Almaty Region Research Articles

Climate data verification for assessing climate change in Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Climatic factors are changing and thereby having a tremendous impact on the environment. Monitoring of changes in climatic factors is one of the fundamental actions to prevent climate disasters, thereby updating the reliability and accessibility of climate indicators. The Almaty region under study is located in the south-east of Kazakhstan, and has a complex terrain and different absolute elevation above the sea level. These aggregates are one of the main prerequisites for different climatic indicators in the studied region. In this work, the analysis of ground-based metereological stations and open climate data (WorldClim and CHIRPS) was carried out by integrating geospatial information into the GIS environment, hybrid models of climate indicators for the territory of the Almaty region were also developed. The hybrid models were verified to detect deviations from the mean value using MAD, MSE, RMSE, MAPE. The data presented in the study were obtained in the period from 1950 to 2000 for ground-based metereological stations, from 1961 to 2018 for WorldClim data, from 1981 to 2021 for CHIRPS climate indicators. Statistical climatic indicators were processed by determining arithmetic averages. According to the location of metereological stations, IDW interpolation maps were compiled. Data from open climate databases (WorldClim and CHIRPS) were averaged and indicators were determined over a period of 10 years. The results of errors revealed large differences in indicators in mountainous regions, moderate differences in climatic indicators were observed in the plains, and changes in indicators were studied in the context of natural and high-elevation zones.According to the results of the study, vulnerable areas in nature management were identified in the context of an increase in air temperature and a decrease in precipitation. The authors proposed recommendations on adaptation to climate change and mitigation of their consequences.

THE FAUNA OF AQUATIC HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA) IN CHARYN NATURE PARK

The material for this research resulted from the authors’ work during 2018–2020 at the Charyn Nature Park in different floodplain reservoirs of the Charyn and Temirlik Rivers, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. Their study of the fauna and ecology of Hemiptera followed the methods of route surveys and stationary observations. The simplest way to collect is to catch aquatic Hemiptera using aquatic entomological nets and account for potential water bugs. Corixidae has 21 species, while other families have one or two species. Their density comprised Gerridae (8–10), Corixidae (16–20), Naucoridae (3–5), Notonecta (8–9), and Ranatra (3–5) specimens/m2, respectively. The mass species found included Ilyocoris cimicoides, Noton ecta glauca, Nepa cinerea, and Gerris costae. During the autumn survey, an observation revealed that the previously studied reservoirs have decreased in size, and some have even dried up. In the coastal part of the reservoirs, water scorpions (Nepa cinerea) were crawling along the bottom of the pool. Water backswimmers (Notonectidae) and toad bugs (Naucoridae) moved to deeper pond areas. Representatives of the Corixidae family were zoophytophages (21 species), with the remaining species being zoophages (12 species). Under the Charyn Nature Park conditions, most species were mono or univoltine (21 species), bivoltine (five species), and poly or multivoltine (seven species). The fauna of the Charyn State National Nature Park (SNNP) has the main characteristic of species of Hemiptera with Western Asia (40%), Trans-Palearctic (21%), Western Palearctic (18%), and Trans-Eurasian (12%) ranges. All the recognized species have a wide selection of hunting objects, feeding on aquatic invertebrates, including regulating the numbers of blood-sucking mosquito larvae (Culicidae).

NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ROLE IN GRAIN CROPS PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTH-EAST KAZAKHSTAN

Seeking to improve the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers for grain crops led to conducting this study on developing methods using 15N in 2015–2017 at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture, Almalybak Village, Almaty Region, Southeastern Kazakhstan. Nitrogen use efficiency using the stable isotope 15N in microfield experiments revealed that the assimilation of nitrogen fertilizers by grain crops largely depends on the norms, timing, fertilization method, and varietal parameters of the concerned crop. Based on morphophysiological methods of monitoring plant development conditions, the nitrogen fertilizers’ role based on the development has been affirmative, with the optimal timing of their application also determined. Results show that grain crops use nitrogen productively with partial application at the beginning of tillering and tubing, respectively, and stages III and V of organogenesis. With the use of nitrogen fertilizers, the significant varietal differences were evident. The help of an isotope label established the accurate nitrogen utilization coefficients of fertilizers based on the options ranging from 14.7% to 32.2%. Using the isotope method provides an opportunity for further development of practicing the most efficient techniques of applying fertilizers, which is an imperative method for determining the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers.

