Types Of Alliances Research Articles

Cities and Imperial Authority in the Western Provinces of the Byzantine Empire, 12th-14th Centuries

Chrysobulls issued »in common« to the inhabitants of cities, together with a large number of other surviving sources, shed light on the interplay in the Byzantine Empire during the long thirteenth century between, on the one hand, growing claims to civic autonomy advanced by communes and, on the other, efforts by imperial authority to control its territory. This chapter examines the emergence of a new kind of empire – based on commerce and trade – under the Palaiologoi. It analyses the changing circumstances of urban centres in the western provinces, and assesses the degree of fiscal, legal and political emancipation that these centres achieved. It discusses the creation of leagues and other types of alliances that successfully bound cities and towns together into regional associations. It also considers the mechanisms behind revolts and other forms of armed and unarmed protest that occurred against the central regime. Particular attention is paid to the region of northern Greece (Thrace and Macedonia) dominated by the city of Thessalonike, for which the evidence is most plentiful.

Сети в современном государственном управлении: конфигурации и механизмы координации

The article reveals the specifics of policy networks in the public administration system, examines in detail the basic characteristics of networks, as well as the features of the configuration and coordination mechanisms inherent in various types of network coalitions. The author examines networks in the context of their positive and negative impact on the quality of public administration, drawing attention to the conditions for the degeneration of network associations that allow the state, together with non-state actors, to solve socially significant problems into structures that threaten the integrity of the political system. In the context of the author's definition of networks in public administration, the article examines their structural components, reveals the features of the position of network actors, describes the operational functions of networks (exchange of information, financial resources and dissemination of knowledge), emphasizes the importance of the problem of closeness for their functioning. Particular attention is paid to the positioning of state institutions in networks, the author reveals the reasons for their use of a predominantly principal-agent mechanism for coordinating interaction with nongovernment participants, which reduces the degree of their freedom in the network, but at the same time guarantees the observance of socially significant interest in the implementation of programs and projects. The article also discusses in detail the configurations of networks and the specifics of their activities at all stages of decision-making and implementation, emphasizes the opportunities and threats associated with the activities of certain types of network alliances. The author emphasizes that the negative potential of network structures is manifested in a situation of divergence of political and managerial orientations of power and society's expectations against the background of weak institutions and lack of public control over political players, which leads to the gradual replacement of public administration by the rule of latent network groups.

Сообщества с кустарниковыми ивами в подзоне типичных тундр восточноевропейского сектора Арктики

Сообщества с кустарниковыми ивами в подзоне типичных тундр восточноевропейского сектора Арктики

Alliance Network Diversity and Social Capital Mobilization an Empirical Study of the Global Airline Industry

Firms establish a presence in a wide range of alliances to access the critical resources that they may need at any one time. Although inter-organizational relationships constitute the channels through which social capital flows, firms should consider which mechanisms or characteristics of the relations facilitate their actual mobilization. Accordingly, the final purpose of alliances cannot simply be potential access to partner resources, it must also be their real use. A definition of alliance types yielded the parameters for an ordinary least squares regression of a sample from top international airline databases. The results showed that certain kind of alliances favored the actual mobilization of social capital. Accordingly, cooperation as a structural organizational form, and in particular certain types of alliances such as global or multilateral, makes it easier to cope with increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environments -VUCA conditions.

FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY

The article analyzes the competitive positions in the system of modern international trade of the world's largest regional integration community – the European Union (EU), consisting of 28 member countries. The most important trends in the dynamics and geographical structure of the EU's foreign trade relations are considered against the background of increasing global turbulence, as well as in the run-up to the UK's withdrawal from this grouping. Based on actual and statistical data, the author substantiates the claim that the leading integration bloc managed to maintain its leadership in the world commodity exchange in the conditions of increasing global uncertainty due to its well-thought-out foreign trade policy, which includes a number of quite effective tools. According to the author, the experience gained by the EU is undoubtedly of interest for a more detailed study, since during the entire six-year period under review (2014-2019), there were very significant changes in the sphere of world trade, both at the global and regional levels. These include rising tensions caused by the spread of protectionist sentiments among leading actors, the formation of new types of trade alliances, and the use of sanctions against competitors under the guise of untenable rhetoric. However, the current year has brought more large-scale disasters associated with the emergence of a new virus infection of a planetary scale. Such trends have a negative impact on the dynamics of global trade, including foreign trade relations of the European Union.

