Alternative Solvents For Extraction Research Articles

Liquefied dimethyl ether as alternative extraction solvent for high γ-oryzanol rice bran oil: Systematic HSP theory and experimental evaluation

This study aimed to systematically find an alternative solvent to replace hexane for the extraction of bio-oil with high γ-oryzanol content from rice bran (RB). The selection involved predicting solubility through Hansen solubility theory, experimental validation, determination of suitable extraction conditions, and comparison of oil quality with that of conventional hexane. A wide variety of solvents: subcritical water (SCW), supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), bio-based solvents (alcohols and terpenes), and liquefied dimethyl ether (LDME), were initially assessed for rice bran oil (RBO) and γ-oryzanol solubility using Hansen solubility spheres. Solvents demonstrating high solubility for both RBO and γ-oryzanol, including LDME, ethyl acetate, acetone, and others (alcohols and SCCO2) known for effective vegetable oil extraction, were selected/identified for experimental extraction comparison. Among these, LDME performed better overall, affording greater solubility and requiring less solvent, shorter duration, lower pressure, and no additional co-solvents for equivalent extractions. Optimal conditions for LDME extraction were identified as 30 °C with a solvent-to-sample ratio of 10 mL/g and an extraction time of 10 min. Oils extracted with LDME and hexane displayed similar fatty acid compositions and no adverse effects on RB protein and carbohydrate structures after LDME extraction were observed. This study demonstrates LDME as a promising alternative to replace hexane for RBO extraction to further valorize this abundant low-cost RB residue into bio-oil and its γ-oryzanol and de-oil RB co-products.

An effervescence-assisted switchable deep eutectic solvent based liquid-phase microextraction of triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverage

A new effervescence-assisted switchable deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (EA-SDES-LPME) combined with HPLC-UV was developed for determination of common triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverages, including myclobutanil, flusilazole, hexaconazole and bitertanol. The alternative extraction solvent was prepared with hexafluoroisopropanol and dipropylamine with the merits of time-saving, easy to collect and cost-effectiveness. The SDES can be reversibly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states by pH adjustment. The homogeneous extraction was achieved under the hydrophilic form of SDES, and the bi-phase separation was obtained easily by adjusting pH value to restore the original hydrophobicity. Moreover, the characterization of SDES was investigated by FTIR and 1H NMR. The main variables affecting extraction efficiency were optimized in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method shows desirable precision (RSDs less than 18.5%) and acceptable recovery (72.6–95.4%). The lower limits of detection and limits of quantitation were found to be in the range of 1–2 μg L-1 and 5–10 μg L-1, respectively. The formation mechanism of SDES and the extraction mechanism for target analytes were investigated by density functional theory. The proposed methodology was simplicity, sensitive, time-saving and successfully applied to determine triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverages, making it an alternative technique for the analysis of trace analytes with satisfactory sensitivity.

Pharmaceutical Excipients as Alternative Solvents for Green Microwave Extraction of Herbs

A suitable method for the preparation of herbal extracts plays an important role in the development of herbal products, which are practically ready for commercialization. Various conventional methods for herbal extractions, such as Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux, and maceration, are process-intensive and expensive in terms of energy, time, and required huge volume of organic solvents. In addition, most organic solvents used for herbal extraction in laboratory research are toxic and therefore not suitable for large scale application in herbal product industries. Therefore, the innovative extraction methods are focused on green technologies that are friendly to the environment and humans, and also reduce the cost of production. Recently, microwave extraction with alternative green solvents has been proposed as a feasible alternative approach for improving both the extraction efficiency and safety profile of herbal products. In this regard, various pharmaceutical excipients, such as the excipients in the formulations of cream, lotion, dermal patch, and pastille, have been successfully used as alternative green solvents for the development of herbal products using the green microwave extraction. For example, the excipients involved in a cream base, i.e, isopropyl myristate and cetyl alcohol, have been used as alternative solvents for extraction of α-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L., Clusiaceae) pericarp powders to produce 2.0% w/w α-mangostin extracts, which can be used directly for the formulation of anti-acne creams and oral-ulcer gels without the step of solvent evaporation [1]. The excipients of pastilles, namely n and a eutectic mixture of sucrose and citric acid, have been used for the extraction of [6]-gingerol from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) powders to obtain 1.7% w/w [6]-gingerol extracts for the formulation of anti-emetic pastilles [2]. A plasticizer used in the formulation of a natural-based dermal film, such as propylene glycol, has been used as an alternative solvent for the preparation of 1% w/v phenylbutenoid extract from Cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumanar Zingiberaceae Roxb.) powders for the development of analgesic and anti-inflammatory dermal patch [3]. These approaches are not only free from toxic organic solvents, but also reduce the cost of production by skipping the step of solvent evaporation in the process of preparing the herbal extracts.