Brand assets: a prerequisite to promoting a developing destination

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and test a practical model to identify a developing destination’s assets. Using the existing destination branding concepts and theories in the research, this study aims to identify how the assets of a developing destination differ from those of a developed destination.Design/methodology/approachThe study followed the “practical model for determining destination assets” proposed in the article. The first stage includes collecting the information on the tourism potential of the destination. In the second stage, in-depth interviews were carried out with information carriers of a developing destination and analyzed by highlighting keywords in the responses. The following stages include the questionnaire survey, factor analysis and segmentation analysis.FindingsThe following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the study. First, the assets of a developing destination, recreation areas, attractive visitor facilities and obligatory additional services are rational. Second, the assets used for destination branding are based on their unique character. According to the analysis results, the Almaty region’s unique character is associated with natural resources. The direction of recreation in the Almaty region boils down to two components: cognitive tourism and sports tourism.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, given that external tourism faced significant constraints during the pandemic, we must acknowledge that a study of destination branding may be more appropriate before or after the pandemic. Second, the survey was conducted online in connection with the introduction of quarantine measures. Third, the assets of a developing destination were selected based on the results of the interviews. In future studies, including other attributes may allow the identification of new assets for branding.Practical implicationsThe practical destination branding model presented in the study has practical implications for destination authorities. Using the proposed model, assets of other destinations can be identified. In addition, the results of the analysis of the Almaty region as a developing destination will be effective for destination authorities in developing their tourism programs. Recreation areas, attractive tourism facilities and obligatory additional services can be used in destination branding.Social implicationsThis study drew on the experience of the population’s ambassador activity. The in-depth interview was obtained from the destination’s tourism informants, and the survey aimed to identify public opinion. The residents who participated in the interview and survey perform an ambassadorial function in strengthening the identified assets of the destination and implementing tourism programs. Accordingly, there is a growing sense of pride in being a resident of the destination.Originality/valueThe study has both theoretical and practical significance with the following results. First, it provides insights on enhancing public participation from the beginning of the destination branding process and respecting the continuation of its ambassadorial activities, provided that the identified destination assets are rational. Second, destination asset associations for developing destinations are presented. Third, the study creates a realistic picture of the Almaty region as a destination for visitors and destination authorities.

The Soils of Natural (In Situ) Coenopopulations of Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin in Kazakhstan

This article studies the morphological and physicochemical properties of soils in the natural habitat of dandelion kok-saghyz (Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin) (TKS)—a source of high-quality rubber. The purpose of the work is to study the natural soil habitat of dandelion TKS in comparison with the nearby area where TKS is absent. The methods of soil research are comparative, geographical, morphological, and analytical. Soil sections were laid down and georeferenced, and relief, vegetation, and morphological structures of soil profiles by genetic horizons were described. A database of the physical and chemical properties of soils by horizon was created. Landscapes and soil conditions of in situ populations have been studied in the Kegen District of the Almaty region in the territory of the Kegen River floodplain, in the areas of the Jalauly and Kegen villages, and in the zone of groundwater inclination north of Saryzhas village. The natural soil habitat of TKS was studied. It was found that TKS grows in conditions of moisture floodplains of intermountain valleys on saline floodplain meadowy soils of a sulfate–sodium composition with a high content of total humus and nutrient elements in an alkaline environment.

Post-conflict acute stress reactions in Kazakhstan in the aftermath of January 2022 unrests: A national survey

BackgroundIn January 2022 Kazakhstan experienced unprecedented nationwide protests that quickly turned to violent riots. Although the number of individuals affected physically by the disturbances were cited, the emotional toll of the events remains undetermined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative rates of acute stress reactions in Kazakhstan in the aftermath of the unrests. MethodsA cross-sectional, population-based online survey was conducted one month after the start of the disturbances. The study questionnaire were completed anonymously and included the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), as well as socio-demographic and event exposure information. ResultsOf the 7021 people who initially agreed to participate, 6510 were able to complete the full survey. For a cut-off of ≥3 on the PC-PTSD-5, 14.8 % of the study participants exhibited symptoms. With a cut-off of ≥4, this percentage reduced to 4.6 %. Participants from Almaty city and Almaty region who experienced the most extensive disturbances showed a doubled prevalence compared to the national level (30.0 % for a cut-off of ≥3, and 10.1 % for a cut-off of ≥4). At the national level, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms, defined as a score of ≥10 on the GAD-7, stood at 10.9 %. This prevalence decreased to 4.2 % when considering a cut-off of ≥15. ConclusionHealth authorities of riot-affected areas ought to be aware of the population level mental health impact of the civil conflict and consider provision of targeted interventions to mitigate the long-term consequence of these lifespan disorders, while also seeking for the peaceful resolution of the ensuing conflicts.

PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION OF KANDAS INTO KAZAKHSTANI SOCIETY BASED ON THE RESULTS OF FIELD RESEARCH

This article deals with the actual problem of integrating kandas into the Kazakh society. The authors set a goal to study the process of migration and adaptation of repatriates in Kazakhstan based on the theory of A. Ager and A. Strang, according to which there are 10 criteria for the success of integration. The findings of the study are based on the documentary and conceptual analyzes of the media and social networks. Documents and laws on migration were also analyzed in order to understand the practical implementation of the adopted regulations. In addition, field research was taken as the basis of the study - narrative-biographical interviews with repatriates in 3 regions of Kazakhstan: Almaty region, Esik; East Kazakhstan region, Shygys village; and North Kazakhstan region, Sergeevka village. These field studies were carried out in July-August 2023 under the project “Identification aspects of the kandas integration to Kazakhstani society” to study the degree of their integration into society and the features of their self-identification. Existing problems were revealed and tasks were set for solution in the foreseeable future.

On the jumping spider (Araneae, Salticidae) fauna of Almaty city (Republic of Kazakhstan)

Spider fauna of urban landscapes in some countries remains unexplored enough. Cities of Kazakhstan are not exceptions. Meanwhile, spiders are one of the important components of ecological communities. One of the most common and most numerous families in terms of species diversity is Salticidae — the jumping spiders. In this study we provide new records of some jumping spider species from Almaty city. In result, we spotted 10 species belonging to 9 genera of Salticidae family in total. Attulus fasciger (Simon, 1880) was recorded for the first time for Kazakhstan range and Almaty city in particular. The illustrations of general morphology and copulatory organs of A. fasciger are also provided. The results are expected to be used for further studies of the spider fauna of Almaty region, as well as to update cadastral materials on the region.

Studies of the pericarp of the walnut of milk ripeness growing in the Almaty region for use in the food industry

This article presents the results of a study of the pericarp of a milky walnut. The biоlоgiсаlly асtive substаncеs оf thе pеriсаrp were isоlаtеd by thе еxtrасtiоn mеthоd. Extraction was carried out on a semiautomatic Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol and water as a solvent. The objectives of this study were to identify the available phenolic compounds of the pericarp of a milky walnut by the extraction method, and in the future the resulting extract is planned to be used as a food additive to enrich the missing food elements. The optimal extraction modes were also identified, in which the most complete extraction of phenolic compounds is observed. As a result, it wаs fоund thаt thе grinding indеx оf thе wаlnut pеriсаrp directly affects the yield of phenolic compounds, and according to the results of the study, the pericarp, crushed to 300 μm, gave the maximum yield of phenolic compounds. The optimization results showed that when extracting with 90% ethanol, the extraction time was 150 minutes, while the yield of phenolic compounds was the highest, also when extracting with the extractant "ethanol + water" in a ratio of 80/20, the extraction time was 120 minutes, with this was the maximum yield of the extract. Walnut pericarp extract has been shown to have high antioxidant activity compared to synthetic antioxidants such as BHT, BHA and TBHQ.

Territorial branding of Almaty city and region in the formation of the tourist image of Kazakhstan

Territorial branding of Almaty city and region in the formation of the tourist image of Kazakhstan

Phylogeny and Flow Cytometry of the Genus Kalidium Moq. (Amaranthaceae s.l.) in Kazakhstan.

