Chives Research Articles

Genetic Control of Temperature‐Sensitivity of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

AbstractIn earlier experiments with chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) temperature‐sensitive and temperature‐insensitive cms plants could be selected.To obtain information about the site and nature of the genetic factor(s) responsible for the temperature sensitivity of the cms, temperature‐insensitive and temperauire‐sensitive cms plants were crossed with maintainers as well as with one another. In the progenies each genotype was cloned into two clone members, and these were examined concerning their male sterility under normal (20 °C/14 °C, day/night) as well as under constantly high temperatures (24 °C/ 24 °C).The results indicate that the temperature‐sensitivity of the cms is controlled by a dominant nuclear gene “T”. This acts like a restorer gene at high temperatures and is ineffective at normal temperatures. Accordingly, important conclusions can be drawn with regard to the selection of temperature‐insensitive cms‐lines as well as to the propagation of the cmi‐lines.The results are discussed in connection with the mitochondrial polypeptides probably responsible for the formation of the cms.

Influence of Tetracycline on the Expression of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

AbstractTo influence the expression of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms), different clone members of male sterile genotypes of chives were treated with different chemicals, especially antibiotics which are known to act as protein synthesis inhibitors. A remarkable number of male sterile plants turned to partial or full male fertility after the treatment with tetracycline HCl and tetracycline base. Pollen grains produced by tetracycline on male sterile plants were viable and able to fertilize the egg cells. By using the perennial nature of Allium schoenoprasum L. it could be shown that the fertility induced on male sterile plants by tetracycline is reversible. This could be of practical importance for the multiplication of male sterile parents in hybrid breeding. None of the chemicals had any effect on the fertility of male fertile plants. Differences in reaction indicated that genetic differences exist between male sterile plants responding to tetracycline and those which do not.The results are discussed in view of the influence of tetracycline on the mitochondrial protein biosynthesis.

Phonons and free carriers in group IVB transition-metal dichalcogenides

The electronic and vibrational properties of group IVB transition-metal dichalcogenides are investigated by near-normal-incidence reflectivity measurements. The experimental spectra are discussed in terms of a dielectric function expressed as epsilon ( omega )=1+ chi VE+ chi PH+ chi FC, where chi VE represents the contribution from the valence electrons, chi PH the phonon and chi FC the free-carrier susceptibility. The free carriers are interpreted using a single-carrier Drude term with the spectroscopic parameters omega p (plasma frequency) and omega tau (collision frequency). The basic properties of the lattice vibrations are discussed. From the measured phonon parameters, values for the Born effective charges and for the Szigeti charges are deduced. The results indicate that the sulphides are more ionic than the selenides and that the ionicity increases in the sequence Ti to Zr to Hf.

Volatile Flavor Components of Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

ABSTRACTUsing well‐established techniques, a sample was obtained of the steam volatile oil of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.). A total of 30 components were identified and the neutral oil contained mainly sulfur compounds (16.8%). The most important constituents are dipropyl disulfide, methyl pentyl disulfide, pentyl hydrodisulfide and (cis and trans) 3,5‐diethyl‐1,2,4‐trithiolane. Methyl pentyl disulfide and pentyl hydrodisulfide have not been described previously.

Two sulfur constituents from allium schoenoprasum

Two kinds of disulfide has been isolated from Allium schoenoprasum and their structures established as methyl pentyl disulfide and pentyl hydrodisulfide by spectroscopic and synthetic methods. These compounds, which smell like sweet onions, are important aroma constituents.

Teaching meiosls with chives

Teaching meiosls with chives

Loss of DNA and euchromatin in senescing leaf cells of Allium

The leaves of the chive, Allium schoenoprasum, have an average life-span of 53 days, then they fade from top to bottom, in the same sequence as cells originated. Starting during the adult phase, the amount of DNA per nucleus decreases significantly. Nuclei of senescent cells exhibit about 15% less DNA than nuclei of juvenile cells. Electron-microscopic investigations have shown that the diffuse chromatin is lost from the nuclei, followed by shrinkage of the space left. Quantitation was achieved by measurement of the percentage of condensed chromatin per nucleus. Senescence starts in different tissues, and in individual cells of a tissue, asynchronously. Chloroplasts undergo structural changes after initiation of aging in the nuclei. The short life-span, in spite of a relatively high DNA content (11.8 pg), is suggestive of a programmed senescence in Allium leaves.

The B-chromosome system of Allium schoenoprasum

Nine morphologically distinct euchromatic B-chromosomes have been identified in Allium schoenoprasum from the River Wye, South Wales. The most common type (89%) is telocentric (Bt−1) and it is likely that the non-standard Bs are derivatives of Bt−1 by deletion, centric shift and/or centric misdivision. New B-types have also been produced from standard Bs in controlled crosses. In general, the Bs are mitotically extremely stable, although occasional plants, particularly those carrying non-standard Bs, are conspicuously variable in their B-constitution between root-tip cells. In addition, B-chromosome number is enhanced in some anthers of about one third of plants. Behaviour of B-chromosomes during meiosis is described. Although there is little bivalent formation, less than 5% of the Bs are lost during meiosis in anthers. There is, however, no evidence of B-chromosome accumulation in the offspring of controlled crosses, usually a slight loss, and Bs have deleterious effects on aspects of vigour and fertility. Thus, no satisfactory explanation for populations with up to 65% B-containing individuals has yet been found.