Potential Use of Limonene as an Alternative Solvent for Extraction of Gutta-Percha fromEucommia ulmoides

Potential Use of Limonene as an Alternative Solvent for Extraction of Gutta-Percha from<i>Eucommia ulmoides</i>

Evaluation of the environment impact of extraction of bioactive compounds from Darcyodes rostrata using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Polyphenols, the most abundant and naturally occurring antioxidants, was found to be the highest in Dacryodes rostrata seed as compared to the peel and pulp of the fruit. Growing technologies in the past decades have led to the interest of reviewing and developing environmental-friendly green extraction solvent, as the commonly used conventional solvent imposing various risks to human health and environment. An environmental-friendly extraction technique was established using deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the alternative extraction solvent has been considered. The main objective of this study was to analyse the environmental impact and performance of laboratory processes for phenolic compounds extraction from D. rostrata peel using different solvent, by means of life cycle assessment (LCA). A comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the environmental impacts caused by both solvents, DES and conventional organic solvent, ethanol. The functional unit (FU) was defined as 104.6 mg of extracted polyphenols, measured as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE)/g dw of D. rostrata seed used. The variation of environmental impacts between DES and ethanol as a function of optimum process conditions (temperature, time, solid/liquid ratio, and water addition) was evaluated. According to the environmental profile analyzed, the well-developed ethanol exerted lower impact and energy consumptions as compared to the environmental-friendly green solvent, DES. Besides, transport activities and electricity consumptions from the extraction process was identified contributing highest environment impact.

Ethyl salicylate and ethyl benzoate for vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction of fungicides in water samples and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography

ABSTRACT Ethyl salicylate (EtSA) and ethyl benzoate (EtBZ) as alternative extraction solvents have been evaluated for vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction (VASEME) of target fungicides (e.g. carbendazim, thiabendazole, and fuberidazole) before the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Under optimum conditions, the preconcentration factors about 16–28 (18–33) and limits of detection in the range of 0.01–0.1 µg/L were achieved for both extraction solvents. Good recoveries in the range of 76.2–118.4% (85.7–114.6%) with the acceptable relative standard deviation lower than 10.4 were obtained at the concentration evaluation of 20 µg/L and 50 µg/L each fungicide in different water sample matrices. As a result, the proposed extraction solvents can be used as an alternative to other related solvents like methyl salicylate (MeSA) and methyl benzoate (MeBZ) for the preconcentration of target fungicides.

Effects of extraction solvent and time on the oil yield, total phenolic content, carotenoid and antioxidant activity of Australian chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) oil

The oil yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total carotenoid content (TCC) and antioxidant activity of Australian chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) oil under solvents polarity and extraction times were studied. The chia seed oils were obtained by using organic solvents in the Soxhlet method with different extraction times including acetone 4 hrs (A4), acetone 8 hrs (A8) and hexane 8 hrs (H8) as a control. The oil yield for the control sample (36.1%) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher than A4 (33.53%) and A8 (33.73%). TPC for chia seed oil (A4) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than A8 and H8. Meanwhile, chia seed oil (A8) contained the highest TCC over A4 and H8. The antioxidant activity of chia seed oil was determined by DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay), BCBA (Beta-carotene bleaching assay) and TBA (Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay), respectively. Chia seed oil obtained by acetone extraction for 4 hrs revealed higher antioxidant capacities (DPPH, BCBA and TBA) compared to chia seed oils from A8 and H8. However, chia seed oil (H8) showed the lowest total (phenolic and carotenoid contents) and antioxidant capacities. The correlation between the antioxidant content and the antioxidant activities were conducted to determine their relationship. TPC and TCC were strongly correlated with BCBA (r = 0.999) and TBA (r = 0.997). The results found Australian chia seed oil extracted by acetone for 4 hrs (A4) had higher contents of phenolic and antioxidant activity than control (H8) due to high polarity of acetone to the antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, acetone can be applied as an alternative extraction solvent to increase the total phenolic and carotenoid contents as well as antioxidant activity of Australian chia seed oil.