The article presents data on phylogeny, genome size, and ploidy of species of the genus Kalidium Moq. in the flora of Kazakhstan. Genus Kalidium belongs to the tribe Salicornieae of the subfamily Salicornioideae of the family Chenopodiaceae and unites eight species, the main range of which covers the Iranian-Turanian and Central Asian deserts. There are four species in the flora of Kazakhstan: K. foliatum, K. caspicum, K. schrenkianum, and the recently described K. juniperinum. Populations of species of the genus Kalidium in the saline deserts of Kazakhstan occupy large areas, often forming monodominant communities. Sometimes there is a joint growth of two and very rarely three species of the genus. During the period of fieldwork (2021-2022), populations were identified in which these species grew together with a predominance, in most cases, of K. caspicum. Samples of representatives from 15 populations were collected for research. Selected plant samples were studied by flow cytometry to determine plant ploidy. Sequencing of nrITS and two chloroplast fragments were used to build a phylogenetic tree, including sequences from the NCBI database., A phylogenetic tree of species of the genus Kalidium was compiled, which takes previously published data into consideration. In the valley of the middle reaches of the Syrdarya River, tetraploid populations of K. caspicum were found. A hybrid between K. foliatum and K. caspicum was found in the Ili River valley (Almaty region, Uigur district). To identify phylogenetic processes at the intraspecific level, the SCoT (Start codon targeted) fingerprinting method was used.

Impact of the use of biological preparations «Tumat» and «Bioecohum» on soil fertility and rice yield

The article presents the results of testing the biopreparations «Tumat» and «BioEkoHum» for fertility and productivity of rice-marsh soils of the Akdala irrigation array of the Balkhash district of the Almaty region. It was established that the fertility of the original soil according to the existing agrochemical gradations was characterized by an alkaline reaction of the environment, a very low supply of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, and the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen was average. The content of organic matter was at the level of 1.1 %. At the same time, fluctuations in agrochemical parameters in the experimental plots were significant. So, for organic matter, the extreme values were 0.7÷1.3 %, for easily hydrolysable nitrogen 36.4÷75.6 %, for phosphorus content - 8÷14 and potassium - 70÷160 mg/kg of soil.It was revealed that the introduction of «Tumat» into the soil + sowing with rice seeds treated by them had a positive effect on the stabilization of the humus state, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the tillering phase. Due to the change in the redox environment, the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen in this phase decreased in all variants of the experiment, since the dynamics of nitrogen content is determined by the transformation of nitrogen compounds and their consumption. In the next phases of rice development, bioameliorants contributed to an increase in effective fertility, positively influencing the content of mobile mineral forms of nitrogen. Apparently, these are very promising options in terms of maintaining soil fertility. For all variants of the experiment, there is a slight increase in the mobile form of phosphorus, and the content of exchangeable potassium decreased compared to their content in the tillering phase. As the obtained data on the biological yield showed, the largest increase was obtained in option 4 with the introduction of «Tumat» into the soil + planting of rice seeds untreated with this biomeliorant - 30.3 c/ha (36.1 %), when sowing the seeds treated with it, the increase was 30.6 %. An increase of 9 q/ha (25 %) and 7 q/ha (19.4 %) was obtained in the variants with planting seeds treated with «BioEcoHum», and planting them when it was introduced into the soil, respectively.

Assessment of the resource base of Rumex tianschanicus Losinsk. in the mountain regions of southeastern Kazakhstan

Inventory of stock economically valuable plant species is one of the urgent tasks in the regional cadastral assessing of plant resources. The results of this will be applied to conduct state monitoring and the flora cadastre in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Genus Rumex L. belongs to Polygonaceae Juss. family and represented by 27 species in the flora of Kazakhstan including 15 medicinal which used in folk and official medicine. For the first time undertaken a cadastre assessment of current ecological state of the flora and plant resources in Almaty region, the stocks of plant raw material of the valuable medicinal Rumex tianschanicus, have been identified and taken into account in 2021-2022 years on the 3 floristic territories (24. Dzhungarsky Alatau, 25. Zailiysky Kungei Alatau, 25a. Ketmen-Terskey Alatau) and 4 administrative (Eskeldinsky, Kegensky, Raiymbeksky, Uigursky) districts. The resource survey of the territories carried out by a route-reconnaissance method using generally accepted resource-study and geobotanical methods. On the surveyed territory the total operational reserve of air-dry underground part of Rumex tianschanicus was 169.5 tons on 113.3 hectares with a total volume of possible annual harvesting of 17.0 tons of air-dry plant raw materials. For commercial harvesting thickets were isolated ridges of Ketmen (Uigur district) and Terskey Alatau (Raiymbek district) which located within 25a floristic region in the southeast of the Almaty region.