Connected VCs and strategic alliances: Evidence from biotech companies

We study a new channel through which portfolio companies benefit from ties among venture capitalists (VCs). By tracing individual VCs' investment and syndication histories, we show that VCs' ties improve companies' access to strategic alliance partners. While existing studies demonstrate that alliances are more frequent among companies sharing the same VC, we provide evidence that alliances are also more frequent among companies indirectly connected through VC syndication networks. In addition, our results suggest that VCs' ties mitigate asymmetric information problems that arise when alliances are formed. Finally, strategic alliances between companies from connected VCs' portfolios tend to perform well. We demonstrate that this type of alliance is associated with higher IPO chances. We also address alternative explanations and related endogeneity concerns.

NTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC ALLIANCES: COOPERATION OF COMPANIES IN THE IT SPHERE

Background. The IT market in Ukraine annually demonstrates continuous growth and development. This contributes to the fact that its participants are more in contact with their colleagues from other countries. International strategic alliances are becoming one of the most appropriate forms of partnership between domestic IT companies and leading foreign IT companies. In order to anticipate all the risks of joining the ISA, in particular not to lose its subjectivity due to the acquisition, it is necessary to understand the reasons, essence and consequences of the creation of international strategic alliances. An analysis of recent research and publications has shown that despite the existence of some scientific achievements, the issues of forming international strategic alliances in the field of information technologies and the use of this type of cooperation by domestic IT companies remain unresolved. Theaim of the article is to analyze international strategic alliances as forms of cooperation of companies in the IT sphere and the possibility of including Ukrainian companies in these relations. Materials and methods. The research was conducted using the methods of theoretical generalization and analysis. The information base is domestic and foreign works on the functioning of ISAs, statistical sources and Internet resources. Results. The factors that determine the transition from competition to cooperation and the formation of alliances between companies in the IT sector are identified. The types of alliances are described: tactical, quasi-strategic and strategic. It is noted that each of them can be both internal and external (international). The nature of the strategic alliance is analyzed, its characteristics are revealed. Based on the results of the generalized characteristics of the ISA in the IT sphere, its definition is given, on the basis of which the advantages of the alliance are described. It is noted that the peculiarities of the connections of its participants should be taken into account when solving many tasks related to the participation of domestic IT companies in the ISA for the internationalization of business and management. It is proved that in ISA as a pragmatic union the interests of the participants in the strategic direction of their development coincide: each of the participants focuses its activities on the common goals of the alliance. Conclusion. The ISA of IT-sphere is proposed to be considered as a form of inter-firm interaction of IT companies that maintain independence based on the combination of complementary assets of each of them. If all parties of the alliance pursue strategic goals, then this alliance is created in the form of strategic, if there are other goals, the alliance will be tactical or quasi-strategic. In addition, any of the forms can be used to achieve certain business results. Unlike all others the strategic alliances, especially international strategic ones, require a stricter and more systematic management approach to success. The interest of European and American IT companies in forming strategic alliances with leading Ukrainian companies was noted. However, the ultimate goals of such ISAs are not equal long-term partnership, but the acquisition of promising Ukrainian companies. The necessity of careful substantiation of decisions on the entry of domestic IT companies into the international strategic alliance, tactical and operational participation in its management, etc. is proved.

