Altered Precipitation Patterns Research Articles

Epigenetic regulation and memories

This article summarizes the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in grapevines, emphasising their significance in a clonally propagated plant with limited genetic diversity. Key epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, shape chromatin structure, influencing gene expression. The grapevine leaf methylome reveals similarities with other clonally propagated plants, emphasizing low methylation levels in specific contexts. Epigenetic regulation contributes to grapevine phenotypic plasticity, clonal diversity, and an intriguing dialogue between grafted partners. These mechanisms form a vital part of plant memory, especially in the face of climate change. Despite the potential resetting during plant regeneration, recent evidence suggests the persistence of parental epigenetic imprints in progeny. Understanding how environmental conditions affect epigenetic imprints in grapevine clones is crucial. In Uruguay, where the wine industry faces climate challenges, Tannat stands as an emblematic variety adapted for our environmental production systems. However, climate change predictions in the region include rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased extreme events, which could impact some aspects of its adaptation (yields, berry quality and typicity, among others). Vineyard management strategies, along with plant breeding, are essential for adaptation. Adding epigenetic diversity for breeding strategies enhances adaptability, contributing to sustainable viticulture in the face of climate change. The article calls for urgently developing innovative strategies utilizing heritable epigenetic variations, presenting a faster and more efficient approach to grapevine breeding for stress tolerance in the era of climate change.

Influence of Soil Extractable Plant Nutrients on the Walnut Kernel Ionome in Southern Kyrgyzstan at Different Elevations

Abstract Background and Aims Climate change causes altered precipitation patterns and temperature increases, which may affect food quantity and quality. In Kyrgyzstan anticipated temperature changes are expected to influence the physiology of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) and soil properties relevant to plant nutrition, thereby impacting walnut fruit quality. This study explores the relationship between plant available nutrients in soil and walnut fruit nutrient content as affected by future temperature changes. Methods The soil samples were collected in the walnut forests of Southern Kyrgyzstan from top- and subsoils at three elevation levels (1000, 1300, and 1600 m above sea level). The walnut samples were collected from the same sampling sites and both soil Mehlich-3 extracts and acid digests of walnut fruits analyzed by ICP-OES. Results The results revealed no consistent relationship between Mehlich-3 extractable elements and walnut extractable elements, except for a weak negative correlation with zinc (Zn). Stronger relationships were observed among soil elements, but no clear associations with elevation levels were found. The walnut kernel ionome exhibited differences, particularly in calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) concentrations, with the low elevation site showing higher Ca and lower K concentrations compared to the high elevation site. Conclusions Differences in average temperature as caused by elevation did not affect available plant nutrients in the soil but altered the walnut kernel ionome and thus affected the walnut quality in the investigated forest systems. Future investigations should focus on climate change effects, such as altered precipitation patterns and drought, which may impact walnut fruit development and kernel properties.

Patterns of surface water dynamics and storage changes in a basin of Bundelkhand Region, India: Implications for water management

AbstractSurface water is essential for agricultural, domestic and industrial production worldwide. Monitoring surface dynamics is crucial for sustainable ecosystems and global water resources. Importance of monitoring surface water dynamics is even more pronounced in the semi‐arid regions worldwide. An analysis of surface water extent and volume change patterns has been conducted, comparing these dynamics with alterations in precipitation patterns within a basin in Central Bundelkhand, a semi‐arid region in the Central India prone to droughts. To map the waterbodies, we leveraged Sentinel‐1 SAR data using an automated mapping framework and utilised DEM dataset to extract bathymetry using interpolation with modifications using water persistence. Analysis revealed a lag in surface water peak water level with respect to accumulated rainfall by 2–3 months. Furthermore, we have categorised the water bodies into small, medium and large by surface area and found that smaller water bodies show a higher intra‐annual variance, while medium and large water bodies show a lower intra‐annual variance. The findings suggest that smaller communities reliant on smaller water bodies are at a higher risk from climate variability in the region and a delay in attaining peak surface storage across the basin causes further challenges to water management.

Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Systems Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies: A Review

Climate change poses a substantial threat to global agricultural systems, impacting crop yields, livestock productivity, and resource availability through rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. This review synthesizes current understanding of climate change impacts on agriculture and explores strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while enhancing system resilience through adaptation. Mitigation approaches, such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and improved nutrient and livestock management, show significant potential to reduce emissions and increase carbon sequestration. However, economic, technological, and institutional barriers such as high implementation costs, limited access to finance, and inadequate policy support restrict their adoption. Adaptation strategies, including crop diversification, advanced water management, and climate-resilient technologies, are critical for sustaining agricultural productivity in variable climates. Synergies between mitigation and adaptation, such as integrating trees into croplands, can provide co-benefits, but trade-offs arise when resource competition occurs or land is diverted from food production to carbon sequestration. The review highlights the need for interdisciplinary research, robust data infrastructure, and tailored policies to bridge knowledge and resource gaps, particularly in vulnerable regions. Successful implementation requires coordinated efforts across stakeholders, supported by enabling policy frameworks that incentivize sustainable practices and align with global climate goals. Future research should prioritize understanding the long-term impacts of integrated strategies, enhancing monitoring systems, and fostering inclusive approaches that consider local contexts and socio-economic conditions. Addressing these challenges holistically will be crucial to building resilient agricultural systems capable of maintaining food security and supporting livelihoods in the face of accelerating climate change.

Metabolomic and microbiomic resilience of Hong Kong oysters to dual stressors: Zinc oxide nanoparticles and low salinity

Zinc oxide nanoparticles, increasingly used in industrial and consumer products, and low salinity, exacerbated by climate change-induced alterations in precipitation patterns, represent significant environmental pressures in estuarine and coastal environments. This study advances previous research on their impacts on Hong Kong oysters (Crassostrea hongkongensis) by integrating metabolomics of hepatopancreas and gills with intestinal microbiomics. Employing advanced multi-omics integration methods, our analysis reveals novel insights into metabolic resilience under combined stress conditions. This resilience is characterized by coordinated, organ-specific adjustments in energy metabolism (d-glucose 1-phosphate in hepatopancreas, cytidine in gills), antioxidant defenses (glutathione, meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate, pimelic acid in hepatopancreas; indole, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in gills), immune function (l-glutamine, ergocalciferol in hepatopancreas; argininosuccinic acid in gills), and membrane stability (lanosterin in hepatopancreas, allantoin in gills). Notably, under dual stressors, we observed a previously undescribed stabilization of microbial alpha diversity and certain phyla, an absence of distinctive biomarkers, and certain metabolic activity stabilization within the intestinal microbiota. These findings suggest robust compensatory mechanisms that maintain physiological homeostasis and microbial balance under stress, contrasting with primarily negative impacts reported in previous studies. Integration of metabolomic and microbiomic data revealed coordinated responses between microbial community changes and metabolic adjustments, particularly in osmoregulation, energy metabolism and antioxidant defenses, under dual stressors. This comprehensive approach provides a more realistic model of environmental challenges, revealing sophisticated adaptive strategies in Hong Kong oysters. Our study offers critical insights for understanding bivalve resilience, informing conservation strategies, and managing marine ecosystems in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures.

Sustainable Land Use Strengthens Microbial and Herbivore Controls in Soil Food Webs in Current and Future Climates.

Climate change and land-use intensification are threatening soil communities and ecosystem functions. Understanding the combined effects of climate change and land use is crucial for predicting future impacts on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in agroecosystems. Here, we used a field experiment to quantify the combined effects of climate change (warming and altered precipitation patterns) and land use (agricultural type and management intensity) on soil food webs across nematodes, micro-, and macroarthropods. Specifically, we investigated two types of agricultural systems-croplands and grasslands-under both high- and low-intensity management. We focused on assessing the functioning of soil food webs by investigating changes in energy flux to consumers in the main trophic groups: decomposers, microbivores, herbivores, and predators. While the total energy flux and detritivory, herbivory and predation in the soil food web remained unchanged across treatments, low-intensity land use-compared to high intensity-led to higher microbivory and microbial control under future climate conditions (i.e., warming and summer drought) in croplands and grasslands. At the same time, microbial and herbivore control were higher under low-intensity land use in croplands and grasslands. Overall, our results underscore the potential benefits of less intensive, more sustainable management practices for soil food-web functioning under current and future climate scenarios.