Monitoring the distribution and development of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) disease in the southern and southeast regions of Kazakhstan

Apple (Malus domestica) is a very important fruit tree that is widely cultivated in different climatic regions of the world. Scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G.) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) are common fungal diseases in apple orchards. The harmful impact of these disease results in poor fruit size and quality, premature fruit fall, peeling, less fruit bud development in the next year's fruit buds. When the patho-gen is present under favorable environmental conditions, disease develops highly, and the crop losses of up to70 %. Phytosanitary monitoring for the spread and development of the scab and powdery mildew pathogen was carried out the main fruit tree-growing regions of Kazakhstan, namely, Almaty, Turkestan and Zhambyl regions apple-growing farms in 2022. Research was conducted on apple orchards on the territory of 14 ha in Almaty region, 288 ha in Turkestan region and 40 ha in Zhambyl region. We carried out a phytopathological assessment of fungal disease for folowing commercial varieties Starkgrimson, Zolotoy presvesov, Aydaret, Americanka, Samured, Gala, Fuji and Golden Delicious grown in these regions. According to the results of the study, there were no symptoms of powdery mildew in Almaty and Zhambyl regions. Furthermore, pow-dery mildew distribution was 18.05 % in the Aidaret, while its development was at a lower level of 3.06 % in the apple orchards where Tulkibas district of Turkestan region. Scab pathogen is present in all orchards of the studied regions. The pathogen Venturia inaequalis was spread at an average level with 23 -31 % in Starkgrim-son, Zolotoy presvesov and Aidaret varieties, while its development was at a low level with 1-2.84 % in the Almaty region. The disease distribution is with 30-37 % of orchards where Starcrimson, Golden Delicious and Red Delicious varieties are grown in the Zhambyl region. As well as the development of the disease was 2-4.12 %. In the Turkestan region, in Samured and Starkrimson varieties, scab ditribution was at a low levelwith 3-3.71 %, while the development of the disease was with 0.50-0.81 %. In Idared and Gala varieties, thedisease distribution in the range about 16-17 %, while the development developed at a lower level with 0.13-1.25 %. The Fuji was recognized as resistant variety to scab, for the reason of no disease symptoms.

Small and medium-sized businesses in agricultural sector on the example of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

In a market economy, tough competition, the urgent task is to ensure the effective functioning of the agro-industrial business, which creates a social and economic basis that allows to maintain a rural lifestyle, develop rural areas, responding flexibly and in a timely manner to changing supply and demand conditions. The goal is to study the current state of entrepreneurship in the agro-industrial complex of the Almaty region, the pace of development and the effectiveness of support measures. Methods – economic-statistical, monographic, abstract-logical, comparative analysis and synthesis. Results – analyzed the number of operating small and medium-sized agribusiness entities in this region over the past 5 years, the number of employees employed in this area, the gross agricultural output in the country, as well as in the context of districts. An analysis was made of the share of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in agricultural production in general in Kazakhstan and the Almaty region, in particular. The main problems and ways to solve them are outlined. The indicators of objects of entrepreneurial activity, the volume of output of goods in agricultural sector and their structure in the region according to statistical data for 2018-2022 are presented. Shows the amount of state financial assistance at the regional level in recent years. Conclusions – on the GDP of agricultural sector over a five-year period, on average, SME accounts for 28.5%, individual entrepreneurs 5.3%, PPF 66.2%. The issues of irrational use of agricultural land, expansion of irrigated areas, regulatory support for the effective use of allocated public funds, insufficient institutional support for rural entrepreneurs are considered.

To a phytochemical study of Kazakhstani species Fritillaria karelinii (Fisch. ex D. Don) Baker

Present article provides the results of a primary phytochemical analysis of Fritillaria karelinii (Fisch. ex D. Don) Baker (syn. Rhinopetalum karelinii Fisch. ex D. Don) from family Liliaceae Juss., collected from different fields of populations in the Almaty region. A comparative analysis of water-alcohol isolations allowed identifying three substances belonging to phenolic nature, and the quantitative contents of flavonoids (in the range of 0.7–1.03 % in terms of air dry matter) and some other biological active compounds (alkaloids, amino acids, organic acids). There is a correlation in the quantitative content of arginine (max) and methionine (min) out of 13 amino acids that were identified in bulbs of three studied samples. By accumulation of amino acids, the Ili plant sample shows quantitatively different from the other two, for example arginine, proline (0.475), leucine (0.372), lysine, valine, phenyl, threonine, and alanine (0.51–0.31) prevail, and methionine and histidine were less than 0.1 %. Valine, threonine and proline are contained in the range of 0.298–0.193 %, while lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, and serine are in the range of 0.175–0.161 % for a sample collected near Nurly village. The content of other identified amino acids was below 0.15 %.