Multiplicity of ribosomal RNA genes in five species of the Liliaceae

Abstract The percentages of DNA complementary to ribosomal RNA in five species of the Liliaceae family was determined by rRNA/DNA hybridization experiments. The rDNA percentages are appreciably lower in Scilla campanulata (0.050%), Scilla sibirica (0.060%) and Bellevalia webbiana (0.076%), species with higher DNA per 2C nucleus content, than in Allium schoenoprasum (0.106%) and Leopoldia comosa (0.148%), species with lower DNA per 2C nucleus content. A comparison is made with other results on the same subject.

Influence of the environment on growth and development of chives ( Allium schoenoprasum L.). II. Breaking of the rest period and forcing

Successful forcing of chives is supported by a preceding rest period. This promotes the translocation of assimilates from the leaves to the bulbs and especially to the roots. Furthermore the old leaves die at the beginning of the rest period, and after this period new undamaged leaves will develop. For early forcing, the rest period has to be broken. This can be achieved by a cold- or, more successfully, by a hot-temperature treatment. The heat treatment may be given by hot water (8–16 hours, starting at 40°C and then gradually cooling) or by hot air (33–36°C for 2–3 days) at an air humidity of about 80%. Plants without, or with only a partial, rest period (mostly end of September, beginning of October) are more susceptible to heat damage than plants in full rest (middle of October–November). Forcing-temperatures of 22–24°C gave the highest growth rates. If lower temperatures are given, a rest induction should be avoided by long-day conditions.

Chloroplast Phosphofructokinase

Ammonium sulfate fractionation of an extract from the leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) produced two fractions of phosphofructokinase activity, the first stimulated by inorganic phosphate and the second inhibited by inorganic phosphate. Only the second fraction was obtained from similar treatment of an extract of isolated spinach chloroplasts. The two fractions differed distinctly with respect to kinetics for the substrate fructose 6-phosphate. Evidence for these two types of phosphofructokinase was also obtained with extracts from the leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.), and the glumes of oat (Avena sativa L.), but not from chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) leaves, pea cotyledons, or pea roots. It was concluded that most leaves contain phosphofructokinase activity in chloroplasts as well as in the cytoplasm. Spinach chloroplast phosphofructokinase activity, which was at least 2.5 mumoles fructose 1,6-bisphosphate formed per mg chlorophyll per hour, did not result from contamination by cytoplasm or by other cellular organelles, and was not detected until after chloroplasts were broken.

Influence of the environment on growth and development of chives ( Allium schoenoprasum L.). I. Induction of the rest period

The effect of environmental factors on the activity of chive plants has been investigated in model experiments in growth chambers, greenhouses and in the field. The rest period of chives was induced in medium temperatures by short days. The critical day-length was about 14 h, the critical photoperiodically active light intensity about 50 lx. Light intensity in the range of 4–8 klx during the basic light period has no clear influence on the induction of the rest period, but darkness prevents it. The active temperature for the induction of the rest period ranged from over 6 to below 20° C with an optimum at 14° C. Low temperature (below 6° C) preserved, or even promoted, activity of the plants. Changing day/night temperatures act approximately like the constant mean of the day and night temperatures. The action was slightly promoted by a very high amplitude within the range 6–22° C. The necessary duration of the induction period ranged from 4 weeks for a partial, to 8 weeks for a full induction of the rest period. The induction was retarded by dryness. The inductive conditions worked out in the growth chambers agree well with those prevailing in the field during the induction period. For early leaf production in autumn, chives can be kept active by a long day or by storage at low temperature, provided that necroses at the tops of the cuts of the old leaves do not lead to objections at the market. For production of undamaged, newly grown leaves the induction of the rest period is necessary.

ユリ科植物成分の研究(第5報)脂肪族化合物成分の簡単な分析法

Aliphatic compounds were fractionated from a few fresh plants by anion-exchange resin column chromatography, using nonaqueous media, and qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The plants examined were leaves of Allium schoenoprasum L., Hosta undlata B., Ophiopogon japonicus K., and Hemerocallis fulva L., and stems of Scilla japonica B. All of them were found to contain aldehydes, mainly octacosanal, triacontanal, and dotriacontanal. By this method, fatty acid methyl esters were found in the stems of Scilla japonica B. and the leaves of Hosta undlata B.Allium schoenoprasum L. contained 16-hentriacontanone in the leaves.

Nucleolar-organiser polymorphism in natural populations of Allium schoenopmsum

Allium schoenoprasum, 2n=16, has a single pair of highly acrocentric chromosomes which always have nucleolar-organiser regions on the short arms. In some British populations one or both homologues of submetacentric chromosome 7 may also carry a nucleolar-organiser region terminal on the long arm. These supernumerary satellites are simply inherited. Of the 13 populations examined, six were polymorphic for chromosome 7s. The frequency of chromosome 7s ranges from 0.130 to 0.825 and the distribution of the three karyotypes in all these populations corresponds to a HardyWeinberg equilibrium.

Distribution of Chromosome Numbers in a Progeny of Triploid Allium Schoenoprasum

A CROSS between a tetraploid giant form of Allium Schoenoprasum, L. (2n = 32) and common diploid chive (2n = 16) gave a triploid F1 (2n = 24). These F1 plants were all completely self-sterile ; but in free flowering a rather large number of seeds was obtained which gave rise to an F2 generation of about 700 plants. These were derived from crosses within the triploid material; some of them may possibly have been the result of back-crossings with diploid types of chive flowering in the vicinity.

Stir and Chive

Stir and Chive