Combined impacts of climate and land use scenarios on sediment loads in small agricultural watershed in Tunisia

This study investigates the impact of conservation practices, specifically mulching and terracing, on soil erosion in the Kamech watershed (2.6 km²) situated in the Cap Bon region of northeastern Tunisia, under both current and future climate scenarios. Utilizing the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, the research evaluates the effectiveness of these Best Management Practices (BMPs) in reducing soil loss, revealing significant reductions of 1.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for mulching and 2 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for terracing. The findings indicate that these practices play a crucial role in enhancing soil conservation amidst climate change challenges, including altered precipitation patterns and increased temperatures. Additionally, the study highlights a notable decline in average monthly rainfall projected for the period 2051 to 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario, further emphasizing the importance of implementing effective soil management strategies. This paper indicates that both methods, mulching and terracing, significantly contribute to reducing soil erosion under future scenarios (2051-2100). Their implementation proves essential for effective soil conservation, helping to mitigate the impacts of climate change and maintain soil health in the Kamech watershed. The results contribute to a better understanding of BMP performance in addressing soil erosion, water quality, and hydrological responses in the face of evolving environmental conditions. By enhancing our understanding of these interactions, this research aims to provide valuable insights for sustainable watershed management, particularly in regions prone to water scarcity and land degradation.

THE IMPACT OF SEED SIZE ON INITIAL DROUGHT STRESS RESILIENCE AND YIELD IN WHEAT CULTIVATION

Wheat yield is affected severely by drought in this era of changing climate patterns, including high temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. Drought is among the most challenging environmental stressors, limiting wheat cultivars' growth, productivity, and performance. The current study was conducted during the rabi season 2022 at the Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Therefore, the present study evaluated the potential of diverse seed sizes to advance wheat crop growth, development, and yield when subjected to different drought levels. The study comprised two experiments. The first was a lab experiment that included different drought levels (DL), DL0: 0.0 bar, DL1: -2 bar, DL2: -4 bar, and DL3: -6 bar (drought levels were induced by solutions of PEG-6000 at different concentrations) and three wheat seed size classes, i.e., bold grain (>38 g), medium grain (<33 g), and small grain (<25 g). In the field experiment, drought stress levels were DL0 (regular irrigation), DL1 (first irrigation at 30 days), DL2 (first irrigation at 45 days), and DL3 (first irrigation at 60 days). Seed sizes included W1 (bold >38 g), W2 (medium <33 g), and W3 (small <25 g). Drought severity increased with DL1 to DL3. The outcomes of the field experiment revealed that varying levels of drought stress and seed size classes significantly affected parameters such as emergence time, growth traits, biomass allocation, tiller count, plant height, and grain and biomass outcomes. Bold seeds contributed to higher biomass and grain yield, while severe drought decreased yields. Notably, the Harvest Index was affected, indicating bold seeds allocate more biomass to grains. In conclusion, proper seed size selection, favouring bold seeds, can enhance resilience to drought, benefiting wheat cultivation in water-scarce regions.

Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Products in the Province of Jawzjan (Case Study: Certain Villages in Sheberghan City)

A region's weather and climate patterns are impacted by climate change over an extended period of time. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, rising sea levels and other modifications to meteorological conditions are some of these changes. Numerous facets of existence, including the environment, economy, and human communities, may be significantly impacted by climate change. Significant repercussions of climate change are possible, particularly in the agricultural sector. The production of food crops may be impacted by these changes because agricultural goods are dependent on local climate and weather. Pests and plant diseases may also become more prevalent due to climate change. Accordingly, higher temperatures and changed precipitation patterns can foster the growth of pests and illnesses, which will lower agricultural yields. Investigating how climate change affects agricultural products in Sheberghan City, Jawzjan Province, is the goal of this study. A questionnaire was used in fieldwork to perform this study. Six communities inside Sheberghan City—Toka, Qowchin, Jalalabad, Seshanba, Nokar Abad, and Afghan Tapa—were given 100 questionnaires in all. Four different types of questionnaires were produced and designed for the survey portion of this study. Of the 100 responders, 26 worked as farmers, 37 as gardeners, 8 as teachers, and 29 as traders in agricultural products. Using the SPSS26 program, the research was analyzed. The results showed that agricultural goods are significantly impacted by climate change, highlighting the significance of agriculture and agricultural products in the economy. The research findings indicate that the utilization of contemporary technology, such as smart irrigation systems and smart systems, can be one of the elements in growing agricultural products, and that the development of climate-adaptive agricultural methods can boost agricultural products. Farmers' interest can also be raised by government encouragement and assistance. The general conclusion that can be drawn from looking at the aforementioned elements is that agricultural products have been impacted by climate change and the creation of farmers' techniques for adapting to it.

Predicting the Invasion Risk of the Highly Invasive Acacia mearnsii in Asia under Global Climate Change.

