Meristematic Cells Of Allium Cepa Research Articles

Genotoxic effects induced by iprodione and tebuconazole in meristematic cells of Allium cepa: responses dependent on concentration and exposure time.

The present work explores the genotoxicity of the fungicides iprodione (IP) and tebuconazole (TB) using the Allium cepa assay as an in vivo biological model. Both short-term and long-term exposures were studied, revealing concentration- and time-dependent cytological and genotoxic effects. IP exhibited genotoxicity over a wider concentration range (5-50µg/ml) and required 30h of exposure, while TB showed genotoxicity at higher concentrations (10 and 30µg/ml) within a 4-h exposure period. The study highlights the importance of assessing potential risks associated with fungicide exposure, including handling, disposal practices, and concerns regarding food residue. Moreover, the research underscores the genotoxic effects of IP and TB on plant cells and provides valuable insights into their concentration and time-response patterns.

Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by the Extract of Terminalia catappa Fruit Pericarp and Its Multifaceted Applications.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were biosynthesized by using the pericarp aqueous extract from Terminalia catappa Linn. These NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and XRD studies of the nanoparticles reported mean size as 12.58 nm nanocrystals with highest purity. Further SEM analysis emphasized the nanoparticles to be spherical in shape. The functional groups responsible for capping and stabilizing the NPs were identified with FTIR studies. DLS studies of the synthesized NPs reported ζ potential as -10.1 mV and exhibited stable colloidal solution. These characterized ZnO-NPs were evaluated for various biological applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, genotoxic, biocompatibility, and larvicidal studies. To explore its multidimensional application in the field of medicine. NPs reported a potential antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 200 μg/mL against bacterial strains in the decreasing order of Streptococcus pyogenes > Streptococcus aureus > Streptococcus typhi > Streptococcus aeruginosa and against the fungi Candida albicans. In vitro studies of RBC hemolysis with varying concentrations of NPs confirm their biocompatibility with IC50 value of 211.4 μg/mL. The synthesized NPs' DPPH free radical scavenging activity was examined to extend their antioxidant applications. The antiproliferation and genetic toxicity were studied with meristematic cells of Allium cepa reported with mitotic index (MI index) of 1.2% at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL. NPs exhibited excellent Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae with the highest mortality rate as 98% at 4 mg/L. Our findings elicit the therapeutic potentials of the synthesized zinc oxide NPs.

Determination of Mitotic Index and Evaluation of Cytogenotoxicity of Oxyfluorfen Using Allium Cepa Root Tip Meristematic Cells

The present study aimed to investigate Oxyfluorfen induced cytogenotoxicity employing Allium cepa meristematic cells as test models. The root length inhibition was determined exposing the meristematic cells to eleven Oxyfluorfen concentrations such as 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9ppm and 1ppm against controls and the inhibition was statistically (p<0.05) significant at 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1ppm and insignificant for the rest. The root length was drastically reduced at 0.3ppm and complete at 1ppm. The significant change in cell shape and structure was observed at 0.4 & 0.5ppm when compared to 0.01 & 0.1ppm. The mitotic index was calculated considering interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase as cell cycle stages out of one thousand cells. The per cent mitotic index of 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4ppm and 0.5ppm concentrations was found to be 49, 32.8, 29.4, 0, 32.8 and 51.4 respectively and this result significantly correlates with root length inhibition studies. Cell cycle check points will block or delay the progression of mitosis due to pesticide interference with mitotic phase duration, making some phases more frequent than others. Therefore, it is established that Oxyfluorfen is cytogenotoxic to Allium cepa meristematic cells and this technique is very convenient to assess how toxic substances bring abnormality at cell and organelles level.

