Alpha-amylase Assay Research Articles

Computational insights into the inhibitory mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus by bioactive components of Oryza sativa L. indica (black rice).

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease categorized by hyperglycemia, resistance to insulin, and ß-cell dysfunction. Around the globe, approximately 422 million people have diabetes, out of which 1.5million die annually. In spite of innovative advancements in the treatment of diabetes, no biological drug has been known to successfully cure and avert its progression. Thereupon, natural drugs derived from plants are emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat diseases like diabetes. The current study aims to investigate the antidiabetic potential of natural compounds of Oryza sativa L. indica (black rice) in disease treatment. Antioxidant activity and alpha amylase assays were performed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the extract of Oryza sativa L. indica. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identification of constituents from the ethanol extract. ADMET profiling (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), network pharmacology, and molecular dynamics simulation were employed in order to uncover the active ingredients and their therapeutic targets in O. sativa L. indica against type 2 diabetes mellitus. GC-MS of the plant extract provided a list of 184 compounds. Lipinski filter and toxicity parameters screened out 18 compounds. The topological parameters of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) were used to shortlist the nine key proteins (STAT3, HSP90AA1, AKT1, SRC, ESR1, MAPK1, NFKB1, EP300, and CREBBP) in the type 2 diabetes mellitus pathways. Later, molecular docking analysis and simulations showed that C14 (1H-purine-8-propanoic acid, .alpha.-amino-2, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxo-) and C18 (cyclohexane-carboxamide, N-furfuryl) bind with AKT1 and ESR1 with a binding energy of 8.1, 6.9, 7.3, and 7.2kcal/mol, respectively. RMSD (root-mean-square deviation) and RMSF (root-mean-square fluctuation) values for AKT1 and ESR1 have shown very little fluctuation, indicating that proteins were stabilized after ligand docking. This study suggests therapeutic drug candidates against AKT1 and ESR1 to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, further wet-lab analysis is required to discover the best remedy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Kaurane Diterpenoids from Xylopia aethiopica Inhibits Alpha-Amylase and Alpha-Glucosidase: A Combined in Silico and in Vitro Approach

Background/Objectives Diabetes mellitus is among the leading cause of death worldwide. This study evaluated the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory properties of kaurane diterpenoids (kauran-13-ol (D1), xylopic acid (D2) and kauran-16α-ol (D3)) from the fruit of X. aethiopica. Methodology In vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assays were performed on D1, D2 and D3 (0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL) and acarbose (0.003125, 0.00625, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL) followed by molecular docking studies, molecular dynamics simulation and MMPBSA to examine their mode of interaction, binding affinity, binding mode and binding energy established with the enzymes. Also, ADMET properties of the studied diterpenes were examined to explain their druggability potential. Result The in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase studies identified D3 as the most promising inhibitor among the kaurane diterpenes with lower IC50 values of 0.65 and 0.17 mg/mL. The molecular docking analysis showed that D1, D2 and D3 established vital hydrogen bond, hydrophobic and pi-interaction with the receptors, while the molecular dynamics simulation showed the kaurane diterpenes exhibited good stability at the enzymes’ binding pocket. The MMPBSA binding energy values showed the diterpenes had good binding energies that corroborated that of molecular docking. The ADMET properties identified the compounds as promising drug candidate. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the kaurane diterpenoids have good inhibitory effect on the diabetes enzymes. Further comprehensive investigation into the antidiabetic properties of the diterpenes may lead to the identification of new hit molecule.

Bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Brassica juncea (L.) Czern extract: Biological activity and DNA binding capability