Knowledge Transfer Enablers and Innovation Performance of International Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework

Knowledge Transfer Enablers and Innovation Performance of International Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework

Alliances between For-Profit and Non-Profit Organizations as an Instrument to Implement the Economy for the Common Good

The model of the Economy for the Common Good (ECG) has cooperation as one of its main principles. This alternative economic model proposes to prioritize cooperation over competition to favor the creation of social value. From this point of view, strategic alliances between organizations can be used as an instrument that supports implementation of the ECG model. In recent years, alliances between for-profit and non-profit entities have been strengthened as a method to facilitate actions focused on social responsibility and sustainability. Moreover, the ECG model has become an adequate management framework for corporate sustainability. This work aims to connect alliances between for-profit and non-profit organizations with the ECG model. First, this connection is manifested in a theoretical way. This paper is going to analyze how such alliances can contribute to increasing the values of the ECG model: human dignity, solidarity and social justice, environmental sustainability, and transparency and codetermination. Afterwards, this work analyzes two cases of this type of alliance—Grupo Vips-Fundación Hazlo Posible and Danone Foods-Grameen Bank—to determine the benefits that this type of cooperation can provide to society. We study their motives and the benefits that they bring to the organizations and the community. Therefore, this work assesses how these types of alliances influence the different topics included in the Common Good Matrix. Moreover, we conduct a comparative analysis between both cases. This work demonstrates that, by implementing this type of strategic alliances, the creation of social value is favored, thus contributing to implementation of the ECG model.

New Alliances in Post-Brexit Europe: Does the New Hanseatic League Revive Nordic Political Cooperation?

As Brexit removes the Nordic countries’ most powerful ally from the EU, what does this imply for their approach to European affairs? The literature on small states within the EU suggests that they can counterbalance limited bargaining capacities by entering two types of alliances: strategic partnerships with bigger member states and institutionalised cooperation on a regional basis. Against this backdrop we ask whether, by significantly raising the costs of non-cooperation for Nordic governments, the Brexit referendum has triggered a revival of Nordic political cooperation. We scrutinise this conjecture by analysing Nordic strategies of coalition-building on EU financial and budgetary policy, specifically looking at attempts to reform Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union and proposals to strengthen the EU’s fiscal powers. We find that Nordic governments have successfully collaborated on these issues in the context of new alliances such as the ‘New Hanseatic League’ or the ‘Frugal Four.’ Yet, their coalition-building strategies rely on relatively loose and issue-specific alliances rather than an institutionalisation of Nordic political cooperation, implying that this revival of Nordic political cooperation hardly involves the institutions of ‘official’ Nordic cooperation. We argue that this reflects lasting differences among the Nordics’ approach to the EU as well as electorates’ scepticism about supranational institution-building, implying that ‘reluctant Europeans’ are often also ‘reluctant Scandinavians.’

Climate change and health: time for action!

IssueFor several weeks, prophylactic messages against the extension of Covid-19 have saturated the public space. To protect populations, efficient measures have been rapidly put to limit the movement of people and manufactured goods. These policies have reduced global greenhouse gas emissions as well as air pollution, especially in China.ProblemIf climate change were an epidemic, we would probably have already restored it. But it results directly from the thermo-industrial activities linked to the consumption society. For Friel (Lancet, 2020), the dramatic consequences of this disturbances have to be considered as an essential health issue. She advocates for 'climate change and health alliances'.ResultsWithin such alliances, health professionals have the responsibility (1) to describe the morbidity inherent in our thermo-industrial societies (2) to alert populations, and (3) to work with allies to tackle climate change and protect human populations, starting with the most vulnerable. This type of alliance is underway in the battle against air pollution, as it has been for years for fighting smoking. Alliances are intended to extend to all population health issues, with a complete decompartmentalization of minds and practices at large scale.LessonsHealth professionals have to be mindful not to cause any harm while practicing. The health system alone produces up to 8% of global greenhouse gas in developed countries (Pichler, 2019; HCWH, 2019). There is room for action. Since 2009, the British health care system (NHS) has adopted an efficient decarbonation policy, reducing global emission from 8 to 4%, but this outstanding initiative remains an exception worldwide.Key messages A review of public health strategies is necessary to meet the energy, environmental and health issues, both in terms of health risks due to climate change and of decarbonation of care activities.Health professionals have the responsibility to alert populations and to work with allies to tackle climate change and protect human populations.