Reduction of the environmental impact of wastewater from the pretreatment of biodiesel production: A hybrid proposal for decontamination via photo-electro-Fenton/Fered/O3

Complex wastewater is generated during biodiesel production. We propose a new solution for the treatment of wastewater from enzymatic pretreatment of biodiesel production (WEPBP) by using a hybrid system based on the photo-Fered-Fenton process with O3 assistance (PEF-Fered-O3). We applied response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the suitable conditions for the PEF-Fered-O3 process: a current intensity of 3 A, an initial solution pH controlled at 6.4, an initial H2O2 concentration of 12,000 mg L−1, and an O3 concentration of 50 mg L−1. We performed three new experiments under similar conditions with slight changes to the conditions, namely a longer reaction time (120 min) and single or periodic H2O2 addition (i.e., small H2O2 additions at different reaction times). Periodic H2O2 addition provided the best removal results probably by reducing the occurrence of undesired side reactions that cause hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging. With the application of the hybrid system, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) decreased by 91% and 75%, respectively. We also evaluated the presence of metals such as iron, copper, and calcium; electric conductivity; and voltage at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. We submitted raw and treated WEPBP sludge samples to X-ray diffraction to study the degree of crystallinity. There was a rearrangement of the compounds present in treated WEPBP, possibly caused by oxidation of a large fraction of organic matter. Finally, we evaluated the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of WEPBP by using Allium cepa meristematic root cells. Treated WEPBP was less toxic to these cells, denoted by improvements in gene regulation and cell morphology. Given the current scenario for the biodiesel industry, applying the proposed hybrid PEF-Fered-O3 system at suitable conditions provides an efficient alternative to treat a complex matrix, namely WEPBP, to reduce its potential to cause abnormalities in the cells of living organisms. Thus, the negative impacts of the discharge of WEPBP in the environment might be reduced.

Antimitotic and genotoxic effect of methanolic extracts of leaves of Peganum harmala L. on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa L.

Medicinal plants are an inexhaustible source of molecules with several biological activities. The main objective of this research was the evaluation of the antimitotic and genotoxic effect by the Allium cepa test of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Peganum harmala, a spontaneous plant from the arid zones of Algeria (Timzerth, Laghouat). Different concentrations (1, 4, 10, and 16 mg∙mL-1) of the extract, as well as two standards (colchicine and quercetin) at 1 mg∙mL-1 concentration were tested. Mitotic index (MI), limit value for cytotoxicity (LVC), phase index (PI), and aberration indexes (AI) were calculated, and different aberrations were identified in treated meristematic onion cells. Statistical analyses by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test were performed. The results confirmed our previous findings that the methanolic extract has an anti-mitotic effect similar to that of the standards. The increase in extract concentrations was accompanied by a decrease in the various indexes calculated. The extracts blocked mitosis in prophase which was predominantly present, and caused increase in abnormalities, represented by dominant rates of agglutinations, chromosomal fragmentations and binuclear cells. confirmed that the effect was independent of concentrations, though to varying degrees.

Cytogenotoxic, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activity from biomass extracts of the freshwater algae Nitella furcata

ABSTRACT Agroecology, the application of ecological concepts to agricultural production, has been developing over the last years with consequent promotion for discovery of bioactive compounds to control pests and abolish crop diseases. In this context, algae from Nitella genus are characterized by high potential for bioeconomic applications due to (1) available biomass for harvesting or cultivation and (2) production of allelochemicals, which present a potential to protect field crops from insect infestation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine primary and secondary metabolites derived from aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Nitella furcata and to evaluate phytotoxic, cytogenotoxic, insecticidal, and pro-oxidative activities of these extracts. Determination of metabolites showed the presence predominantly of carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, and flavonoids in hydroethanolic extract. Both extracts of N. furcata interfered in the germination of seeds and development of seedlings of Lactuca sativa, with hydroethanolic extract exhibiting greater inhibition. Both extracts also interfered with meristematic cells of Allium cepa as evidenced by chromosomal alterations and higher pro-oxidative activity. Aqueous extract at 5 and 0 mg/ml produced 100% insect mortality. Further, hydroethanolic extract at 0 mg/ml was lethal immediately upon exposure. Therefore, results demonstrate that N. furcata is potential algae species to be considered for development of environmental and ecotoxicological studies as a source of compounds with potential use in agroecological strategies.

