Abstract
BackgroundBio-fertilizers as a safe alternative to the synthetic fertilizers come to the front in the agriculture requirements as they provide the planted crops with their nutrients to ensure high quality and productivity. Many of them must be screened and examined to configure their effect on the plants.ResultsThis study was designed to evaluate two promising bio-fertilizers: Moringa oleifera leaf extract (5.0, 10.0, 20.0%) and Sacharomyces cerevisiae aqueous extract (5.0, 10.0, 20.0%) for their safe usage on Allium cepa root meristems as a model system for monocots after 3.0 h of direct treatment. This evaluation focused on both cytogenetic and cytological levels. Cytogenetic studies screened the effect of each extract on the mitotic apparatus considering the mitotic index, mitotic phase index, percentage, and type of abnormalities. Cytological studies with transmission electronic microscope screen the effect of each extract on ultra-structural organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, dictyosomes in addition to the vacuoles) in the cell cytoplasm. Obtained data revealed that the yeast extract shows a remarkable cytological effect on cytoplasmic organelles. By the same time, only the higher used concentration of Moringa extract shows higher chromotoxic effect on chromosomal DNA despite it shows high proliferation effect on the treated root tip cells.ConclusionAmong the two tested bio-fertilizers, the Moringa extract in lower concentration is more preferable as it does not harm neither the cytoplasmic organelles nor the mitotic apparatus.
Highlights
The increased awareness of the environmental problems associated with the farmers and plant breeder activities in agriculture to ensure his food requirements, such as depending on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides which were previously proved to pollute the soil and irrigation canals and reduce the crops’ quality and productivity, attempted researchers to reconsider the nature resources gifts as much safer alternatives over the currently used synthetic products
3-h treatment with bread yeast extract shows a concentration-dependent reduction of mitotic index values (8.84, 7.94, and 6.26)
The yeast extract mito-depressive action may be due to a negative interference of this alcoholic extract with specific proteins and enzymes which mediate Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase (Hidalgo et al 1989), DNA synthesis, blockage in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, inhibiting the cell to enter into divisional phases (0.4% v/v concentration of ethyl alcohol was proved earlier to delay the cell cycle for 13 h after given to the root tips of Allium cepa for 2 h, this delay cover the S and G phases (Arcara and Ronchi, 2014)), microtubule formation, impaired nucleoprotein synthesis, and reduced level of Adenine tri-phosphate (ATP) to provide energy for spindle elongation, microtubule dynamics, and chromosomal movement (Majewska et al 2003; Türkoğlu 2012; Gagliardi and Shain 2013)
Summary
The increased awareness of the environmental problems associated with the farmers and plant breeder activities in agriculture to ensure his food requirements, such as depending on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides which were previously proved to pollute the soil and irrigation canals and reduce the crops’ quality and productivity, attempted researchers to reconsider the nature resources gifts as much safer alternatives over the currently used synthetic products. In this way, bio-organic fertilizers (as a source of input plant nutrients) may replace the synthetic ones. Many of them must be screened and examined to configure their effect on the plants
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