All-Russian Population Research Articles

Demographic Indicators of the Far Eastern Regions in the Mirror of the 2021 All-Russian Population Census

Historically, migration is both a cause and a consequence of the processes taking place in the Russian Far East. The objective of this study is to assess changes in migration indicators in the Far East based on the adjustment of statistical data based on the results of the 2020–2021 All-Russian Population Census. The calculations were made using data from the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System. The period from 1993 to 2023 is considered with a detailed analysis of the period from 2011 to 2023. An assessment of migration processes is given within five-year periods at the regional level. The period from 2011 to 2021 is considered based on data before and after the change in data, considering the results of the 2020–2021 All-Russian Population Census. It is shown that the change in data based on the census affected both the total population of the Far East and the values of migration rates. In the regional context, a higher migration intensity is typical for the northern regions. The maximum difference in absolute indicators was recorded in the Zabaikalsky Krai, the minimum– in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. When considering relative indicators, the leading position is held by the Kamchatka Krai. It is shown that the adjustment of data considering the results of the 2020 All-Russian Population Census "accelerated" the aging of the population in the Far East. Two groups were identified among the regions. One of them is characterized by a decrease, and the other by an increase in the average age of the population. The study showed that the adjusted data based on the results of the population census differ by region in the Far East and are characterized by positive and negative values.

The History of the Generational Evolution of the Labor Market: Indicators and Results (Based on the Materials of the Population Censuses in the Volgograd Region in 1979–2002)

Introduction. The relevance and purpose of this study are determined by the importance of the labor market in regional development. The choice of an object is determined by the formation of an able-bodied population in different social conditions over a relatively short historical period of time and the need for assessment for subsequent forecasting of the changes that have occurred due to this. Materials and methods. The open materials of the All-Union (1979) and All-Russian (1989 and 2002) population censuses were used. Historical-evolutionary, historical-comparative, and statistical approaches, as well as the method of groupings based on the theory of generations, are applied. Results. For generations silent, baby boomers, X, Y (millennials), and Z, such characteristics as the share in the population, the ratio by sex, place of residence, features of sources of livelihood, types of activities, groups of occupations, and others were revealed. Their differences in the conditions of centralized, transitional, market-based public relation and commonality due to the general biological and digital conditions of formation, as well as the influence of these factors on the nature and depth of processing of the recorded indicators, are shown. Conclusions. The increasing propensity of younger generations to perform skilled labor functions, low willingness to engage in unskilled labor, and interest in diversifying activities. This implies the need for further restructuring of the labor relations system and methods of forecasting the appropriate directions of its transformation. Funding. The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation and the Committee for Economic Policy and Development of the Volgograd Region, grant No. 24-28-20066, https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-20066/

Family Structure as a Result of Marital, Reproductive, and Self-Preservation Behavior of the Population in Russia

This article analyzes data from the All-Russian population censuses of 2002, 2010, and 2020. The author compares the proportion of families with children under the age of 18 that lack one parent (either father or mother) to the proportion of single spouses among all married individuals. In many cases, the absence of one parent is not due to relationship breakdowns, but rather the temporary migration of one spouse for work. It should not be assumed that such families are without a parent altogether. The author concludes that census data may exaggerate the number of families without one parent, thereby creating the illusion of a growing trend, especially in Moscow. However, even when adjusted for this overstatement, one in five families – both nationwide and in the capital – still lacks one parent. This situation is most common in families with a single child. In Russian society, childlessness is considered a deviation from the social norm. Although this norm has become less rigid in recent years, almost all families still have at least one child, even in cases of marital discord. Subsequently, many of these families eventually break up. However, once a child is born, further births typically occur only in the absence of serious marital conflict. Having a second child significantly reduces the likelihood of family breakdown, but the birth of a third or subsequent child has little additional effect on this risk. The instability of marriages and the social acceptability of divorce in Russian society contribute to lower fertility rates. The majority of families have only one or two children, a family structure that does not ensure full generational replacement and is therefore demographically unfavorable. To halt depopulation, Russia’s demographic policy should not only encourage childbirth within existing families but also promote legal marriage and the creation of new families, while also addressing the high divorce rate.