Cytogenetic Effects of Radiation from Projector on Meristematic Cells of Allium Cepa (Onions) Root

The objective of this study is to evaluate the cytogenetic consequences of exposing root tips of Allium cepa (onion) to varying distances and durations of radiation from the projector and treatment with sodium azide and distilled water using standard methods. The sodium azide and distilled water served as positive and negative controls respectively. Results obtained in this study revealed that radiations from the projector induced eleven chromosomal aberrations which included; binucleate cells, sticky chromosomes, vacuolated cells, star metaphase, bride chromosome, vagrant chromosome, faculty polarity, C-mitosis, spindle fibre disturbance, ghost cells, and fragmented chromosomes. This suggests that radiation from the projector poses danger to genetic systems. The higher mitotic index of irradiated onion root tip cells compared to negative control groups indicates that radiation from the projector exhibited a promontory effect on cell division. The findings in this study revealed that exposing cells to radiation beyond 20cm from projector reduced its potencies to induce aberrations as well as distortion of mitotic cell division cycles irrespective of the duration of exposure. This suggests that the genotoxic effects of radiations from a projector depend more on distance than the duration of exposure.

Cytogenotoxicity of the aqueous extract of Parquetina nigrescens leaf using Allium cepa assay.

Parquetina nigrescens has been used for decades in ethnomedicine for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and aphrodisiac properties. In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of aqueous crude leaf extracts of P. nigrescens on the root meristematic cells of Allium cepa was examined. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the plant extract were also identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract was prepared with tap water as is locally practised by many Nigerians. Onion bulbs were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50% concentrations of the extract for the analysis of root growth inhibition and chromosomal aberration. Lead nitrate (10ppm) and tap water were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. The result showed cytotoxicity which was observed as statistically significant (p <p0.05), concentration-dependent inhibition of root growth from 5 to 50% concentrations of the plant extract compared with the negative control. At 10 and 20% concentrations, the extract showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) genotoxicity by inducing different chromosomal aberrations such as fragments, disturbed spindle, delayed, and sticky chromosomes. The GC-MS analysis identified 14 VOCs of which 1, 2-benzenediol, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were believed to be responsible for the observed cytogenotoxicity. These results show that the aqueous crude leaf extracts of P. nigrescens at high concentrations are cytogenotoxic and therefore should be consumed with caution.

Antimitotic and genotoxic effect on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. of the alkaloid and flavonoid fractions of the leaves of Peganum harmala L. from the Laghouat region, Algeria.

Antimitotic and genotoxic effect on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. of the alkaloid and flavonoid fractions of the leaves of Peganum harmala L. from the Laghouat region, Algeria.

Detection and characterization of refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in biomethanated distillery effluent and their phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus aureus L. and Allium cepa L.

The color effluent discharged by alcohol distilleries comprises very high pollution loads due to the plethora of refractory chemicals even after anaerobic treatment and causing adverse effects to the environment. The present study aimed to examine the phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potential of the identified refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in bio-methanated distillery effluent (BMDE). Physico-chemical analyses revealed that BMDE retains high BOD, COD, TDS along with heavy metals like Fe (572.64 mg L−1), Mn (4.269 mg L−1), Cd (1.631 mg L−1), Zn (2.547 mg L−1), Pb (1.262 mg L−1), (Cr 1.257 mg L−1), and Ni (0.781 mg L−1) beyond the permissible limits for effluent discharge. GC-MS analysis revelaed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, TMS ester; octadecanoic acid, TMS ester; 2,3 bis[(TMS)oxy]propyl ester; stigmasterol TMS ether; β–sitosterol TMS ester; hexacosanoic acid; and tetradecanoic acid, TMS ester as major refractory organic pollutants, which are listed as potential endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) as per USEPA. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assessment with Phaseolus aureus L. showed the toxic nature of BMDE as it inhibited various seedling growth parameters, seed germination, and suppression of α-amylase activity in seed germination experiment. Moreover, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of the discharged BMDE evidenced in root-tip meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. where chromosomal aberration such as disturbed metaphase, c-mitosis, laggard chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, prolonged prophase, polyploid cells, and apoptotic bodies etc. were observed. Thus, this study's results suggested that BMDE discharged without adequate treatment poses potential risk to environment and may cause a variety of serious health threats in living beings upon exposure.

Genotoxic effects and molecular docking of 1,4-dioxane: combined protective effects of trans-resveratrol.