Tourism Potential and the Assessment of Tourist Destinations as Basis for the Tourism Sustainable Development

Tourism has the potential to provide economic benefits, create employment opportunities, and promote cultural exchange between people from different regions and countries. The development of tourism in a particular destination depends on its tourism potential and the assessment of tourist destinations to ensure sustainable tourism development.The aim of the study is to assess the tourism potential of Kazakhstan as the basis for the development of sustainable tourism, focusing on the Almaty region, taking into account the development of the mountain cluster. During the research study initiated, we analyzed the statistical data of reports on the development of tourism in the resort areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also reviewed valuable scientific papers in the field of sustainable tourism development.

Kazakh ethnographic petroglyphs and an Arabic inscription in Eshkiolmes

An Arabic inscription most probably from the 19th century and some Kazakh ethnographic petroglyphs were found in the valley 5 in Eshkiolmes (Almaty region, Kazakhstan). The Arabic inscription consists of 12 characters and does not represent the person who wrote it, but is a description of the landscape or, possibly, the name of a toponym. This inscription is associated with a petroglyph of a zoomorph, raising the question of the relation between the inscription and the depicted animal. Moreover, this inscription, as well as numerous other inscriptions in Arabic in Kazakhstan, as well as in Kyrgyzstan, show that even shepherds could write before the Soviet Union again launched a campaign to eliminate illiteracy. For this reason, the alphabetization of Central Asia before the Soviet period should be questioned. This article also analyzes two other panels with Kazakh ethnographic engravings of this location in order to see the influence of earlier petroglyphs in the Kazakh ethnographic period.

HARMFUL PESTS AND BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS (WHEAT, SOY, CORN) IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ALMATY REGION

In a number of Programs for the development of the industry, outlined in the President's Messages (2017,2018, 2017-2021), it is indicated that one of the most important problems of agricultural production in our country is the transition to a new paradigm based on increasing its efficiency through the introduction of an ecosystem development path. This transition consists in the production of organic farming and the production of environmentally friendly products that are harmless to animals and the population. Therefore, the results of scientific research presented in this article on the development of agrotechnologies and the introduction of an ecologized set of protective measures against harmful organisms into production are an important foundation in solving the production of environmentally friendly (organic) products. This article presents the results of the application of biological protection against pests of agricultural crops. In the ecological aspect, the pesticide load on the cultivated area and the environment is reduced, compaction and soil pollution occur to a lesser extent, due to a reduction in the number of passes of equipment through the field. During the monitoring, harmful pests of agricultural crops (wheat, soy, corn) were encountered and biological protection was applied to them in the conditions of the Almaty region. During the growing season, during soil excavations and population counts, 11 species of pests were found on alfalfa, esparcet and soybeans, 7 on corn, 15 on wheat and barley, 8 on rapeseed and flax. The biological efficacy of drugs and entomophages against cotton scoops (Helicoverpa armigera Hb.) on corn crops showed high biological efficacy on the seventh day was 91.5-95.1%, and on the 14th day, due to the release of bioagents, the effectiveness was at the level of 77.6-82.1%. Against the spider mite on the 7th day of accounting, the biological effectiveness was 86.3–87.3%, due to the release of the entomophage chrysoglazka, the effectiveness was at the level of 81.2-81.5%.

A Study of the Genetic Structure of Hybrid Camels in Kazakhstan.

Camel farming is gaining scientific interest due to its unique agricultural characteristics. Camels are versatile for milk and meat production, wool, racing, transport, and tourism. To use their full potential, it is essential to improve our understanding of the genetic structure of these animals. One-humped and two-humped camels have received detailed genetic descriptions, while there is no such information for their hybrids, which outperform their parent species in several agricultural characteristics. Thus, in this study, for the first time, the whole genome sequencing data (WGS) of five hybrid camels bred in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan are presented in comparison with the WGS data of one-humped, two-humped, and wild camels. A total of 43,552,164 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found across the studied groups. Further comparison of these SNPs showed the following number of private SNPs among the populations: hybrid camels (3,271,083), wild camels (2,515,591), Bactrians (1,244,694), and dromedaries (531,224). The genetic structure of the studied animals was described, and a phylogenetic tree was built to assess their genetic distance. It was found that the studied hybrids are genetically closer to dromedaries since they were on the close branch of the phylogenetic tree.