Recent years have seen a great deal of interest in the exceptional biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammation, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of various biosynthesized Metal Oxide nanoparticles. Among these metal oxide nanoparticle ZnO NPs is gaining its important in various biological applications is increasingly gain prominence. Thus, the green production of ZnO NPs using plant extract has been demonstrated as a one step, environmentally friendly and cost-effective process. This paper describes the utilization of an aqueous extract of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern seed as a reducing agent in the creation of ZnO NPs from Zinc Sulfate using a green synthesis approach. UV–visible spectroscopic peak at around 363 nm verifies the production of ZnO NPs. FE-SEM was confirmed the spherical forms of produced ZnO NPs. The average particle size of produced ZnO NPs was found to be 13.35 nm from TEM analysis. On screening the ZnO NPs for antioxidant activity it showed scavenging activity with 62.40 %, with IC50 value of 68.30 µg/mL through DPPH assay. The antidiabetic activity was found to be 72 %, with IC50 value of 71.76 μg/mL, using alpha amylase assay. In anti-inflammatory activity, the activity was recorded as 68.50 % and IC50 value as 64.67 µg/mL, using BSA denaturation assay. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited anticancer activity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. The determined IC50 value of produced ZnO NPs for these two cell lines was found to be 43.83 µg/mL and 41.48 µg/mL respectively. Additionally, a hyperchromic shift in the absorbance was noted when CT-DNA interacted with biosynthesized ZnO NPs. These findings confirm that the ZnO NPs synthesized from Brassica juncea (L.) Czern seed exhibit significant biological properties namely antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic activity. Among all these activities, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs showed excellent cytotoxic activity with the IC50 values, thus proving its effectiveness.

Comparative Study on Anti-Diabetic Activity of Momordica charantia and Psidium guajava

Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterised by decreased insulin signalling and persistent hyperglycaemia. The most frequent progression of diabetes is known as diabetes mellitus which is defined as persistent hyperglycaemia brought on by either peripheral insulin resistance or impaired pancreatic β cell production of insulin. This condition is caused by the disruptions in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins which are caused by defects in the production, release and regulation of insulin. The breakdown of carbohydrates is significantly aided by the intestinal digestive enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase. One type of antidiabetic treatment is to lower the blood glucose levels after a meal by blocking the enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase. This could be a key tactic in blood glucose control. When compared to other commercial pharmaceuticals used to treat diabetes, herbal treatments are thought to be more in harmony with the human body and to have less harmful side effects. This herbal remedy is reasonably priced as well. The aim of the current study is to compare the anti- diabetic activity of the methanolic extracts of Momordica charantia and Psidium guajava. The methods used in the determination of invitro antidiabetic activity are alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assays. In the current study, when compared the individual inhibition activity of Momordica charantia and Psidium guajava on the intestinal enzymes (alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase), Momordica charantia has the highest inhibition that is 79.83% at 0.8 mL concentration while the Psidium guajava has shown only 70.58% inhibition at 0.8 mL concentration. Which suggests that the presence of bio active compounds may be responsible for the plants many medicinal uses, including the treatment of diabetes.

BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF INDUS VIVA I PULSE NATURAL AYURVEDIC SYRUP AND IT’S IN SILICO – INTERACTION ANALYSIS