In this study, the protective effects of trans-resveratrol (t-resv) against 1,4-dioxane-induced toxicity in meristematic cells were investigated. For this purpose, Allium test was used and the alterations in all experimental groups were examined by using physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters. In order to elucidate the toxicity mechanism, interactions of 1,4-dioxane and intracellular antioxidant molecules were investigated by molecular docking. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that 1,4-dioxane causes serious abnormalities in Allium cepa meristematic cells. In 1,4-dioxane-treated group, germination percentage was regressed 1.6 times, root length was reduced 12.7 times, and weight gain was decreased 7.7 times compared to control group. T-resv administration with 1,4-dioxane resulted in an improvement in physiological parameters and reduced the relative injury rate from 0.4 to 0.16. Mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal abnormality (CAs) frequencies were investigated as cytogenetic parameters. 1,4-Dioxane decreased MI index, and increased CAs and MN frequency. In addition, it was determined by the comet test that 1,4-dioxane caused deterioration in DNA integrity. T-resv treatment was found to cause a dose-dependent improvement in genotoxic effects. Changes in the antioxidant system in all experimental groups were determined by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. 1,4-Dioxane caused alterations in all tested parameters, causing deterioration in the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the cell. A 200-mg/L t-resv+1,4-dioxane treatment caused a 1.9-fold decrease in MDA level which is indicator of lipid peroxidation compared to only 1,4-dioxane-treated group. The mechanism of the disruption in antioxidant/oxidant dynamics and genetic integrity was elucidated by molecular docking analysis of 1,4-dioxane with antioxidant molecules and DNA. In 1,4-dioxane treatment group, anatomical changes such as cell deformation, flattened cell nucleus, and thickening of cortex cell wall were observed. The frequency of these changes decreased with t-resv administration. As a result, it was determined that 1,4-dioxane caused a versatile toxicity in A. cepa meristematic cells, while t-resv was found to have a dose-dependent protective feature against 1,4-dioxane-induced toxicity.

Effect of Phaulopsis falcisepala (Acanthaceae) Leaves and Stems on Mitotic Arrest and Induction of Chromosomal Changes in Meristematic Cells of Allium Cepa

Phaulopsis falcisepala is an herb found in the forest zone of West Africa. It is applied ethnomedicinally for treating wounds and cancer. This study investigated the chemical constituents, cytotoxicity, and antimitotic activity of P. falcisepala leaves and stems. Chemical constituents were evaluated using phytochemical methods. Cytotoxicity was investigated using brine shrimp lethality and Allium cepa root growth inhibition assays. Antimitotic activity and induction of chromosomal aberrations were assessed by cytological examination of treated A. cepa meristematic cells. Chemical investigation revealed the presence of diverse bioactive chemical groups, including alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins in various extracts of the leaves and stems of P. falcisepala. Aqueous and methanol extracts contained copious amounts of the phytochemicals while ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts contained moderate to trace amounts. The extracts demonstrated toxicity against brine shrimps, with LC50 values in the range 13.1–52.2 µg/mL. The extracts significantly inhibited A. cepa root growth, with IC50 values in the range 63.91–87.4 µg/mL and 45.34– 81.15µg/mL for 24 and 48 h treatments. The extracts (IC50 values in the range 46.2–94.23 µg/mL and 30.79–75.81 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h treatments) produced significant antimitotic effect comparable to or greater than that of methotrexate (IC50 value >125 µg/mL). Cytological examinations revealed that the extracts induced mitotic arrest and chromosomal changes. This study reports for the first time the phytoconstituents and cytotoxic activity of P. falcisepala supporting its ethnomedicinal use and could serve as the basis for further pharmacological studies and isolation of bioactive principles.

Cytogenotoxicity and protective effect of piperine and capsaicin on meristematic cells of Allium cepa L.

Piperine and capsaicin are important molecules with biological and pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the cytogenotoxic and protective effect of piperine and capsaicin on Allium cepa cells. A. cepa roots were exposed to negative (2% Dimethylsulfoxide) and positive (Methylmethanesulfonate, MMS, 10 µg/mL) controls, and four concentrations (25-200 µM) of piperine or capsaicin (alone) or associated before, simultaneously or after with the MMS. Only the lowest concentration of piperine (25 µM) showed a protective effect because it was not genotoxic. Piperine and capsaicin were cytotoxic (50, 100 and 200 µM). Piperine (50 to 200 µM) caused a significant increase in the total average of chromosomal alterations of in A. cepa cells. For capsaicin, the genotoxic effect was dose-dependent with a significant increase for all concentrations, highlighting the significant presence of micronuclei and nuclear buds for the two isolates. In general, bioactive compounds reduced the total average of chromosomal alterations against damage caused by MMS, mainly micronuclei and/or nuclear buds. Therefore, the two molecules were cytotoxic and genotoxic at the highest concentrations, and did not have cytoprotective action, and the lowest concentration of piperine demonstrated important chemopreventive activity.