Acquisition announcements and stock market valuations of acquiring firms’ alliance partners: A transaction cost perspective

This study examines the impact of an acquisition announcement on the market reaction to an acquirer’s alliance partner. From a transaction cost perspective, we argue that the market valuation of an alliance partner around an acquisition announcement is negative because the stock market recognizes that an acquisition causes an unanticipated increase in the uncertainty of the acquirer’s behavior, thereby decreasing the expected value from the alliance. Additionally, the negative impact of an acquisition announcement depends on the alliance and acquisition characteristics, which determine the degree of the unanticipated increase in the acquirer’s behavioral uncertainty. Using an event study of 347 alliances associated with 150 acquisitions of Japanese public non-financial firms, we find that an acquirer’s acquisition announcement triggers a negative market valuation of its alliance partner. Moreover, past alliance experience reduces the negative impact of an acquisition announcement, while non-horizontal alliance type and acquisition deal value enhance the negative impact.

Liquidity events and VC-backed academic spin-offs: The role of search alliances

Despite the emergent importance of liquidity events (IPOs and trade sales) as performance indicators for VC-backed academic spin-offs, empirical research on the drivers of liquidity events relating to such spin-offs has been limited. In adopting a search perspective, we analyze how different alliance types impact on VC-backed academic spin-offs’ chances of realizing a liquidity event. We find that market search alliances increase a spin-off's likelihood of a liquidity event, whereas technology search alliances reduce this likelihood. However, the latter effect is mitigated when the spin-off has a founding team with prior market experience. We explore the implications for practice and policy of the development and success of VC-backed academic spin-offs.

Competitive Environment Between Green and Non-green Products Considering Disruption and Alliance Strategy

Nowadays, the effective supply chain is considered more than ever. In this study, a supply chain composed of a dominant retailer and a non-green product supplier is investigated. Base demand is always fluctuating in the real market. Thus, considering the base demand disruption risk is one of the factors approaching the problem to reality as discussed in this model. Then, the retailer encounters the challenge of entering a new supplier producing the substitutable product of the first product. New supplier produces the green product. Thus, the competition of green and non-green products in this study is considered with other factors. Another challenge for retailer is the type of optimal alliance, determining the optimal green degree of the second product, and determining the optimal refund amounts. In this study, some factors such as base demand disruption risk, green product, alliance selection, and return policy are considered. A game theory approach is used for solving the problem and getting optimal decisions. Finally, some sensitivity analysis based on the alliance strategies and greenness of the SCM has been done by numerical examples.

Expropriations of Foreign Property and Political Alliances: A Business Historical Approach

This paper proposes a classification of government expropriations of foreign property based on the types of alliances sought out by governments in their quest for support for those actions. Based on a review of historical literature and social science studies of expropriations in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America in the twentieth century, we define three types of alliances: with organized labor, with domestic business owners, or with sections of the civil service or the ruling party. We posit that each sector allying itself with the government expects rewards from the expropriation. We maintain that the type of alliance is determined by several factors, in particular, the longevity and legitimacy of the nation-state of the expropriating country, the strength of organized labor, and the political participation and strength of the domestic business sector. Our framework complements existing studies explaining when and why expropriations take place.

The effects of strategic alliance emphasis and marketing efficiency on firm value under different technological environments

Firms are increasingly engaging in alliances, and managers need to set strategic priorities for their alliance portfolios. This study defines the relative priority firms place on specific types of alliances over others (i.e., strategic alliance emphasis). Using data on firm alliances and financial information, this study empirically examines how strategic alliance emphasis and marketing efficiency impact firm value in various technological environments. The results indicate that alliance success depends on a firm’s marketing efficiency. We also find that the technological environment plays a moderating role in this relationship. This study contributes to the literature on strategic alliances by testing how various types of strategic alliances affect firm value. The results can provide managers with guidance on handling their alliance portfolios.