Objectives: In developing countries like India, diabetes mellitus and human bone cancer are progressively increasing which is global encumbrance. The objective of the study is to find out the phytoconstituents of Indus Viva I Pulse health drink extract that has undergone classical chemical characterization, molecular docking, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal studies used as traditional and complementary medicine. The study aimed to evaluate the Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), anticancer, antidiabetic and spectral studies that are used to disclose phytochemicals and their medicinal properties. Methods: Infrared (IR), Ultraviolet (UV), 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods, GC-MS, HPLC and LC-HRMS instrumental detections were employed. Molecular docking, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal studies were carried out using AutoDock 4.2.6. software program, α- Amylase method, Mosmann and Disk diffusion method respectively. Results: GC-MS and HPLC chromatogram of methanol extracts exhibited 12 and 6 peaks, respectively, confirming the presence of 12 phytoconstituents in Indus Viva I Pulse health drink (1I–12I). The total phenol and flavonoid content found in the extracted sample of Indus Viva I Pulse health drink were 0.16 and 0.36 mg/mL, respectively. It is a polyherbal formulation of brown-colored liquid of the UV spectrum in methanol is characteristic of an aromatic compound with λ max of 319 and 412 nm. IR spectrum gave peaks at 3,457, 2,922, 2,857, 2,121, 1,641, 1,055, 1,033 and 621 cm-1 indicating the presence of an alcoholic, alkyl, aldehyde or ketone, alkyne, carbonyl, anhydride and methyl group, respectively. Liquid Chromatography- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) study gave these molecular weights (m/z): 1134. 7017, 1150.6475 and 1168.6797. Aromatic characteristics were confirmed through UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LC-HRMS spectral studies. 1H-NMR study indicates the presence of aromatic protons and methyl protons. Aqueous extract of Indus Viva I Pulse health drink was tested for Cytotoxicity Assay of human bone cancer (MG-63) cell lines and ptyalin prevent characters that exhibited a valid inhibitory value of 90.87% in 10 μg/mL for MG-63 and value of 74.41% in 500 μg/mL for alpha-amylase which is comparatively more efficient than the available standard drug. Cytotoxicity assay for human bone cancer (MG-63) cell lines and alpha-amylase both showed the inhibitory activity of IC50 68.95 and IC50 36.18 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the result of this research, it can be proposed that Indus Viva I Pulse health drink may serve as a potential remedy for human bone cancer (MG-63) cell line and that alpha-amylase inhibitory activity is proportional to the dose.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, life-threatening syndrome that is present all over the world. The use of eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green-synthesised nanoparticles as a medicinal therapy in the treatment of DM is an attractive option. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AI-AgNPs) were biosynthesized through the green synthesis method using Azadirachta indica seed extract to evaluate their anti-diabetic potentials. These nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DLS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesized AI-AgNPs and crude extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds were evaluated for anti-diabetic potentials using glucose adsorption assays, glucose uptake by yeast cells assays, and alpha-amylase inhibitory assays. Al-AgNPs showed the highest activity (75 ± 1.528%), while crude extract showed (63 ± 2.5%) glucose uptake by yeast at 80 µg/mL. In the glucose adsorption assay, the highest activity of Al-AgNPs was 10.65 ± 1.58%, while crude extract showed 8.32 ± 0.258% at 30 mM, whereas in the alpha-amylase assay, Al-AgNPs exhibited the maximum activity of 73.85 ± 1.114% and crude extract 65.85 ± 2.101% at 100 µg/mL. The assay results of AI-AgNPs and crude showed substantial dose-dependent activities. Further, anti-diabetic potentials were also investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mice were administered with AI-AgNPs (10 to 40 mg/kg b.w) for 30 days. The results showed a considerable drop in blood sugar levels, including pancreatic and liver cell regeneration, demonstrating that AI-AgNPs have strong anti-diabetic potential.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Myricetin in Different Cell Lines

The aim of this research work was to perform pharmacological evaluation of Myricetin by using different cell lines. To check the short-term cytotoxic effect of Myricetin in HepG2 and L6 cells, a colorimetric based MTT assay was performed also the glucose utilization in both HepG2 and L6 cells was estimated in order to measure the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of Myricetin. For Lipid accumulation T3-L1 preadipocytes cells are used. For measurement of nitric oxide (NO) the RAW-264.7 cells are used. The alpha-amylase assay and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay was performed to check if our drug is having effect in term of inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to check the expressions of iNOS protein in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cells before and after the exposure of Myricetin. The cytotoxicity data suggested that Myricetin displayed low level of cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and in L6 myoblast cell lines. For glucose utilization experiment, it discovered that glucose uptake level was notably increase in HepG2 cells and in L6 myoblast cell lines with the increasing concentration of Myricetin. Myricetin increase lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and also inhibits nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Research was found that Myricetin had no significant effect in order to alter the expression of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Our research concludes that Myricetin can be used as a potent anti-diabetic agent.

Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) and Evaluation of its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic activities

Since ancient times, Asparagus racemosus, a traditional herb with various health advantages, has been used to cure a wide range of illnesses. Researchers sparked a lot of interest in the biological methods for producing nanoparticles (NPs). This study’s objective was to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) utilizing the top-down nanofabrication method. Asparagus racemosus root extract was used to produce titanium nanoparticles utilizing green chemistry. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and EDX. According to the SEM images the particles are spherical in shape with an average size of 89.59 nm. The antibacterial activity was done with 3 bacterial strains i.e., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtills. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and phosphomolybdate assays, the calculated IC50 was 85.18±0.55 µg/ml and 66.4±1.3 µg/ml respectively. The calculated IC50 value for alpha amylase assay was 46.59±2.81 µg/ml. As per the outcomes it is concluded that the plant mediated titanium nanoparticle is very potent which can be used in pharmaceutical and biomedical areas.