Water assessment of the Itapemirim River/Espírito Santo (Brazil): abiotic and toxicogenetic aspects.

The Itapemirim River is considered one of the most important water resources in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. However, environmental problems due to continuous anthropogenic contamination are threatening its potential use. This study assessed water quality by analyzing abiotic and toxicogenetic aspects of the water from four stations along the river. Samples were collected in both dry and rainy seasons. Most of the abiotic variables were below the threshold established by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005, and so were most of the metals. However, Al and Cu contents were above those allowed by legislation, ranging from 0.2 to 0.9mg/L. Regarding toxicogenetic aspects, genotoxic effects were observed in meristematic cells of Allium cepa, in micronucleus test and comet assay of Oreochromis niloticus, and CHO-K1 cells. Mutagenic effects were significant at RI 02 (0.34), RI 03 (0.46), and RI 04 (0.12) stations on the first campaign in A. cepa F1 cells, compared to the negative control (0.0). The second campaign revealed the same results, but with the addition of samples from RI 01 (0.17) and RI 03 (0.18) showing mutagenicity in the micronucleus test with fish erythrocytes when compared to the negative control (0.3). Essentially, all the samples evaluated in both campaigns showed damage in A. cepa, O. niloticus, and CHO-K1 cells, thus demonstrating that the water quality of the Itapemirim River is compromised and requires action plans for its recovery.

Multiple toxic effects of tetraconazole in Allium cepa L. meristematic cells.

The application of pesticides to get more agricultural products is increasing day by day. The use of a huge amount of pesticides raises public concerns about safety. Tetraconazole is a widely used and successful fungicide. Possible toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of different doses of tetraconazole (1.00mg/L, 5.00mg/L, and 10.00mg/L) were evaluated on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. root tips by means of physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters. EC50 value for tetraconazole in terms of growth inhibition was calculated as 6.7mg/L. Increasing doses of tetraconazole resulted in reduced germination ratio, root length, and weight gain. Total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content were increased as a result of oxidative stress. As an evidence of genotoxicity, mitotic index (MI) level decreased, while scores for micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) rose. In addition, various meristematic cell damages were detected in root tips of tetraconazole applied bulbs. As a result, the multiple toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of tetraconazole fungicide were demonstrated through a wide range of parameters on A. cepa, which was found to be a versatile tool for testing hazardous pesticides.

Synthesis, antimicrobial, and mitotic toxicity evaluation of new 6‐substituted 2‐(benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolin‐5(6H)‐yl)acetic acids

AbstractA series of novel 6‐substituted 2‐(benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolin‐5(6H)‐yl)acetic acids were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, 19F NMR, 1H‐1H‐COSY, 1H‐13C‐HSQC, NOESY, LC‐MS, IR, and elemental analysis. The mitotic toxicity of the synthesized compounds was determined according to the Allium test procedure. The 2‐(6‐(pentafluorophenyl)benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolin‐5(6H)‐yl)acetic acid inhibited mitotic spindle formation, which resulted in significant cytotoxic effect for meristematic cells of Allium cepa l. roots. In a preliminary antimicrobial evaluation, only Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans were slightly susceptible to some of the synthesized compounds.

Chromosomal Abnormalities in Allium cepa Induced by Treated Textile Effluents: Spatial and Temporal Variations.

