Alterations In Blood Parameters Research Articles

Clinical and haematological study on water buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) and crossbred cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata in Sharkia province, Egypt

This study was conducted to investigate the clinical and haematological findings in water buffaloes and crossbred cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata with special reference to the clinical picture of tropical theileriosis in Egyptian buffaloes. A total 50 field cases of buffaloes and cattle was clinically and laboratory investigated from March to June 2008. Forty-four buffaloes and cattle out of 50 were naturally infected with T. annulata and showed typical signs of infection. Six animals showed no clinical signs and were free from external, internal, and blood parasites. The clinical findings of examined cattle and buffaloes showed typical signs of tropical theileriosis: fever, enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes, severe lacrimation, bilateral conjunctivitis, photophobia, and corneal opacity. It was clear that the severity of clinical signs in infected buffaloes was more prominent than in infected cattle with persistence of some lesions after recovery as corneal opacity and pulmonary lesions. Haematological analysis revealed a significant decrease in RBCS count, PCV%, haemoglobin amount, and WBCs in the infected animals when compared to the control group. It was concluded from our study that T. annulata infection is associated with impairment and alteration of blood parameters in both cattle and water buffaloes. Theileriosis in water buffaloes might cause irreversible ocular changes that could lead to complete blindness. Data obtained in this study might be the basis for subsequent studies under natural and experimental field conditions.

Acute toxicity of gramoxone (paraquat-dichloride) to the fresh water catfish <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> (burch) post fingerlings.

Clarias gariepinus post fingerlings ranging from 3.0 to 4.12g +- 0.06 S.E were subjected to 20ppm, 40ppm, 60ppm, 80ppm and 100ppm of gramoxone for 96 hours static bioassay. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value of gramoxone for Clarias gariepinus post fingerlings was 44.67ppm and a safe concentration of 4.47ppm. The fish species showed several abnormal behaviour which included restlessness, arena movements, loss of equilibrium, strong spasm, paralysis and sudden quick movement during the exposure. The effect of the treatment on some blood parameters analysed showed decrease in haemoglobin value (6.9 to 6.0g), haematocrit value (26.16 to 6%), red blood cell count (6.7 x 10-5mm3 to 1.3 x 10-5 mm3), white blood cell count (6.7 to 2.0 mm3 ), increase in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (32.56 to 33.62%). Gramoxone treated groups also showed significant increase in mean corpuscular volume (P>0.05) and later decreased at the highest concentration of the pesticide (31.53 to 58.08 to 30. 4um3). The cause of alteration in blood parameters is discussed. Keywords: Acute, Toxicity, Gramoxone, Freshwater Catfish, Haematological parameters, Post fingerlingNigerian Journal of Fisheries Vol. 4 (2) 2007: pp. 105-113

Effects of Cadmium and Selenium on The Hematological Parameters and Histopathology of Liver in Male Rats

Cadmium and Selenium are ubiquitous metals in the environment I that induces a broad range of physiological dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effect of Cadmium (Cd) and Selenium (Se) on rats blood parameters and histopathology of the liver in the male rats. Animals were divided at random into a control and treated groups (Cd and Se + Cd), both groups were fed with the same standard food, but Cadmium chloride, and mixture of Cadmium chloride +Selenium chloride were added to the drinking water of the experimental groups. At the end of the experiments periods ( 28 days ) the animals were sacrificed , blood samples were drawn via the dorsal vena cava , Hematocrit ( Hct % ) , hemoglobin ( Hb ) , number of erythrocytes count and of erythrocytes count were determined . Liver was dissected out for histological examination. There were different alteration in the blood parameters among different treated animals (Cd and Se + Cd) and controlgroups .They differences were statistically significant (P:S 0.05) with Cd treatment. Also results showed that the positive or negative alteration of blood parameters was not significant for Se + Cd mixture treated rats group.A number of morphological change were observed in the liver , including a nuclear damage , necrosis and cell death at cadmium treatment and pronounced recovery after co-selenium supplementation indicted a considerable antagonistic effects . It can be concluded that the Cd exposure impair certain hemorheological mechanism and increase tissue damage in liver, although Selenium showed beneficial effects to some extend. In summary, this study provides data on toxic effect in rats after dietary sub lethal supplementation to heavy metals.