Acacia mearnsii, among the 100 worst invasive weeds worldwide, negatively impacts native biodiversity, agriculture, and natural ecosystems. Global climate change, characterized by rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, enhances the risk of A. mearnsii invasion in Asia, making it crucial to identify high-risk areas for effective management. This study performed species distribution modeling using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm to predict the potential introduction and spread of A. mearnsii under various climate scenarios based on shared socio-economic pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). Currently, only 4.35% of Asia is invaded, with a high invasion risk identified in six countries, including Bhutan, Lebanon, and Taiwan, where more than 75% of their areas are threatened. Under future climate scenarios, 21 countries face invasion risk, among which 14 countries, such as Georgia, Laos, Republic of Korea, and Turkey, are at moderate to very high risk, potentially encompassing up to 87.89% of their territories. Conversely, Northern Asian countries exhibit minimal changes in invasion risk and are considered relatively safe from invasion. These findings underscore that climate change will exacerbate invasion risks across Asia, emphasizing the urgent need for robust management strategies, including stringent quarantine measures and control efforts, to mitigate the threat of A. mearnsii expansion.

Enhancing Olive Cultivation Resilience: Sustainable Long-Term and Short-Term Adaptation Strategies to Alleviate Climate Change Impacts

Olive cultivation, an icon of Mediterranean agriculture, economy, and cultural heritage, faces significant challenges due to climate change and soil degradation. Climate projections indicate that altered precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and increased frequency of extreme weather events will adversely affect olive tree growth, fruit quality, and yield. This review provides a novel perspective on addressing these challenges through both long-term and short-term adaptation strategies, emphasizing innovative products, advanced technologies, and practical solutions that must work synergistically and be tailored to regional conditions. Long-term practices refer to proactive strategies for enduring climate resilience, including cover cropping, mulching, soil amendments, and breeding programs which enhance soil health, improve water retention, and increase the trees’ resilience. Short-term strategies focus on immediate impacts, offering immediate stress relief and enhanced plant physiological responses, including optimized irrigation systems, pruning management, particle coating films, biostimulants, and plant growth regulators. The review underscores the importance of aligning agricultural practices with sustainability goals and evolving environmental policies and the education of farmers and policymakers. By integrating adaptive practices and technological advancements, the olive sector can better address climate challenges, contribute to global food security, and advance environmental sustainability.

Impacts of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms on Tropical Cyclones: A Case Study of Typhoon Hato

Abstract With the rising global demand for renewable energy sources, a great number of offshore wind farms are being built worldwide, as well as in the northern South China Sea. There is, however, limited research on the impact of offshore wind farms on the atmospheric and marine environment, particularly tropical cyclones, which frequently occur in summertime in the South China Sea. In this paper, we employ the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to investigate the impacts of large-scale offshore wind farms on tropical cyclones, using the case of Typhoon Hato, which caused severe damage in 2017. Model results reveal that maximum wind speeds in coastal areas decrease by 3–5 m s−1 and can reach a maximum of 8 m s−1. Furthermore, the wind farms change low-level moisture convergence, causing a shift in the precipitation center toward the wind farm area and causing a significant overall reduction (up to 16%) in precipitation. Model sensitivity experiments on the area and layout of the wind farm have been carried out. The results show that larger wind farm areas and denser turbine layouts cause a more substantial decrease in the wind speed over the coast and accumulated precipitation reduction, further corroborating our findings. Significance Statement This study holds significant implications for developing offshore wind farms in tropical cyclone-prone regions like the South China Sea. By focusing on Typhoon Hato as a case study, the research sheds light on the previously understudied relationship between large-scale offshore wind farms and tropical cyclones. The observed decrease in coastal wind speeds and altered precipitation patterns due to wind farm presence highlights the potential for mitigating cyclone-related risks in these regions. Additionally, the study’s sensitivity experiments underscore the importance of careful planning and design in optimizing wind farm layouts for maximum impact reduction. This research contributes vital insights into sustainable energy infrastructure development while minimizing environmental and meteorological risks in cyclone-prone areas.

Role of Climate Change in Altering Bird Migration Patterns in Vietnam

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the role of climate change in altering bird migration patterns in Vietnam. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Climate change has significantly altered bird migration patterns in Vietnam, primarily due to shifting temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and habitat loss. Warmer temperatures have caused many migratory birds to adjust their timing, either arriving earlier or delaying their departure, which often leads to mismatches with food availability and breeding conditions. Additionally, changes in rainfall patterns have impacted the availability of critical stopover sites, such as wetlands, which are essential for resting and refueling during migration. Habitat loss due to climate change and human activities has further compounded these challenges, threatening the survival of various bird species that rely on consistent migratory routes. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Ecological niche theory, phenological mismatch theory & climate envelope theory may be used to anchor future studies on role of climate change in altering bird migration patterns in Vietnam. Conservation practices should focus on adaptive habitat management that accounts for the changing migration patterns of birds due to climate change. Policymakers should prioritize the development of climate-responsive conservation policies that explicitly address the impacts of climate change on migratory bird species.