Chemical constituent and Biological potency of Chrysopogon zizanoides L. root essential oil grown in North-East India with special consideration to acidic soil

Chrysopogon zizanoides L. is an industrially important crop recognized globally for its plentitude of uses in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. Acknowledging its vital importance, thorough research was put forward on the ramifications of the chemical profiling and biological activities of C. zizanoides essential oil collected from North East India, with particular reference to the acidic soil condition. The GC/MS analysis identified 31 compounds with an essential oil yield of 0.11±0.035% (v/w), including cubenol as a major compound. Anti-oxidant potential through DPPH scavenging activity disclosed IC50 value in median range, in ABTS assay, IC50 value was much lower than standard (9.43<34.13 μL/mL), indicating high anti-oxidant activity. IC50 value of alpha-amylase assay showed much lower than standard (44.43<68.87 μL/mL), indicating intense anti-diabetic activity; moreover, through trypsin inhibitory assay, the IC50 28.95 μL/mL was almost similar to standard 25.68 μL/mL. Anti-tyrosinase activity revealed contradictory results showing a higher IC50 value (188.75>138.59 μL/mL) than standard kojic acid. A study on anti-microbial activity results revealed no sign of inhibition against any of the tested microbial strains. Therefore, from our research, it is concluded that C. zizanoides root essential oil has potent biological activity. To date, no detailed analysis has been performed on the anti-diabetic and anti-tyrosinase activity of essential oil of C. zizanoides; hence, the present study can be considered novel as it will provide a handful of resources to conduct further research and will open a door for the development of pharmaceutical and natural product industries.

Molecular Characterization of spa, hld, fmhA, and lukD Genes and Computational Modeling the Multidrug Resistance of Staphylococcus Species through Callindra harrisii Silver Nanoparticles.

The problem of multidrug resistance in bacterial pathogens is significant and is related to the high morbidity and death rates of living things due to increased levels of beta-lactamases. Plant-derived nanoparticles have gained a great significance in the field of science and technology to combat bacterial diseases, especially multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study examines the multidrug resistance and virulent genes of identified pathogenic Staphylococcus species obtained from Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Laboratory (MBBL), culture collection. The polymerase chain reaction-based characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus having ON875315.1 and ON876003.1 accession IDs revealed the presence of the spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld genes. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by utilizing the leaf extract of Calliandra harrisii, of which metabolites act as capping and reducing agents for the precursor of nano-synthesis, i.e., AgNO3 of 0.25 M. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized via UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis which inferred the bead-like shape of our nanoparticles with the size of 2.21 nm with the existence of aromatic and hydroxyl functional groups at surface plasmon resonance of 477 nm. The antimicrobial activity by AgNPs showed 20 mm inhibition of Staphylococcus species as compared to the vancomycin and cefoxitin antibiotics along with crude plant extract, which showed a minimum zone of inhibition. The synthesized AgNPs were also analyzed for various biological activities like anti-inflammatory with 99.15% inhibition in protein denaturation, antioxidant with 99.8% inhibition in free radical scavenging, antidiabetic with 90.56% inhibition of alpha amylase assay, and anti-haemolytic with 89.9% inhibition in cell lysis which shows good bioavailability and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles with the biological system of the living being. The amplified genes (spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld) were also analyzed for their interaction with AgNPs computationally at the molecular level. The 3-D structure of AgNP and amplified genes was retrieved from ChemSpider (ID: 22394) and Phyre2 online server, respectively. The binding affinities of AgNP with spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld were -7.16, -6.5, -6.45, and -3.3 kJ/mol, respectively, which infers a good docking score except of hld which is -3.3 kJ/mol due to its small size. The salient features of biosynthesized AgNPs proved to be an effective approach in combating the multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus species in the future.

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Tribulus terrestris Seeds: Revealed Promising Antidiabetic Potentials.