The fiasco of ethnonationalism in “Finno-Ugric” republics of the Russian Federation: outcomes of the 2021 population census as an evidence of the crisis of ethnic elites

The article analyzes the results of the 2021 population census (officially called the 2020 All-Russian Population Census), which showed a very significant decrease in the number of Finno-Ugric peoples of the Russian Federation. It may be noted that the two previous post-Soviet censuses had already recorded this clearly defined negative trend, but the data for 2021 indicates that the rate of decline in the number of titular groups in the republics, which since the early 1990s began to be called “Finno-Ugric,” is increasing. Those commenting on the results of the latest campaign, on the one hand, are trying to present the results as a “cultural catastrophe” and declare a “failure” of the model of ethnopolitics adopted in the country; on the other hand, they are trying to accuse the census organizers of gross mistakes that distorted its results. However, the logic of the ethnocultural development of the Finno-Ugric peoples and the ethnocultural orientations of young people, identified as a result of many years of sociological surveys, indicates that the census quite correctly showed the dynamics of changes occurring among the Russian Finno-Ugric peoples, and these processes can be assessed as a “humanitarian catastrophe” only from the standpoints of ethnonationalism, which are very strong in the “Finno-Ugric territories” due to the very nature of regional ethnocultural and ethnopolitical management.

Metropolization process in the rural settlement system of the Central Chernozem region of Russia

The Central Chernozem region of Russia has undergone significant changes in socio-demographic processes over the past half-century. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of metropolization on the demographic transformation of sparsely populated rural settlements for the Central Chernozem region and to develop a demographic forecast for 2030. The study’s goals were to (1) determine the scale of regional metropolises; (2) identify the impact of metropolization on the quantitative indicators of sparsely populated rural settlements; (3) establish trends in their transformation; and (4) compile a medium-term demographic forecast for the Central Chernozem region. The set objectives were achieved by integrating methods for spatial-temporal and comparative geographical analysis, statistical methods, and a combination of official statistics with sociological methods. Analysis of the level of urbanization of the regions in modern conditions (20th and 21st centuries) showed that, although this process was and remained below the national average, it did not prevent the formation of regional metropolises (Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov) as an obvious outcome of urbanization processes. A regional pattern of degradation of the network of rural settlements, mainly the smallest and small in terms of population (1-25, 26-50 people), which make up over one third of all settlements in the Central Chernozem region of Russia, was determined. A stable long-term trend of growth in the number of abandoned villages and hamlets was established. Between the last two All-Russian population censuses (11 years), their number increased by 45%. The forecasting results obtained confirm the established patterns in the medium-term trend of “compression” of rural settlement around regional metropolis (with some exceptions). The medium-term demographic forecast showed that population concentration in metropolitan areas and further socio-demographic desertification in peripheral areas will continue with growing territorial differentiation. The obtained results of the study of the transformation of settlement systems of the Central Chernozem region as a result of the metropolization of regional centers can help government institutions in strategic planning of territorial development.

State and Possibilities of Strengthening the Labor Potential of Russia (Based on the All-Russian Population Census 2020)

Introduction. The most complete information on the size and composition of the population is provided by continuous population censuses, which collect information necessary for the analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the population and the labor force. The purpose of the study is to identify changes in the numerical composition, age structure, and qualitative parameters of the labor potential of the Russian population in the period between the All-Russian population censuses of 2010 and 2020, and to outline ways to strengthen it. Materials and Methods. The study was based on the results of the All-Russian Population Censuses of 2010 and 2020, current accounting data and forecast calculations of Rosstat, publications of scientists engaged in research in the field of economic demography. The analysis of changes in the demographic development of the Russian Federation in the intercensal period was carried out using the methods of dynamic and structural analysis, and the generalization of the results of published scientific research was made on the basis of critical analysis. Quantitative parameters of the labor potential were estimated on the basis of indicators of the population of working age, employed in the economy, unemployed citizens and potential labor force. Results. The main changes in the number and composition of the Russian population by age and education that occurred during the inter-census period have been established. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the labor force are determined. The outstripping growth of the level of education of unemployed citizens and potential labor force in comparison with those employed in the economy has been revealed, which, with a high degree of depreciation of the active part of fixed assets and a large part of workplaces with harmful and dangerous working conditions, suggests the archaic nature of the Russian economy and the general discrepancy between its requests and the level of education of the population. Calculations have shown that due to the involvement of potential labor in public production, it will not be possible to solve the problem of labor shortage. Discussion and Conclusion. In order to provide the Russian economy with the necessary labor force, it is suggested to consider the following options for increasing the working time fund: temporary increase in the retirement age for women, temporary decrease in the number of holidays, temporary decrease in the duration of paid leave, temporary increase in the length of the working week. The results of the research can be useful for scientists and representatives of public authorities dealing with demographic development, strategic planning, regional development, migration regulation, as well as for specialists in the field of personnel training.