Alternative solvents for lipid extraction and their effect on protein quality in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

Abstract Scrutiny of alternative solvents for the extraction of lipid constituents from black soldier fly (BSF) was the main theme of this research. The present investigation compared a wide array of solvents for the extraction of desired components theoretically using tools like Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) and technical data (ACD labs) with the application of hurdle technology for solvent screening. The ideal solvent selected was 2-methyloxolane (2-MeO) which was employed for conventional and multistage cross-current lipid extraction and the experimental data obtained was compared with that of n-hexane extract. Fatty acid profile, lipid class, bioactivity of the oils were analysed and were in good correlation with the theoretical prediction. The kinetics and diffusion modelling for the extraction system was proposed. The effect of solvent on protein quality parameters like protein dispersibility index, solubility in alkaline solution, urease index in the defatted flour was elucidated. The defatting step had no deleterious effect on the molecular weight distribution of soluble proteins. Overall the study manifested that 2-MeO had better lipid recovery, enhanced bioactivity in the BSF oil, and relatively better protein quality in the defatted flour.

Central composite design parameterization of microalgae/cyanobacteria co-culture pretreatment for enhanced lipid extraction using an external clamp-on ultrasonic transducer

Lipids extracted from algal biomass could provide an abundant, rapidly growing, high yield feedstock for bio-diesel and other green fuels to supplement current fossil-based sources. Ultrasound pretreatment is a mechanical cell disruption method that has been shown to enhance lipid recovery from algae due to cavitation effects that disrupt algae cell walls. In this study, a locally grown mixture of Chlorella vulgaris/Cyanobacteria leptolyngbya was sonicated in an ultrasonic reactor with a clamp-on transducer prior to solvent lipid extraction. This configuration allows for a non-contact delivery method of ultrasonic energy with improved operational advantages (no fouling of transducer, continuous operation, and fully scalable design). A central composite design (CCD) was implemented to statistically analyze and evaluate the effect of ultrasonic power (350–750 W) and treatment time (5–30 min) on lipid yield. Lipid recovery was found to increase with both ultrasonic power and treatment time. Total lipid yields (on dry biomass basis) extracted via the Bligh and Dyer method from Chlorella vulgaris/cyanobacteria co-culture ranged from 8.3% for untreated algae to 16.9% for algae sonicated with 750 W power for 30 min, which corresponds to more than a doubling of lipid recovery due to ultrasound pretreatment. Increased power and treatment times were found to increase the degree of cell disruption as observed in the SEM and TEM images after ultrasonic pretreatment. Additionally, hexane (1:1 v/v) was evaluated as an alternative to the standard Bligh & Dyer (2:2:1.8 v/v/v chloroform/methanol/cell suspension) lipid extraction solvent system. On average, the Bligh and Dyer method extracted on average over twice the amount of lipids compared to hexane extraction. The lipid profile of the algae extracts indicates high concentrations of lauric acid (12:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), and linoleic acid (18:2). This particular configuration of an ultrasonic system proved to be a viable method for the pretreatment of algae for enhanced lipid yields. Future research should focus on identifying alternative extraction solvents and expanding the range of treatment conditions to optimize the ultrasonic power and treatment times for maximum lipid recovery.

Turpentine as an alternative solvent for the extraction of gutta-percha from Eucommia ulmoides barks

Turpentine was used in the extraction of gutta-percha from Eucommia ulmoides barks. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimized conditions were 25 mL/g liquid to solid ratio, 82.6 °C reaction temperature, and 1.0 h heating time, which resulted in a practical gutta-percha extraction efficiency of 80.46 ± 2.55 mg/g. The obtained samples of gutta-percha were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The GPC results showed the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of gutta-percha from the barks was between 2.9 × 103 and 3.8 × 105 using turpentine as the extraction solvent, and the MWD was between 1.7 × 103 and 9.7 × 105 when petroleum ether was used as the extraction solvent. Turpentine showed promise as an alternative extraction solvent compared to traditional organic solvents for the extraction of gutta-percha from Eucommia ulmoides barks.

Choline chloride derivative-based deep eutectic liquids as novel green alternative solvents for extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaf

In the presented study, a new methodology based on the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and subsequent analysis by HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS was proposed for the extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaf. Nine different DESs, using choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor in combination with different hydrogen bond donors (four polyalcohols, three organic acids, one sugar and urea), were firstly scanned. A total of 48 phenolic compounds were identified in the olive leaf using HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS. Experimental results and multivariate data analysis pointed to choline chloride-ethyleneglycol as being the most effective within the tested DESs, showing extraction yields similar to those exhibited by conventional solvents. A Box-Behnken Design and response surface methodology were applied with the aim to optimize the main parameters involved in the extraction process. The optimal extraction conditions were 79.6 °C of temperature, 43.3% of water and 16.7 min of irradiation time. Correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.98) indicated a good relationship between experimental data and the fitted quadratic term models. Results indicated that DESs could be a sustainable alternative to traditional solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds among many other applications.