Morphine Withdrawal Dramatically Reduces Lymphocytes in Morphine-Dependent Macaques

The immune effects of chronic opiate exposure and/or opiate withdrawal are not well understood. The results of human studies with opiate abusers are variable and may not be able to control for important factors such as subjects' drug histories, health and nutritional status. Nonhuman primate models are necessary to control these important factors. A model of opiate dependence in macaques was developed to study the effects of opiate dependence and withdrawal on measures of immune function. Four pigtailed macaques drank a mixture of morphine (20 mg/kg/session) and orange-flavored drink every 6 h for several months. During stable morphine dependence, absolute numbers of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes did not change relative to pre-morphine levels. However, there was a significant decrease in the absolute number and percentage of natural killer (NK) cells in morphine dependence. Either precipitated withdrawal or abstinence for 24 h resulted in behavioral withdrawal signs in all animals. Absolute lymphocyte counts decreased and absolute netrophil counts increased significantly in withdrawal, relative to levels during morphine dependence. Lymphocyte subset (CD4+, CD8+, CD20+) cells were also decreased in absolute numbers with little change in their percentage distributions. There was, however, a significant increase in the percentage of NK cells in withdrawal relative to levels during morphine dependence. This study demonstrates the usefulness of voluntary oral self-dosing procedures for maintaining morphine dependence in nonhuman primates and demonstrates that the morphine withdrawal syndrome includes large alterations in blood parameters of immune system function, including nearly 50% reduction in numbers of CD4+, CD8+ and CD20+ cells.

Responses of cypermethrin-induced stress in haematological parameters of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)

An increasing number of synthetic pyrethroids are used as an environmental friendly substitute of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides. Pesticide pollution in the coastal ecosystem of Korea is considered to be a cause of slow growth and prevalence of diseases in commercial fishes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fast techniques to detect insecticide toxicities. In the present work the results of rapid and inexpensive laboratory experiments show the patho-physiological alteration of blood parameters to sublethal concentration of pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin) in the commercially important Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Cypermethrin-exposed fish showed erythropenia, low haematocrit and haemoglobin content and hyperglycemia, especially for long-term exposure at high concentrations. Cypermethrin caused increased levels of serum glutamic-acid-oxylacetic-acid-transaminase, glutamic-acid-pyruvic-acid-transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, concomitant with a decreased concentration of chloride ion and blood serum osmolality, indicating the disruptive activity of cypermethrin after 8 weeks exposure. Moreover, reduced level of serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, lysozyme activity and significantly higher level of glucose, bilirubin and malondialdehyde were measured and attributed to an increased demand for energy by fish under stress to cope with detrimental conditions imposed by chronic exposure to the toxicant.

Biological effects of short-term, high-concentration exposure to methyl isocyanate. II. Blood chemistry and hematologic evaluations.

Human, rat, and guinea pig packed erythrocytes exposed to 100, 500, or 1000 ppm of methyl isocyanate (MIC) vapor in vitro showed a concentration-related inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity. Rat and guinea pig packed erythrocytes showed an almost complete inhibition of ChE activity at 2000 ppm. In vitro exposures of human and guinea pig blood to 1000 or 2000 ppm of MIC vapor resulted in qualitative alterations in the electrophoretic mobility of hemoglobin (Hb) as measured by citrated agar electrophoresis. In rats and guinea pigs, neither IV injection of liquid MIC nor in vivo exposure to 1000 ppm of MIC by inhalation resulted in any inhibition of erythrocyte ChE activity or alteration in Hb electrophoretic mobility. As a result of these observations, it was concluded that neither ChE inhibition nor structural alteration of Hb were major contributing factors to death resulting from MIC exposure. Rats and guinea pigs receiving IV injections of liquid MIC showed an increase in creatine kinase (CK) levels. This increase could not be attributed to a specific isoenzyme of CK by ion exchange chromatography. Rats exposed to 100, 600, or 1000 ppm of MIC and guinea pigs exposed to 25, 125, or 225 ppm of MIC and bled immediately following a 15-min exposure or at 1, 2, 4, or 16 hr postexposure had the following alterations in blood parameters: an increase in CK, increases in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, reticulocytosis (rats only), neutrophilia, a decrease in blood pH and PO2, and an increase in blood PCO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Metabolic effects of low aflatoxin B1 levels on broiler chicks.

