supported one young woman's reconceptualization of writing in “Reenvisioning Writing Pedagogy and Learning Disabilities Through a Black Girls’ Literacies Framework.” In “Building Bridges From Classrooms to Networked Publics: Helping Students Write for the Audience They Want,” Jayne C. Lammers and Judith H. Van Alstyne explore the results when the teacher of a high school elective course extended the classroom community to online creative writing spaces. “‘I'd Still Prefer to Read the Hard Copy’: Adolescents’ Print and Digital Reading Habits,” a mixed-methods study by Chin Ee Loh and Baoqi Sun that involved thousands of Singaporean youths, shares provocative results about youths’ online and digital reading preferences. Our Text & Resource Review Forum editors suggest texts and resources that will enrich the community of educators who read JAAL, as well as the communities of learners they serve. In “Brownsville and Einstein: Expanding Potential Text Attributions,” a contribution to his Texts and Identities department, Alfred W. Tatum argues for exposing youths to books from a wide range of fields, from football to quantum mechanics, as a way “to nurture their social and scientific consciousness.” “Exploring New Ways of Literacy Instruction Through Practitioner Research” is the latest installment by Josephine Peyton Marsh and Deborah Gonzalez in the Research department they share, in alternating issues, with Douglas Fisher and Nancy Frey. Finally, in “Creating Cultural Sustenance in the Classroom,” M. Kristiina Montero reviews Culturally Sustaining Pedagogies: Teaching and Learning for Justice in a Changing World, an edited volume by Django Paris and H. Samy Alim, for the Professional Resources department she leads. All three columns invite readers into conversation with the authors and each other. The scholarship on communities of practice suggests that membership in such groups does not just support individuals emotionally and relationally, although in complicated, unsettling times, such support is valuable in and of itself. The benefits of community extend beyond the interpersonal and into the domain of learning, linking both realms in inextricable ways. Similarly, we hope the contents of this issue will help you feel connected to a broad community of like-minded, supportive literacy professionals, and at the same time, promote new learning for you and your students. Best, Kathy and Kelly

Reconceptualizing Representation: Interconnections of Experience and Space in the Production of Knowledge

Recognizing the centrality of representation in philosophy and social sciences as constitutive of knowledge concerning the interpretation of social reality, this article highlights on the need to engage in a reconceptualization of the notion of representation in order to comprehend the contextual nature of knowledge production in society. Acknowledging the significance of space in the production of discourses of power as well as resistance, it looks at how representation, fundamental to the formation of knowledge, can also be seen as cognitive categories or objects symbolizing hegemonic discourses as well as alternative ideas, challenging the dominant structures of authority. Stressing on the related categories of experience, representation and social space, this article therefore throws light on the complex interaction between representation, human cognition, social structures and counter-hegemonic processes in the continual production of knowledge.

Measuring polycentricity via network flows, spatial interaction and percolation

Polycentricity, or the number of central urban places, is commonly measured by location-based metrics (e.g. employment density/total number of workers, above a threshold). While these metrics are good indicators of location ‘centricity’, results are sensitive to threshold choice. We consider the alternative idea that a centre’s status depends on its connectivity to other locations through trip inflows/outflows: this is inherently a network rather than place idea. Three flow and network-based centricity metrics for measuring metropolitan area polycentricity using journey-to-work data are presented: (a) trip-based; (b) density-based; and (c) accessibility-based. Using these measures, polycentricity is computed and rank-centricity distributions are plotted to test Zipf-like or Christaller-like behaviours. Further, a percolation theory framework is proposed for the full origin–destination matrix, where trip flows are used as a thresholding parameter to count the number of sub-centres. Trip flows prove to be an effective measure to count and hierarchically organise metropolitan areas and sub-centres, tackling the arbitrariness of defining any threshold on employment statistics to count sub-centres. Applications on data from the Greater Sydney region show that the proposed framework helps to characterise polycentricity and sub-regional organisation more robustly, and provide unexpected insights into the connections between land use, labour market organisation, transport and urban structure.