Fish mortality in the Amazonian drought of 2023: the role of experimental biology in our response to climate change.

Higher temperatures exacerbate drought conditions by increasing evaporation rates, reducing soil moisture and altering precipitation patterns. As global temperatures rise as a result of climate change, these effects intensify, leading to more frequent and severe droughts. This link between higher temperatures and drought is particularly evident in sensitive ecosystems like the Amazon rainforest, where reduced rainfall and higher evaporation rates result in significantly lower water levels, threatening biodiversity and human livelihoods. As an example, the serious drought experienced in the Amazon basin in 2023 resulted in a significant decline in fish populations. Elevated water temperatures, reaching up to 38°C, led to mass mortality events, because these temperatures surpass the thermal tolerance of many Amazonian fish species. We know this because our group has collected data on critical thermal maxima (CTmax) for various fish species over multiple years. Additionally, warmer waters can cause hypoxia, further exacerbating fish mortality. Thus, even Amazon fish species, which have relatively high thermal tolerance, are being impacted by climate change. The Amazon drought experienced in 2023 underscores the urgent need for climate action to mitigate the devastating effects on Amazonian biodiversity. The fact that we have been able to link fish mortality events to data on the thermal tolerance of fishes emphasizes the important role of experimental biology in elucidating the mechanisms behind these events, a link that we aim to highlight in this Perspective.

Grasslands support more diverse and resilient earthworm communities to climate change than croplands in Central Europe

Diversity and community composition of earthworms, key drivers of ecosystem functions, are increasingly threatened by global change, including climate and land-use change. However, empirical evidence for interactions of these concurrent drivers in affecting earthworm communities is scarce. Here, we investigated the effects of an experimentally imposed climate change scenario, including warming and altered precipitation patterns, and land use with two croplands (both conventional farming and organic farming characterize a three-year crop rotation) and two grasslands (intensively-used meadow and extensively-used meadow) on earthworm communities across different seasons and years in a field experiment. Compared with grasslands, earthworms in croplands have lower species richness (-26 %), abundance (-80 %), and biomass (-73 %), particularly the abundance of juveniles (-83 %) and Aporrectodea rosea (-76 %) as well as the biomass of juveniles (-84 %), A. rosea (-72 %), Octolasion cyaneum (-47 %), and Lumbricus terrestris (-83 %). Due to extreme droughts in Central Europe from 2018 to 2020, earthworm abundance and biomass were low across land-use types, but in grassland they increased (abundance: +80 %; biomass: +85 %) in 2021 presumably due to increased moisture conditions. Main effects of experimental climate change and intensified management practices as well as interaction of experimental climate change and land use on abundance and biomass of earthworms were non-significant. Notably, experimental climate change and land use interactively altered earthworm community composition, with the most pronounced difference between ambient and future climate in croplands than in grasslands. This indicates that earthworm community composition more sensitively reflects changes in environmental conditions than earthworm abundance and biomass, but the latter two negatively responded to prolonged drought conditions. Our results indicate that grasslands have a higher resilience of earthworm populations to buffer adverse environmental conditions than croplands. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the response of earthworms to inter-annual climatic variability and experimental climate change under different land-use types.

The use of biostimulants as a key to sustainable hydroponic lettuce farming under saline water stress

BackroundThe utilization of high-quality water in agriculture is increasingly constrained by climate change, affecting availability, quality, and distribution due to altered precipitation patterns, increased evaporation, extreme weather events, and rising salinity levels. Salinity significantly challenges salt-sensitive vegetables like lettuce, particularly in a greenhouse. Hydroponics water quality ensures nutrient solution stability, enhances nutrient uptake, prevents contamination, regulates pH and electrical conductivity, and maintains system components. This study aimed to mitigate salt-induced damage in lettuce grown via the floating culture method under 50 mM NaCl salinity by applying biostimulants.ResultsWe examined lettuce’s physiological, biochemical, and agronomical responses to salt stress after applying biostimulants such as amino acids, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), fulvic acid, and chitosan. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized complete block design, and each treatment was replicated four times. Biostimulant applications alleviated salt’s detrimental effects on plant weight, height, leaf number, and leaf area. Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively. Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58–189%), chlorophyll content (4–10%), nutrient uptake (15–109%), and water status (9–107%). They also reduced MDA content by 26–42%. PGPR (1.0 ml L‒1), vermicompost (2 ml L‒1), and fulvic acid (40 mg L‒1) were particularly effective, enhancing growth, yield, phenol, and mineral content while reducing nitrate levels under saline conditions.ConclusionsBiostimulants activated antioxidative defense systems, offering a sustainable, cost-effective solution for mitigating salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation.

Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Food Security

This comprehensive analysis provides a detailed examination of the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector, offering sustainable solutions with the objective of ensuring global food security. The detrimental impact of climate change on agricultural production, including global warming, significant alterations in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events, has been meticulously assessed, with careful consideration given to their potential consequences for future food supply and security. In this context, a number of critical strategies and policies have been proposed, including the strengthening of water management policies, the advancement of sustainable agricultural practices, the development of climate-resilient seeds, and the enhancement of agricultural technologies. Moreover, the imperative for international collaboration and shared accountability has been forcefully emphasised, underscoring the necessity of maintaining this pivotal issue at the forefront of the global agenda. It is evident that a comprehensive approach is essential for combating climate change and ensuring sustainable agricultural production. Sustainable solutions and international cooperation are vital for guaranteeing a reliable future food supply and food security. In this context, the implementation of the proposed strategies and policies represents a crucial step towards aligning the agricultural sector with future needs and effectively addressing climate change.

Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development: The Global and Indian Perspective

The paper aims to discuss about the historic trend of global warming and greenhouse gas emission since the late 18th century due to widespread use of fossil fuels and industrial processes. This paper provides an overview of rise of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and other gases and their contribution in warming the global temperature in the prior and later period of industrial revolution. Highlighting the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and human activities that has resulted in significant challenges to the global ecosystems that includes severe and frequent heatwaves, altered precipitation patterns, melting of glaciers, rising of sea level, along with the backward economies facing disproportionate risks and challenges in water resources, food scarcity due to draughts and high temperature as well as health issues due to low productivity and slow development. Hence, considering the problems faced by the societies worldwide, it is essential to have cooperative strategies with local, national and international agencies to implement effective mitigation measures and adaptation schemes so that the societies could foster resilience, mitigate risks and work towards a sustainable future.

Climate Change Impacts on and Response Strategies for Kiwifruit Production: A Comprehensive Review.

Climate change, a pressing global concern, poses significant challenges to agricultural systems worldwide. Among the myriad impacts of climate change, the cultivation of kiwifruit trees (Actinidia spp.) faces multifaceted challenges. In this review, we delve into the intricate effects of climate change on kiwifruit production, which span phenological shifts, distributional changes, physiological responses, and ecological interactions. Understanding these complexities is crucial for devising effective adaptation and mitigation strategies to safeguard kiwifruit production amidst climate variability. This review scrutinizes the influence of rising global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and a heightened frequency of extreme weather events on the regions where kiwifruits are cultivated. Additionally, it delves into the ramifications of changing climatic conditions on kiwifruit tree physiology, phenology, and susceptibility to pests and diseases. The economic and social repercussions of climate change on kiwifruit production, including yield losses, livelihood impacts, and market dynamics, are thoroughly examined. In response to these challenges, this review proposes tailored adaptation and mitigation strategies for kiwifruit cultivation. This includes breeding climate-resilient kiwifruit cultivars of the Actinidia species that could withstand drought and high temperatures. Additional measures would involve implementing sustainable farming practices like irrigation, mulching, rain shelters, and shade management, as well as conserving soil and water resources. Through an examination of the literature, this review showcases the existing innovative approaches for climate change adaptation in kiwifruit farming. It concludes with recommendations for future research directions aimed at promoting the sustainability and resilience of fruit production, particularly in the context of kiwifruit cultivation, amid a changing climate.

Climate Change and Soil Fertility: A Review of Strategies for a Sustainable Food Security in India

The long-term food security of humanity on Earth will be significantly influenced by the effects of climate change soils and then the agricultural production. In addition to being vulnerable to climate change, agriculture also contributes significantly to it. The article explores how soil fertility processes and qualities are impacted by climate change on a worldwide scale and adaptation and mitigation options for a sustainable food security. Due to the intricate relationship between soils and the climate system through nutrient and hydrologic cycles, it is anticipated that changes in the global climate may have an effect on soil fertility through changes in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil as a result of rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and other factors.