Green synthesis is the most effective and environmentally friendly way to produce nanoparticles. The present research aimed at the biosynthesizing of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Tribulus terrestris seed extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent and investigating their anti-diabetic properties. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the synthesized silver nanoparticles from Tribulus terrestris (TT-AgNPs). The spectroscopic characterization revealed a surface Plasmon resonance band at 380 nm, which verified the development of TT-AgNPs. The transmittance peaks were observed at 596, 1450, 1631, 2856, 2921, and 3422 cm-1 through the FTIR spectrophotometer. The XRD spectrum showed four distinct diffraction peaks in the 2θ range at 20° to 60°. Intense peaks were at 26.32°, 30.70°, 44.70°, 56.07°, 53.75°, 66.28°, and 75.32°. The SEM analysis revealed that the prepared TT-AgNPs were clustered loosely with a smooth and spherical structure and were of relatively uniform size. The in vitro antidiabetic potential of TT-AgNPs was assessed by using glucose yeast uptake, glucose adsorption, and alpha-amylase assays. TT-AgNPs showed the highest activity (78.45 ± 0.84%) of glucose uptake by yeast at 80 µg/mL. In the glucose adsorption assay, the highest activity of TT-AgNPs was 10.40 ± 0.52% at 30 mM, while in the alpha-amylase assay, TT-AgNPs exhibited the maximum activity of 75.68 ± 0.11% at 100 µg/mL. The results indicate a substantial anti-diabetic effect of the TT-AgNPs. Furthermore, the in vivo antidiabetic study was performed on TT-AgNPs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. After receiving TT-AgNPs treatment for 30 days, the mice were sacrificed for biochemical and histological analyses of pancreatic and liver samples, which demonstrated a good improvement when compared to the control group. Mice treated with TT-AgNPs showed a significant drop in blood sugar levels, showing that the biosynthesized TT-AgNPs have effective anti-diabetic properties.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND BIOACTIVITY INVESTIGATIONS OF AVORRHEA CARAMBOLA L.

Averrhoa carambola L. (A. carambola) is particularly well-known for its distinctive star-shaped fruit (Star fruit), cultivated in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and northern and southern America. Historically, it has been used for a long time to cure many ailments, including vomiting, fever, arthralgia, cough, hypertension, hangovers, chronic paroxysmal headache, hyperglycemia, and diabetic nephropathy. This study aimed to examine its preliminary phytochemical and some biological properties. For this, fresh leaves of A. carambola were extracted (hot and cold) with ethanol, which was then fractionated with n-hexane and chloroform. Following a preliminary investigation of phytochemicals, radical scavenging, membrane stabilizing, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory, and clot lysis effects were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, egg albumin model, alpha-amylase assay, and human blood clot lysis assay, respectively using suitable reference standards. The results suggest that A. carambola contains alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and reducing sugars. All the organic fractions demonstrated significant (p &lt;0.05) radical scavenging, membrane stabilizing, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory, and clot lysis activities in a concentration-dependent approach. Except for DPPH radical scavenging, the ethanol fraction showed better activities than the n-hexane and chloroform fractions. In summary, A. carambola might be a potential source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and atherothrombolytic agents. Further studies are required to isolate, characterize, and establish molecular mechanisms for each component’s biological effects.

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation on the Polar Compounds Content with Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Avocado Seed Extracts

Avocado seeds, a common waste in the avocado processing industry, have been found to have several bioactivities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities, among others. Nowadays, this wastage is causing an environmental problem, so the use of new technologies to take advantage of it is a novel field of research. In this study, the submerged fermentation by lactic acid bacteria was used as a novel tool for improving the bioactive compound extraction from avocado seeds. Avocado seeds were fermented by different strains, their polar compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, and the antidiabetic activity was analyzed by the alpha-amylase assay. A total of 32 polar compounds were identified, with 13 of them being described in avocado seeds for the first time. Avocado seeds fermented by Pentosaceus acidilactici showed the highest sum of polar compounds (6279.63 ± 67.74 µg/g d.w.), and by extension, of hydroxytyrosol glucoside (2989.76 ± 3.64 µg/g d.w.). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9567 showed the highest antioxidant activity measured by both DPPH and FRAP assays (6294.67 ± 19.44 and 6846.91 ± 2.13 µg TE/g d.w., respectively). Furthermore, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 748T had the highest antidiabetic activity (52.15% ± 0.67% inhibition of alpha-amylase activity), attributable to the polyphenols. According to the results, submerged fermentation by lactic acid bacteria led to an interesting increase of the polar compounds’ extractability of avocado seeds, consequently improving the bioactivities of the extracts, which could then be used for food nutraceutical or cosmetic purposes.

Analysis of phytochemical potential and investigation of hypoglycemic effect of Cassia fistula L. fruit wall extracts by alpha-amylase assay and Streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model.