The effects of daily ingestion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth, feed intake, plasma glucose, plasma cholesterol, plasma amino acids, plasma albumin, plasma ceruloplasmin, muscle amino acids, liver lipid, and bone strength were studied. For 3 weeks, beginning at an age of 2 days, broiler chicks were dosed daily per os with 50 or 100 micrograms of AFB1 per kg of body weight. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded daily, and metabolic responses were determined at 3 weeks. Treatment with AFB1 did not significantly alter body weight or feed intake. Relative liver weight showed a significant increase at the highest dose, with a significant concomitant increase in liver lipid and decrease in hepatic zinc. Relative spleen and heart weights were not affected by the toxin. Plasma glucose and cholesterol were significantly elevated at the highest dose. AFB1 significantly decreased plasma lysine and histidine and significantly increased muscle histidine, arginine, and valine. AFB1 decreased plasma albumin and markedly increased plasma ceruloplasmin. Dimensions of the long bones (femur and tibiotarsus) were not altered by the toxin. However, AFB1 caused a significant linear decline in the resistance of bone to breakage ("bone breaking strength"). The results indicate that low levels of AFB1 reduced bone strength in broiler chicks. The alterations in blood parameters indicated that AFB1 can disrupt metabolism even at low levels.

Analysis of clotting defects in diseased lobsters—I. Alterations in blood parameters

1. 1. In gaffkemic lobsters kept at 15°C. drastic declines in the hemocyte number and clotting ability occur. 2. 2. In animals kept at 10°C, although some clotting defects rapidly occur, a high number of amoebocytes is found. Clotting ability reappears after 5 days. 3. 3. The proportion of each type of hemocyte changes. Numerous hemocytes show morphologic altered features. 4. 4. Dorsal hematopoietic tissue is as in control lobsters. 5. 5. Total protein contents are similar in bacteremic or control lobster hemolymphs.

Alterations in Certain Organic Components and Serum Electrolytes in Notopterus notopterus Chronically Exposed to Phenolic Compounds

Abstract The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effects of three sublethal concentrations (1/10th, 1/15th and 1/20th fractions of 96 h LC50) of phenol (P), dinitrophenol (DNP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and their antagonistic [(PCP + DNP)/P], additive [(DNP + P)/PCP] and synergistic [(P + DNP)/PCP] combinations, on several organic and inorganic components of haemopoetic systems of Notopterus notopterus after 30 d of exposure. Glucose, lactate, total phosphorus, non‐protein nitrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and chloride were found to be increased in most cases while protein and cholesterol were found to be decreased. It has been concluded that these alterations in blood parameters might be due to a damage or hyperactivity of liver, kidney and endocrine glands, the main centres for controlling the tissue metabolism.

Role of ascorbic acid in the toxicity of pesticides in a fresh water teleost

The effect of ascorbic acid and pesticides (thiotox and malathion) on certain haematological parameters of a fishSaccobranchus fossilis was studied. The sublethal concentrations of thiotox (0.002 mg l−1) and of malathion (5.2 mg l−1) were tested. Ascorbic acid (2mg 100 g−1 body weight) was given with food. The alterations in haematological parameters (CT, PT, Hb, RBC, WBC, ESR, PCV, MCH, MCHC, MCV, glucose, protein, total P, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl) were measured after 15 and 30 days exposure. Thiotox and malathion induced significant alteration in blood parameters while ascorbic acid played a protective role.