Examining learning transformation in project-based learning process

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a learning transformation framework for analyzing how learning evolves during project-based learning (PBL) process. Here, the authors adopt Lewin’s (1951) change theory as an analytical lens to examine the project-based learning curriculum at a University called UNI-X. This is a major contribution to PBL literature, as little is known about the dynamics of learning during PBL process. In fact, the learning transformation framework can serve as the basis for further research in PBL process. For educators, this paper provides them with useful insights on how to break project members’ escalating commitment to previous failing ideas and accept alternative workable ideas. Educators can use the framework in post-mortem analyses of projects to devise useful actions for facilitating learning transformation during PBL process.Design/methodology/approachThe strategy used in this paper was to undertake in-depth case research of PBL courses developed and taught in UNI-X. Focused group interviews were conducted with 28 students, 12 faculty and 5 industry project sponsors asking specifically their perceptions of PBL’s course design, delivery and its impact on overall student experience.FindingsThis paper presents a learning transformation framework for analyzing the change process of how learners experiment new ideas, explore alternative ideas and eventually come to a consensus to accept new ideas during PBL in a collaborative project environment. By drawing upon a case study of UNI-X, the authors argue that unfreezing beliefs of previous ideas is critical if alternative ideas are to be developed. It is clear that the entire process of ‘unfreezing-changing-refreezing’ has occurred in the PBL courses at UNI-X and enacted through unfreezing beliefs in previous ideas, changing previous beliefs and refreezing the new beliefs. Through interviews with students, instructors and project sponsors in the PBL courses, the authors gathered data to examine how project members could give up previous ideas and accept alternative ideas.Originality/valueThe authors adopt Lewin’s (1951) change theory as an analytical lens to examine the project-based learning curriculum at UNI-X. This is a major contribution to PBL literature, as little is known about the dynamics of learning during PBL process. In fact, the learning transformation framework can serve as the basis for further research in PBL process.

Governing Fairtrade: ethics of care and justice in the Argentinean wine industry

ABSTRACT Globally, Fairtrade practices its ethic of trade justice and governs its multiple stakeholders through a universalising set of regulations. However, this essentialises what are, in reality, disparate, dynamic and contextual experiences. Engaging with Argentinean wine and wine grape producers, alongside European regulators, highlights the inherent tensions to this system with Fairtrade’s global efforts being experienced as injustices at the producer level. This paper argues that overcoming the disconnect between ‘justice-as-universal’ and ‘care-as-particular’ is essential; combining these ethics will make Fairtrade’s governance more responsive to the place-based realities of how it is actually experienced and lived. The institutionalisation of Fairtrade has precluded alternative ideas of thinking or doing trade justice and so more inclusive dialogues are needed to ensure all stakeholders can participate. Fairtrade needs to bridge its scales of operation through a decentralised governance structure to allow for fluid and direct discussions and actions over its rhetoric, practices and impacts. This is an important step towards actualising everyday care-full trade justice.

Optimal combination and reference functions of signal-to-noise measurements for GNSS multipath detection

Multipath is the most limiting factor in many GNSS positioning applications, where it inevitably degrades the attainable precision. Among the different proposals to identify observations affected by multipath, Strode and Groves have recently proposed a method based on the comparison of GPS signal-to-noise (SNR) actual measurements with suitable reference functions previously computed in a low-multipath environment. We have found significant issues with its application to our particular GNSS experiments, however. In particular, we discuss whether the reference functions that are needed to be computed for low-multipath environments after tedious and time consuming field campaigns can be used for a future occasion, or not, as well as the possibility of applying the method to other GNSS global constellations (Galileo and GLONASS). Additionally, we elaborate on an alternative idea consisting in the use of the best combination of SNR measurements for the different signals in the different constellations in order to obtain a multipath estimator that is unbiased, universal and performs better than the use of reference functions.

Exploring Secondary Students’ Alternative Conceptions about Engineering Design Technology

This paper presents the assessment items that were developed by science and technology teachers in Québec to explore their students’ alternative ideas about engineering design technology and technological systems. These assessment items were administered to Secondary Cycle One students in Francophone and Anglophone schools in Québec to elicit their ideas about the foundational technology concepts included in the science and technology curriculum. Students’ responses are presented to share their alternative and scientific explanations. In addition, various approaches to facilitate a deeper understanding of scientific models and mechanistic reasoning in students are also discussed.

PLURALISME HUKUM PROGRESIF: MEMBERI RUANG KEADILAN BAGI YANG LIYAN

When ideological contestation in law is controlled by the logic of the majority. Then the consequences of the legal logic will be controlled by the logic of oppression. In this context, minorities whether based on religion, ethnicity, gender or sexuality are difficult to pursuit justice. Access to justice is possible as long as minority representation is also present in state law. This paper aims to examine the concept of legal pluralism in Progressive law. Thus, it will also provide alternative ideas for resolving the problem of discrimination of minority groups. Satjipto Rahardjo’s Progressive law has a philosophical basis that sees that the discourse of law is never be final and legal pluralism will provide justice. In the progressive law reasoning, legal pluralism will be discussed with recognition and redistribution political theory, so that it will tear down constellation of hierarchical structures and provides justice for minorities or “the others”. Therefore, state law is no longer the rule of majority.