Многодетная семья в современном российском обществе: демографический аспект

Introduction. Scientific discussions on the implementation of the second demographic transition have not been completed, it is possible to identify specific features of changes in the structure of families in different countries or different social groups (for example, religious ones), but it is premature to talk about the universality of this process. In modern Russia, the social structure of families and households has changed, however, in order to capture the essence of the changes and identify the factors that have had an impact; it is necessary to constantly monitor the situation. The answers to the following questions are of scientific interest: how the structure of families in Russia has changed; what motivation is the basis for reproducing the structure of large families in different periods of demographic transition? The article presents an analysis of empirical data that allows us to identify trends in the transformation of the structure of the Russian family; to characterize the motives of reproductive behavior in large families, to determine what conditions and resources are required in large families to form or maintain well-being.Materials and methods. The information base was the data of the All-Russian population censuses for 2002, 2010 and 2020; the results of the author's research were an in-depth interview with parents from a large family in the course of the All-Russian sociological study ‘Demographic well-being of the regions of Russia’, 2021.Results. The changes in the structure of Russian families towards the increasing share of large families under the influence of demographic policy measures have been revealed, the consolidation of this trend requires the implementation of targeted measures to support the institution of a large family, which, in the authors’ opinion, should correspond to the ideal model of a ‘prosperous family’.Discussion. It is important to develop a demographic policy strategy taking into account trends in the structure of Russian families. The analysis of interviews with large families provided for the formulation of the main directions of assistance to large families, as well as to systematize social practices of members of large families aimed at preserving and developing the family well-being.

Проблемы территориального планирования городских агломераций (на примере Республики Башкортостан)

The aim of the research is to study the current state of territorial planning of urban agglomerations in Russia. The authors have considered the peculiarities of agglomerations in Russia, their boundaries and constituent elements. On the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan the differences in the allocation of urban agglomerations while using modern scientific methods are shown. The peculiarities of Ufa and South Bashkortostan agglomerations from the standpoint of territorial planning are highlighted. Insufficient quantity and quality of the sought data does not allow us to apply some of the scientifically based methods for identifying urban agglomerations both in Russia as a whole and on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In particular, due to the lack of information on pendular migration, the use of data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020 (2021) is possible only in the case of urban agglomerations. (2021) Population census data can be used only in a very general way. The application of the UN Habitat methodology is possible only for international comparisons and is not applicable in the conditions of the Russian reality, taking into account the prevalence of poorly connected and small in terms of population density urban and rural settlements.

On the question of fixing the national-language composition of the population in the All-Russian population census 2020–2021

The article carries out a critical analysis of the quality of the results of the questions of the 2020–2021 Russian population census on nationality, native language, knowledge of Russian and other languages, and language use. The study reveals the uneven distribution of “non-answers” by regions, between urban and rural areas, and age groups. The interpretation of the published census results is hampered by the quality of answers, lack of distinction between non-answers and negative answers to questions, and questionable grouping of nationalities and languages. Therefore, it is not possible to use the results of Russian language proficiency and knowledge of other languages in several of Russia’s federal subjects. The situation is aggravated by a sharp increase in the number of non-responses to the questions on nationality and language in the 2020–2021 census compared to the previous censuses. This hinders the analysis of these questions of the 2020–2021 census and the understanding of the dynamics of national and language processes in Russia using census statistics. The article reveals foreign experiences of conducting censuses and statistical survey of the national and linguistic sphere. Many countries resort to various methods (including the use of surveys as a source of census), ways of assessing national, cultural affiliation, knowledge and proficiency of languages, ensuring the efficiency of fieldwork, and evaluating the quality of census data. They pay more attention to the methodological support of the national and language block of the census. The authors call for a balanced use of the results of the national and language issues of the 2020– 2021 Russian population census in research work and in decision-making in the government national policy, since national and language relations in Russia are very sensitive for the country’s numerous ethnic communities.