Perspectives on processing of high value lipids using supercritical fluids

Opinions regarding the state-of the-art, issues and future perspectives for the processing and production of high value lipids using supercritical fluids are discussed including examples from New Zealand. The categories of high value lipids discussed are seed oils, marine neutral lipid extracts and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid concentrates, carotenoid-rich extracts, and phospholipid-rich extracts. Commercial production of carotenoid-rich extracts has been a growth area, particularly astaxanthin-rich oleoresin produced from the micro-algae Haematococcus pluvialis. The main research and development trends observed in the processing of feed streams to produce these high value lipid products are the use of ultra-high pressures for CO2 extraction, the use of propane and dimethyl ether as alternative extraction solvent, and semi-preparative supercritical chromatography to produce omega-3 concentrates. New product opportunities include phospholipid concentrates from marine and dairy materials, EPA and/or DHA-rich oils and concentrates from GM-modified seeds, and a broader range of carotenoid-rich extracts obtained from microalgae.

Extraction, Solubility and Antimicrobial Activity of (-) Usnic Acid in Ethanol, a Pharmaceutically Relevant Solvent

Usnic acid (UA) is the most studied bioactive secondary metabolite from lichens. Recently, UA research has focused on its antibacterial activity. However, increased application in healthcare products of UA is hampered by low solubility in aqueous solutions. Here, we report ethanol both as an alternative extraction solvent to acetone and as a pharmaceutically relevant solvent for future formulations. Dried samples of the abundant reindeer lichen ( Cladonia stellaris) were extracted in a 23 factorial design using either ethanol or acetone, varying both time and solvent-to-dry mass ratio. In both extracts, UA was the predominant compound as shown by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In a disc diffusion assay, both extracts demonstrated similar antibacterial susceptibility towards Gram-positive ( Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), while showing little to no activity against Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Among a range of pharmaceutically relevant solvents tested, UA was only soluble in ethanol (at concentrations up to 1–2 mg mL−1).

Recovery of phorbol esters from pressed jatropha seeds by surfactant extraction and cloud-point separation

Phorbol esters (PEs) are effective bio-pesticides and potentially applied in lymphocyte disease treatment. Generally, PEs can be extracted from pressed Jatropha curcas L. seeds (PJS) using methanol; however, this approach has safety and health concerns. Thus, surfactants were introduced as alternative solvents for extraction and recovery processes. The extraction conditions were optimized by a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Nonionic surfactants had higher PE extraction efficiencies than anionic surfactants. The optimal extraction conditions consisted of 9.4% Dehydol LS12, 51.4min of extraction time at 1:10gmL−1, and agitation at 1000rpm, which resulted in an 84% PEs extraction efficiency and 90% of the crude protein remaining in the residual. For PE recovery, cloud-point separation was selected to concentrate the PEs in the nonionic surfactant-rich phase with 5.9% (w/v) Na2SO4. A total of 91.4% of the PEs in the surfactant-rich phase were separated from the solution and analyzed by HPLC-UV.

Soluble Sugar and Starch Extraction and Quantification from Maize (Zea mays) Leaves.

An easy-to-perform protocol for isolating and quantifying soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch from maize (Zea mays) leaf tissue is described. The method has been optimized to extract non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) from frozen, finely ground tissue in a methanol:chloroform:water solution. Three rounds of tissue extraction for 30min each at 50°C provide quantitative recovery of soluble sugars. The use of alternative extraction solvents is discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents. Additionally, we provide two support protocols. The first quantifies the isolated NSC via commercially available enzymatic kits that couple the amount of each specific sugar to the production of NADPH, which is detected using equipment readily available to most laboratories. The second describes the preparation of a purification column to remove strongly charged or hydrophobic molecules from the extracted sugar solution, which is required prior to quantification with high-pressure liquid chromatography or high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. The protocols are robust and easily adapted for use in measuring NSC extracted from other plant species or tissues, making them ideal for new users. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Methyl Salicylate: an Alternative Extraction Solvent for Dispersive-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Benzimidazole Fungicides in Water Samples Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis

Methyl salicylate based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method of benzimidazole fungicides (i.e., carbendazim, thiabendazole and fluberidazole) in water samples and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography has been firstly developed. The target fungicides in aqueous sample were extracted under the selected conditions of 250 µL of methyl salicylate without disperser solvent and 1.0% (m/v) sodium acetate without pH adjustment. The preconcentration factor and extraction recovery were obtained in the range of 24-38 and 54-85%, respectively. Limits of detection ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 µg L–1, while limits of quantification were in the range of 0.20-0.50 µg L–1. Recoveries at three spiked concentration levels of 5, 10, and 50 µg L–1 were obtained in the range of 74.1-118.4%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) below 11%. The developed method was simple, rapid, low cost, and reliable for trace determination of the studied fungicides.