An Agenda in-the-making: The Linking of Drugs and Development Discourses

The UNGASS process and the SDGs discussions renewed thinking on illicit drug economy and sustainable development linkages, and opened windows for enhanced policy coherence in that sense. Yet, the fragmentation of the drug policy arena and the complex SDGs task still question whether this will be the way negotiated forward. Drawing on concepts of policy entrepreneurship and idea diffusion, this paper takes stock of the recent dynamics through which the idea of drug and development policy coherence has developed and gained traction. Recognizing the role of knowledge in the construction of alternative policy ideas’ acceptability, this paper focuses on knowledge activities and existing platforms where a development-oriented framework for illicit drug-related challenges is promoted and defined. It asks whether the conditions are gathered for that idea to be translated into concrete categories of policy interventions beyond the UNGASS and SDGs moments of opportunity.

Ecological ideals, sustainable tourism and the heritage concept of an eco-village: the case of Arcosanti, USA

ABSTRACTArcosanti in Arizona, USA, is a yet-to-be completed ecological settlement which reflects the major ideas of Paolo Soleri, an Italian architect and philosopher, on an alternative type of city. Based on field research using interviews, participatory observation and the survey method it examines the relationship between tourism and eco-settlements, using Arcosanti as a case study, in order to discuss current approaches to sustainable tourism and to examine visitor profiles, perceptions, and attitudes. The data indicates that ecological settlements such as Arcosanti can be an attractive tourist destination and it is clear that although Arcosanti had started life as an urban experiment based on ecological and alternative ideas, today it is a place that attracts many visitors. Regardless of whether Arcosanti can be categorized as an eco-village or eco-city, its valuable attractiveness results from Paolo Soleri and his tangible/intangible heritage that contributes an income via sustainable tourism. The study concludes that Arcosanti is an excellent case which offers the promise that ecological settlements can have significant potential for sustainable tourism.

Predubeđenja učenika o prirodnim fenomenima na početku osnovnog obrazovanja - okov i/ili mogućnost

Learning about the world that surrounds a child begins well before the start of primary education. Experiential concepts, which children form in direct interaction with the environment, represent an experiential basis on which the formation of scientific concepts in the teaching process relies. Experiential notions based on ungrounded generalisations and misconceptions are also known as preconceptions, alternative ideas, and naive beliefs. The aim of this paper was to examine pupils' preconceptions about physical phenomena in the fields Physical Properties of Materials, Movement and Light at the beginning of primary education. The survey was conducted on a sample of 324 students, by using a criteria-based test of knowledge. The results of the research indicate that seven-year-olds from Serbia have some typical preconceptions and doubts that were confirmed by the previous research conducted in other countries (United Kingdom, USA). The respondents had the fewest misconceptions about the movement of bodies, while they mostly had wrong beliefs about the physical properties of materials. Given that the identification of the preconceptions that pupils have at the beginning of primary school can be useful for the creators of educational policies, textbook authors and teachers when deciding which physical phenomena should be given additional attention because they are not well understood by students, or what phenomena are pupils already familiar with, a more in-depth research of this content in teaching is necessary.

Why Dual Class Stock? A Response to CII's Petition to Nasdaq For Mandatory Sunset Provisions

On March 28, 2019 the Nasdaq Listing Council invited me to respond to the recent proposal by the Council of Institutional Investors (CII) requesting Nasdaq (and the NYSE) to adopt rules requiring a company going public with dual class shares to include a mandatory provision in the company's charter. Under the CII proposal, the company would generally have to convert the dual class shares into a single class after seven (7) years unless an extension was approved by stockholders voting separately as a class. This article briefly outlines my reasons for opposing CII's proposal and offers some alternative ideas for moving forward. My response focused upon three issues. First, I analyzed some of the governance and market forces that have led many of the most innovative and successful companies in the country (and indeed across the globe) to adopt dual class stock. This section focused upon what is the core issue of corporate governance but often goes unspoken: who gets to elect directors? This is the critical governance issue because directors manage the corporation and are responsive to those who elect them. Our corporate republic is not a direct democracy; stockholders do not run the corporation. Rather, corporations are managed and run by the board of directors. Yet over the last few decades, changes in the financial markets and the increased separation of from ownership has led to a situation where directors are increasingly elected by a small group of institutional investors and activist fund managers, including activist hedge funds. Confronted with a reality where directors are elected by this small group of investors, it should come as no surprise that some of our most innovative and entrepreneurial leaders, as well as those who support them, seek a better way to elect directors. Second, I identify some of the many problems with CII's analysis. As part of this, I demonstrate that many of the studies identified by CII do not support the claim for a seven (7) year sunset period, and in fact show that companies with dual class stock outperform their single class peers for considerably longer periods of time. Additionally, the most recent study by two highly respected scholars who have carefully reviewed all the literature and studies identified by CII concludes that compulsory sunsets, and time-based sunsets in particular, are an inappropriate response to the potential problems of dual class stock. In this section I further discuss recent studies that support a reality that I (and I suspect many practitioners) have long recognized: that there is little correlation between so-called best governance practices and either corporate performance or corporate governance. Rather, the studies on corporate governance typically measure adherence to the particular structural governance measures that are favored by certain institutional investors and/or academics, but that these studies do not measure whether in fact a company is well-governed, much less whether there is any correlation between a well-governed company and its performance. For this reason as well I discuss why it is important to continue to allow the system of private ordering on these types of governance issues to exist. The third section of my paper offered some specific compromise proposals to CII and other institutional investors, with the hope of better achieving the joint goals of fostering better governance while also opening up the process for director selection. In addition to discussing these proposals, I also call on the Nasdaq (and the NYSE) to continue to play their historic role as facilitators to this debate, and in my talk I suggested that Nasdaq consider convening a group of experts to consider the various issues and make recommendations to the exchanges.