Trust , Knowledge Similarity and Cooperation in Coopetitive Strategic Alliances

Cooperative relationships between rival firms, which engage in interfirm strategic alliances, assume active transfer, reception and recombination of competencies and co-production of novel knowledge. These processes facilitate joint technological development and improve the participating firms’ competitiveness. Nevertheless, competitive interactions between the partners can impede the achievement of the alliance’s cooperative objectives. This paper investigates the impact of trusting attitudes developed between the partners on the effectiveness of interfirm collaboration under conditions of competitive rivalry in the broader industrial environment and similarity of initial knowledge at the partners’ disposal. It offers a number of hypotheses, which determine the interrelationships between the levels of interfirm trust, transaction costs associated with transferring knowledge and the successful attainment of alliance goals. The paper pays specific attention to the effects arising from the commonality of knowledge possessed by cooperating rivals. It also analyzes the influence of particular types of coopetitive strategic alliances on the success of collaborative arrangements under the conditions of knowledge commonality among the partners.

How Strategic Alliances Change: The Case of the Japanese Semiconductor Business

The structure of the semiconductor industry has been changing recently. Japanese companies have lost their competitiveness, while their US and Korean counterparts have been strengthening theirs. At the same time, the map of the inter-firm relationships in the IT industry is changing. Patterns of strategic alliances in the semiconductor business have been evolving and have become complicated. We will investigate the transformation of strategic alliances, and we will propose how Japanese semiconductor companies can recover through a new type of alliance.

Використання стратегічних альянсів в інноваційній економіці

Global tendencies in recent decades have strengthened competition in world markets, so it is necessary to create such an organizational form that could respond as quickly and efficiently as possible to changes in the external environment. One of these new forms of organization of enterprises is strategic alliances, the development of which has significantly influenced changes in the structure of many industries. Through the creation of strategic alliances, companies join forces and resources to maintain their competitive positions and create new opportunities. In the article, the strategic alliance is seen as an effective form of the companies joining that best meets the criteria for strategic goals. The authors examine types of strategic alliances, the development of which should provide enterprises with access to certain innovations; the goals of creating strategic alliances are specified. It is proved that a case of strategic alliance means conducting joint research, sharing production facilities, exchanging technologies, marketing each other’s products or joining efforts to produce components or final products. It is noted that partnership in strategic alliances is based on flexible organizational forms of cooperation. The authors allocate the problems that interfere with innovation; actions to resolve them are suggested. Prospects for further research in this direction are the analysis of existing strategic alliances in Ukraine, carrying out a study on their status, number and sphere of formation. Also in the future it is planned to distinguish the problems of determining the advantages and disadvantages of creating strategic alliances in Ukraine, and most importantly – to analyze the readiness of the legislative base for their successful development in the country.

Vertical vs. Horizontal: How Strategic Alliance Type Influence Firm Performance?

Strategic alliances have become a key focus in the management and marketing literature. However, much of the previous research in this area has focused on the antecedents and accounting effects of strategic alliances. There is an opportunity to more closely examine how alliance types might influence the public equity markets. As a result, this study summarizes the literature for the theoretical foundation of strategic alliances to increase the understanding of the two main types of strategic alliances, that is industry scope (vertical vs. horizontal alliances) and size scope (asymmetric vs. symmetric alliances). Then, this study proposes a conceptual framework to examine the main and relative effects between different types of strategic alliances and firm performance. Using the Bloomberg Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) database from 1 January 2010 to 1 January 2016, we find that vertical symmetric alliances gain more abnormal returns than others. Finally, implications and limitations are also discussed.