Analysis of phytochemical potential and investigation of hypoglycemic effect of Cassia fistula L. fruit wall extracts by alpha-amylase assay and Streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY Symplocos racemosa (LODHRA) AND Cinnamon cassia (CINNAMON BARK) FORMULATION SYNTHESISED SILVER NANOPARTICLES

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the anti-diabetic effect of silver nanoparticles using symplocos racemosa( lodhra) and cinnamomum cassia ( cinnamon bark ) assister silver nano particle.&#x0D; Introduction: Lodhra is widely used in various Ayurvedic medicines. Cinnamon is one of the most important spices used daily by people all over the world.Nanoparticles have been used in various practical applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used in various field.Recently, AgNPs have been frequently used in many Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been successfully applied in several areas due to their significant antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms. In dentistry, AgNP can be applied in disinfection, prophylaxis, and prevention of infections in the oral cavity.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Fresh lodhra bark and cinnamon powder was collected. 1g of freshly collected Lodhra and cinnamon bark extract is mixed with 100 ml of distilled water thoroughly and boiled for 3-5 mins in a heating mantle then filtered by using filter paper. Silver Nitrate powder is added in 500 ml of distilled water and to this lodhra bark extract has been added. The solution is kept in a shaker and the reading was taken for every 2 hrs for analyzing the synthesis of nanoparticles. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 490, 470, and 450 μl buffer to different volumes (10, 30, and 50 μl) of 30mg/mL of Lodhra and cinnamon bark extract, synthesised silver nanoparticles, stored (at 37°C and 4°C), and calcined (300°C, 500°C and 700°C) AgNPs samples, respectively, to make the total volume of 500 μl reaction solution.&#x0D; Results: Antidiabetic activity of lodhra and cinnamon bark extract mediated AgNPs was assessed using alpha amylase assay. In this silver nanoparticles induced Lodhra and cinnamon bark extract shows more antidiabetic activity than the herbal extract&#x0D; Conclusion: From this it is concluded that Lodha and cinnamon bark shows significant anti diabetic activity. Also this extract can be used in toothpaste &amp; mouthwash to reduce the inflammation in oral cavity. Further studies can be done on the side effects of Lodha and cinnamon bark using silver nanoparticles and also on the other activities of Lodha and cinnamon to know it’s complete potential

Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Brachychiton populneus Leaf Extract

Bionanotechnology is the combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology for the development of biosynthetic and environmentally friendly nanomaterial synthesis technology. The presented research work adopted a reliable and environmentally sustainable approach to manufacturing silver nanoparticles from Brachychiton populneus (BP-AgNPs) leaf extract in aqueous medium. The Brachychiton populneus-derived silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities of AgNPs were brought to light. The synthesis of BP-AgNPs was verified at 453 nm wavelength by UV–Vis spectrum. FTIR analysis revealed that synthesis, stability, and capping of AgNPs depend on functional groups such as alkane, alkene, nitro, flouro, phenol, alcoholic, and flavones, present in plant extract. The SEM analysis revealed evenly distributed cubical-shaped nanoparticles. The average diameter of AgNPs was 12 nm calculated from SEM image through ImageJ software. EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of Ag at 3 keV and other trace elements such as oxygen and chlorine. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited proven antioxidant (DPPH assay), antidiabetic (alpha amylase assay), anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation assay), and cytotoxic (MTT assay) potential against U87 and HEK293 cell lines in comparison to standard drugs. In these assays, BP-AgNPs exhibited inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner and had lower IC50 values compared to standards. All these outcomes suggest that silver nanoparticles work as a beneficial biological agent. The salient features of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles propose their effective applications in the biomedical domain in the future.

In vitro Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antibacterial Activities of Orthosiphon diffusus

This study aims to analyze the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties of the leaves of the plant Orthosiphon diffusus, which were investigated in vitro. Leaves of the plant were dried and converted into powdered form. The presence of phytochemicals in the leaves of Orthosiphon diffusus were analysed for solvents like water, ethanol, acetone and petroleum ether. The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Orthosiphon diffusus was identified using assays for scavenging the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, ferric reducing antioxidants, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals. The antidiabetic property was estimated with alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase assays. Leaf extract was tested against three bacterial species namely Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by well diffusion method. Maximum number of phytochemicals were present in water extract which was then used for further studies. Highest scavenging activity was found to be 76%, 89%, 88% and 81% at 50µg/ml for all the antioxidant assays. Highest inhibition of 90.26% and 90.5% was observed at 50µg/ml for alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase assays respectively. Highest zone of inhibition of 1.4cm was observed in S.aureus at 100µg/ml concentration. Leaves of Orthosiphon diffusus has excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and it was really effective against bacteria.