The Legitimacy of Civil Freedom

Force and Freedom by Arthur Ripstein provides a comprehensive account of the modern legal system on a Kantian basis, reaching from private law to public international law. The legal system is presented as a coherent whole, solely based on the idea of equal freedom. Ripstein’s fundamental claim is twofold: first, the Kantian foundation is hermeneutically superior to alternative approaches to understanding the normative structure of the legal system; second, the modern legal system, due to its foundation in equal freedom, resides in reason and is thus normatively superior to alternative ideas of social ordering. Such a great work is typically subject to a wide range of objections. Some of them are raised in contributions to Freedom and Force, edited by Sari Kisilevsky and Martin Stone. This review essay attempts to explain Ripstein’s basic line of thought in Force and Freedom and to defend his account against some mistaken, but nevertheless illuminating, arguments from his critics in Freedom and Force. It then raises two further concerns, one internal, regarding the idea of justice in contractual exchange, and one external, regarding the cogency of a Kantian legitimation for the modern welfare state.

The story of the creation method of assessing damage of steels on the basis of mechanical spectroscopy

Against the background of the formation and development of one of the promising methods of physical materials science – mechanical spectroscopy - the history of the discovery of Tula metal physicists N.N. Sergeev and V.S. Ageev previously unknown effect of inelastic behavior of steels. Their first attempt of theoretical description of the mechanism of its formation is described. Set out the further fate of the detected effect in the interplay with the lives of its researchers. The history of the renovation of the forgotten for almost 30 years of discovery is proposed. A multi-faceted program of large-scale study of the mechanism of undeservedly forgotten effect, implemented in decades by the followers of the pioneers, is presented in detail. Disputes with skeptics are described. The main alternative ideas as the reasons of scientific disputes around the nature of effect are stated. Answers to critical questions are given, which allowed the authors to convince skeptics of the reality of the discovered phenomenon and to create a new direction in the study of steels and alloys – a method of assessing their damage by the results of mechanical spectroscopy. The examples of industrial application of the created direction are described. The areas of application of the method of application of the complex of inelastic effects developed by the authors on the basis of the revived method for a multiscale description of structural changes in steels and alloys in the course of external destructive effects of different nature are listed. New ways of development and improvement of the method proposed by the authors in the study of products obtained both by standard ingot technology and in the conditions of additive 3D printing technologies are described.

OWNERSHIP AND THE MORAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SELF

Abstract:The idea of self-ownership has played a prominent role in justifying normative conclusions in moral and political philosophy. I argue that whether or not we are self-owners, there is no such role for it to play. Self-ownership is better thought a conclusion of moral and political arguments rather than their source. I then begin to explore an alternative idea—that the self is morally significant—that provides what those who rely on self-ownership ought to be looking for.

Negotiating Land in the Spanish Philippines: Cases of Land Donations and Boundary Disputes in Laguna, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Using archival documents, this article analyzes two types of negotiations involving land in Laguna province. The first deals with donations that native leaders made to the Franciscans for the establishment of a hospital in Los Banos in the early 1600s. The second type consists of native claims to land in a dispute on town borders in the eighteenth century. These cases evince alternative ideas of land ownership and depict how the people negotiated the colonial structure to prove their tenure. They also illustrate overlapping practices of land tenure during the transition from precolonial to colonial forms. KEYWORDS: PRECOLONIAL LAND PRACTICES • SPANISH COLONIALISM • LAND TENURE • LAGUNA PROVINCE