Preservation of native languages of national minorities in a multinational region

The purpose of the article is to reveal the factors influencing the preservation of the native language of national minorities in a multiethnic region. The object of the study is the non-Russian population of Bashkortostan, which, according to the 2020 census, is represented in the ethnic structure of the republic by Mari (84988 people) and Chuvash (79,950 people), Udmurts (17,149 people). Despite the dispersed settlement, the studied peoples live compactly in a number of areas and have their own linguistic area. Based on the analysis of regional ethnosociological experience, the article raises the problem of preserving the native languages of non-Russian ethnic groups of the republic. The results of a study on this issue among respondents of different age groups (18-65 years and older) from among national minorities, as well as the use of native languages (Mari, Chuvash, Udmurt) in family practice are considered. The empirical basis of the article is based on data from the All-Russian Population Census in 2020 and an ethnosociological survey conducted in the republic in 2020 by the author of the publication among the Mari, Chuvash and Udmurt populations of the republic. It is concluded that the languages of non-Russian peoples are losing their main role in everyday life. In communication in all spheres, preference is given to Russian, which has conquered the ethnolanguage space of Bashkortostan. As a result, the respondents demonstrated, on the one hand, the primacy of the Russian language. On the other hand, they nevertheless expressed hope for the preservation of the national language of the Mari, Chuvash and Udmurt peoples of the republic in conditions of consistent generational connection and experience, through family language communication. A special contribution to the research of the topic is the identification of factors and trends in the formation of the linguistic competence of the studied peoples in the republic. According to the ethnosociological survey, it was found that Udmurts (93.8%), Mari (97.8%), Chuvash (92.6%) still have high recognition of their nationality as their native language, which, in turn, shows their level of ethnolanguage identity in Bashkortostan. The Chuvash, compared with representatives of other non-Russian ethnic groups, have a high proportion of people who speak Russian (99%). Consequently, the results of the sociological research show a high level of both linguistic competence and speech activity of the above-mentioned non-Russian peoples in the republic.

Indigenous Turkic-Speaking Peoples and the Urbanization of Southern Siberia (20<sup>th</sup> – Early 21<sup>st</sup> Century)

Purpose. This article integrates studies relating to the history of urban communities of the Southern Siberian indigenous peoples (Altaians, Chelkans, Khakasses, Kumandins, Shors, Telengits, Teleuts, Tozhu Tuvans, Tubalars, Tuvans). A multidisciplinary approach to urbanization processes was used; their stages, rates, causes, and principal characteristics were analyzed. The database consists of our own field findings, published results of sociological studies, and those of All-Union and All-Russian population censuses.Results. During the 19th century, the prerequisites for the urbanization of the indigenous Turkic-speaking peoples of Southern Siberia were laid. There are three stages of urbanization of the indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia: 10) up to the middle of the twentieth century; 2) the 1950s–1980s (for the Shorians it is 1930s–1980s); 3) from the 1990s to the present. At the first stage of urbanization representatives of the indigenous population of the region moved to the city mainly in order to improve the level of education and within the framework of the policy of forming national personnel. At the next stage, during the period of industrial development of the eastern regions, there was an intensification of urbanization among a number of peoples (Shors, Teleutes and Kumandins) who lived near industrial centers. Industrial development was accompanied, among other things, by the transfer of rural settlements to urban ones, as well as the absorption of villages during the expansion of urban boundaries; since the 1990s, the reverse process began. At the last stage, educational strategies play a decisive role. The liquidation of unpromising villages in the middle of the 20th century affected primarily small populations, contributing to the growth of migration to cities. Cities are beginning to attract representatives of indigenous small-numbered peoples (Telengites, Tubalars, Chelkans and since the 2010s Tuvinians-Todzhins), whose territory of traditional residence is located at a considerable distance from large settlements. The share of townspeople among Altaians, Tuvinians and Khakas during the 20th century grew gradually, which was associated with a relatively less intensive industrial development of their territories of residence.Conclusion. The peculiarities of urban population formation among the indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia are: asynchrony of urbanization; orientation of Aboriginal migrations to the nearest cities and urban-type settlements; incompleteness of urbanization not only in terms of qualitative, but also quantitative characteristics. With the exception of the Shors and Kumandins, the rest of the indigenous peoples of the region remain poorly and medium-urbanized.