Revealing Anti-diabetic potential of Siddha formulation Gandhaka Sarkkarai using alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder which involves multiple pathology manifested with increased blood glucose, neural degeneration, chronic inflammation, organ dysfunction etc. Hyperactive metabolic enzymes like alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase that are involved in digestion of starch and sucrose further upswings the postprandial hyperglycaemia by rushing excess glucose moieties into the bloodstream. Drugs that effectively inhibit the action of these digestive enzymes may be expected to better regulate the post prandial blood glucose in the diabetic patients. Conventional anti-diabetic agents offer potential side effects upon long-term usage which includes vomiting, diarrhoea, pigmentation, GI disturbance, dark urination etc.The Siddha system of medicine has excelled in the art of treating human ailments for several centuries. Aim: Present investigation designed to investigate the anti-diabetic potential of siddha formulation Gandhaka sarkkarai (GS) using in-vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay model. Results: It was evidenced from the outcome of the in-vitro data’s that the siddha formulation GS shown significant inhibition against alpha glucosidase enzyme with the maximum inhibition of about 50.44 % and the corresponding IC50 is 471.1 μg/ml, similar pattern of activity were observed against alpha amylase enzyme with the inhibition of 60.84 % (IC50 400.9 μg/ml). Conclusion: Our data concludes that siddha formulation GS possess significant anti-diabetic activity via inhibiting two major carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, further studies needs to extrapolated at pre-clinical level in order to ascertain the efficacy of the formulation.&#x0D; Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Alpha amylase, Alpha glucosidase, Siddha, Gandhaka sarkkarai, Enzyme inhibition assay, In-vitro, Anti-diabetic activity.

&lt;i&gt;In-Vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;In-Silico&lt;/i&gt; Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Baicaelin

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose level in the body. It occurs due to the inadequate amount of insulin secreted in the body or resistance of insulin receptors. In the present study, Baicalein a flavone glycoside was evaluated for its effect on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes using in-vitro assays by extracting respective enzymes from whole wheat and barley in combination with in-silico analysis. In-vitro alpha amylase inhibitory activity and in-vitro alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity was performed using acarbose as a standard drug. The molecular docking study was performed using Schrodinger (Maestro V 11.5) software. The parameters glide score, Lipinski rule for drug likeliness, bioactive scoring and ADME properties were assessed in the docking study. Further, the antioxidant activity of baicalein was performed using DPPH assay, Nitric oxide scavenging activity. The cytotoxicity of baicalein was evaluated using the Brine shrimp lethality assay. The alpha-amylase assay performed showed IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value of 48.40 ?g/ml for baicalein whereas alpha-glucosidase assay showed an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value of 16.03 ?g/ml. Baicalein shows the glide score of-5.565 with 5EOF and glide score of -5.339 with 5NN8 in the molecular docking study. The highest percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitrous oxide scavenging activity were found to be 27% at 160 ?g/ml and 50.02% at 160 ?g/ml respectively. Based on further in vivo and clinical trials, baicalein may be used for the management of hyperglycaemia.

Phytochemical and biological attributes of Bauhinia variegata L. (Caesalpiniaceae).

Bauhinia variegata plant is a very popular and traditionally potent ethnomedicine. Therefore, it is need of hour to study ameliorative characteristics of B. variegata for novel secondary metabolites. The current study was designed to explore antiproliferative potential of B. variegata due to scant reports on this aspect. Extracts of various parts (flowers, leaves, bark, stem, and roots) were prepared by successive maceration using organic solvents in increasing order of polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water). The determination of polyphenolic contents was done by using colorimetric methods while antioxidant potential was measured using reducing power assay. Brine shrimp lethality assay was performed for determining preliminary cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity against breast cancer MCF-7 cell line using MTT protocols. Moreover, antimicrobial activities were detected by using disc diffusion assay. The alpha-amylase assay was performed to monitor the antidiabetic potential of the plant. In case of phytochemical analysis methanolic extract of leaves and bark showed highest phenolic and flavonoids contents. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of stem and roots exhibited more than 90% mortality with LD50 ranges between 1-25 µg/mL when studied by brine shrimp lethality assay. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of roots and stem also showed antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values ranges between 12.10-14.20 µg/mL. Most of the extracts displayed moderately high antibacterial and antifungal activities. The n-hexane extract of roots showed antidiabetic activity with 60.80 ± 0.20% inhibition of alpha-amylase. In sum, these preliminary results will be useful for further compound isolation from selected plant parts for the discovery of antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticancer lead candidates.