Appropriate effluent treatment processes are expected to significantly reduce the toxicity of effluents before they are released to the natural environment. The present study was aimed to assess the spatial and temporal variations of the physical and chemical water quality parameters of a natural water body receiving treated textile effluents and to assess the chromosomal abnormalities induced by the treated textile effluents. Four sampling sites (A: effluent discharge point; B: 100 m downstream from site A along the tributary; C: 200 m downstream from site A along the tributary; D: 100 m upstream from site A along the tributary) were selected associated to a tributary that received treated textile effluent. The physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured in the composite water samples collected from the study sites, and Allium cepa bioassay was conducted using aged tap water as the control. Sampling was conducted in both rainy and dry seasons. The conductivity, TDS, COD, and colour intensity of the water samples collected from the study sites were significantly higher during the dry season compared to those in the rainy season. Allium cepa root meristematic cells exposed to water samples from sites A, B, and C showed a significantly high interphase and prophase indices compared to those exposed to aged tap water and upstream site during both rainy and dry seasons. The mitotic index of the root tip cells of Allium cepa bulbs exposed to the water samples collected from the effluent discharge point (site A) and from the 100 m downstream site from site A (site B) was significantly lower than that of the other sites in both rainy and dry seasons. However, the mitotic index of the root tip cells of Allium cepa bulbs exposed to the water samples from the upstream site was not significantly different from that of the control treatment during both sampling seasons. The bioassay indicated that the mitotic index and phase index of the root meristematic cells of Allium cepa can be affected by the treated textile effluents released to the water body and the occurrence of C metaphase, chromosomal adherence, bridges, disturbed anaphase, vagrant chromosomes, and chromosomal breaks indicated that the treated textile effluent receiving tributary can possibly contain genotoxic and mutagenic compounds which can induce chromosomal abnormalities.

Genotoxic effect of two commonly used food dyes metanil yellow and carmoisine using Allium cepa L. as indicator

Food dyes are important component of food in this fast life. Metanil yellow and carmoisine are two azo dyes which are being used at an alarming rate for increasing visual appearance and consumer validity of food. There is a lot of controversy regarding the genotoxicity of these two dyes. In the present study genotoxicity of two food dyes metanil yellow and carmoisine was evaluated using Allium cepa as indicator. The effect of these two azo dyes was determined at concentration of 0.25 %, 0.50 %, 0.75 % and 1.0 % for 24 h and 48 h of exposure period using root meristematic cells of Allium cepa. Some genotoxicity parameters like mitotic indices and chromosomal aberrations were studied. It was found that both metanil yellow and carmoisine caused a significant reduction in mitotic index and also produce different kinds of chromosomal aberrations mostly at higher concentration and longer exposure period. The different kinds of aberrations that were observed in meristematic cells after treatment with both metanil yellow and carmoisine are disorientation at metaphase, metaphase stickiness, anaphase stickiness, anaphase bridge, c-mitosis and chromosome breaks. The genotoxicity of carmoisine was found very high as compared to metanil yellow at all concentrations and exposure periods. Thus it was concluded from the present study that carmoisine and metanil yellow have genotoxic activities and should be taken in very control and limited doses.

Some observations on the genotoxicity of the yellow food dye in Allium cepa meristematic cells

Some observations on the genotoxicity of the yellow food dye in Allium cepa meristematic cells

Usage of the cyto-genetics and cytology to identify the action mechanisms of two bio-fertilizers on Allium cepa meristematic cells

BackgroundBio-fertilizers as a safe alternative to the synthetic fertilizers come to the front in the agriculture requirements as they provide the planted crops with their nutrients to ensure high quality and productivity. Many of them must be screened and examined to configure their effect on the plants.ResultsThis study was designed to evaluate two promising bio-fertilizers: Moringa oleifera leaf extract (5.0, 10.0, 20.0%) and Sacharomyces cerevisiae aqueous extract (5.0, 10.0, 20.0%) for their safe usage on Allium cepa root meristems as a model system for monocots after 3.0 h of direct treatment. This evaluation focused on both cytogenetic and cytological levels. Cytogenetic studies screened the effect of each extract on the mitotic apparatus considering the mitotic index, mitotic phase index, percentage, and type of abnormalities. Cytological studies with transmission electronic microscope screen the effect of each extract on ultra-structural organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, dictyosomes in addition to the vacuoles) in the cell cytoplasm. Obtained data revealed that the yeast extract shows a remarkable cytological effect on cytoplasmic organelles. By the same time, only the higher used concentration of Moringa extract shows higher chromotoxic effect on chromosomal DNA despite it shows high proliferation effect on the treated root tip cells.ConclusionAmong the two tested bio-fertilizers, the Moringa extract in lower concentration is more preferable as it does not harm neither the cytoplasmic organelles nor the mitotic apparatus.