Alternative solvents for extraction of food aromas. Experimental and COSMO-RS study

This study evaluates the performance of eight alternative solvents (α-pinene, MeTHF, Ethyl acetate, Ethyl lactate, Butanol, Isopropanol, Ethanol, Dimethylcarbonate) compared to n-hexane for extraction of food aromas from caraway seeds. It has been performed via experimentation and via predictive method COSMO-RS (Conductor like screening model - realistic solvatation) that uses a statistical thermodynamics approach based on the result of quantum chemical calculation, for comprehension of dissolving mechanism. Experimentally, aroma's extract from caraway seeds were analyzed by GC-FID or GC-MS to compare the solvent's performance in terms of major flavors compounds and in terms of yields and selectivity between the two major compounds: limonene and carvone. The results indicated that ethyl acetate and dimethylcarbonate (DMC) could be promising solvents for n-hexane substitution in extraction of food aromas. These alternative solvents give a similar aromatic profile and a better selectivity of carvone as major aromatic oxygenated monoterpene.

Alternative solvent-based methyl benzoate vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of benzimidazole fungicides in environmental water samples.

Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using methyl benzoate as an alternative extraction solvent for extracting and preconcentrating three benzimidazole fungicides (i.e., carbendazim, thiabendazole, and fluberidazole) in environmental water samples before high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis has been developed. The selected microextraction conditions were 250μL of methyl benzoate containing 300μL of ethanol, 1.0% w/v sodium acetate, and vortex agitation speed of 2100 rpm for 30 s. Under optimum conditions, preconcentration factors were 14.5-39.0 for the target fungicides. Limits of detection were obtained in the range of 0.01-0.05μg/L. The proposed method was then applied to surface water samples and the recovery evaluations at three spiked concentration levels of 5, 30, and 50μg/L were obtained in the range of 77.4-110.9% with the relative standard deviation <7.4%. The present method was simple, rapid, low cost, sensitive, environmentally friendly, and suitable for the trace analysis of the studied fungicides in environmental water samples.

Ionic Liquid Extraction Methods for Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as successful alternative extraction solvents, especially, they have become potential replacements of volatile organic compound in the extraction of metal ions for the properties of negligible vapor pressure, nonflammability, high thermostability, etc. In this paper, ILs as environmental friendly solvents in liquid-liquid extractions of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions were summarized, the part of extraction phase compositions, extraction conditions and back extraction method were discussed, and the potency of applications of ILs in extraction and separation of metal ions were also commented.

Effect of the extraction solvent polarity on the sesame seeds oil composition

AbstractThis study highlights the effect of solvent polarity on the yield (Y%) and properties of oil extracted from Algerian sesame seeds. Extractions were carried out under Soxhlet conditions with the following solvents: hexane (Hx), ethanol (Eth), acetone (Ac), dichloromethane (Di), isopropanol (Iso), hexane:isopropanol (Hx:Iso), and chloroform:methanol (Chf:Me). The sesame oil yield obtained using different solvents ranged from 28.86 to 52.83%. Fatty acids and sterols analyses were performed by GC on capillary column. γ‐Tocopherol was the major tocochromanol compound detected by HPLC‐fluorescence. Fourteen fatty acids were identified, with the predominance of oleic and linoleic acids. The main sterol in sesame oil was β‐sitosterol, followed by stigmasterol, campesterol, and Δ5‐avenasterol which were present in lower concentrations. High correlations were found between arachidic, gadoleic, behenic, and lignoceric acids concentrations; these results were explained by the metabolic biosynthesis pathway of the biologically active long‐chain PUFA by successive elongation and desaturation. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data obtained from sesame oil composition enabled an easy comparison of the different extraction solvents, and correlated their properties with the most characteristic components of the extracted oils with a view to understand solvent–oil interaction, and to establish the effects of extracting solvent on such oil composition.Practical applications: This study showed that the choice of solvent depends largely on the desired fraction to be extracted. Sesame oil was better extracted with less‐polar solvents but membrane‐associated lipids are more polar and require polar solvents capable of breaking hydrogen bonds or electrostatic forces. Owing to the differences in solvent capacity, the fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols extracted along with the oil vary, leading to differences in the quality of the extracted oil. The results obtained in this study could be applied in industrial extraction to encourage the use of alternative extraction solvents.