Association between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in the adult population of Russia

According to the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, from 1970 to 2019, cardiovascular diseases remain one of the main causes of death in Russia. To date, the relationship between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in Russia remains insufficiently studied.Aim. To identify the relationship between regional deprivation and cardiovascular mortality among the adult population of Russia.Material and methods. The Russian deprivation index was used to measure the deprivation level. The index indicators were obtained from official Rosstat statistics and the All-Russian Population Census for 2010. Cardiovascular mortality by age (five-year groups) and sex in the constituent entities of Russia from 2006 to 2012 was obtained from the Russian database on fertility and mortality of the Center for Demographic Research of the Russian Economic School.Results. The fully adjusted model showed a reduction in mortality (Mortality Rate Ratio (MRR), 0,93; 95% confidence interval: 0,91-0,94) in regions with the greatest overall deprivation compared to the least deprived regions. There is a decrease in mortality in the most socially deprived regions compared to the least deprived ones. The fully adjusted model showed a trend toward increased mortality across levels of economic deprivation (from less deprived (Q2) to more deprived (Q3 and Q4) compared to least deprived regions (Q1)). Our study showed an increase in mortality in the most environmentally deprived regions — MRR, 1,02; 95% confidence interval: 1,00-1,04.Conclusion. The study established a link between general, social, economic and environmental deprivation and cardiovascular mortality.

Orthodox Estonians in St Petersburg Province: The Fate of the Diaspora in an Autochthonous Environment

During the pre-revolutionary decades, the Estonian diaspora was one of the most active in St Petersburg, however, it remains little-studied to this day. An intensive study of the history of Estonian churches in St Petersburg province and the Estonian deanery of the St Petersburg diocese make it possible to raise the question of an organised Orthodox Estonian diaspora that did not merge with the Lutheran one. This article formulates the reasons for introducing this phenomenon into scholarly circulation and characterises its distinctive features. The author refers to documents from the Central State Historical Archive of St Petersburg (primarily, reports from the dean of Estonian district), as well as articles and materials from the first All-Russian population census. The active development of the issue studied by some historians in recent years speaks of its relevance. The article provides an overview of the historical situation, identifies the problems that characterised the life of Estonian migrants in St Petersburg and the province, and describes the contribution to the solution of the problem by Archpriest Pavel Kuhlbusch, senior priest of the Estonian church in the capital and dean of the Estonian parishes of the diocese. Additionally, the author carries out a detailed analysis of the theological aspect of the diaspora’s existence and missionary and educational work inside it. The threat of nationalism caused by the language barrier with the locals, the linguistic community with a Lutheran majority, and the incomprehensibility of the Church Slavonic language for foreigners was the breeding ground of the Estonian diaspora as a whole and led the Orthodox Estonian diaspora to a crisis at the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire. The atheism of Bolshevik ideology finally terminated its life in the 1930s. However, the panhellenism of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which replaced the multiculturalism of the Russian Empire, also failed to contribute to the development of Orthodoxy among Estonians. The efforts Pavel Kuhlbusch made for many years led to an increase in the number of Orthodox Estonians, whose literacy and enlightenment also increased significantly, but his departure to Estonia for episcopal service and death in 1919 had a disastrous effect on the future fate of the Estonian Orthodox diaspora.

Полиэтничен ли современный Юг России?

The activation (and actualization) of transformational processes in Russian society against the background of significantly increased global turbulence initiates priority attention to spatial development, which, in turn, requires a more detailed and correct assessment of the ethnodemographic specifics of the territory. The article focuses on the modern features of the ethnic structure of the South of Russia (Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts), which is ethnogeographically the most “mosaic” macroregion of the Russian Federation, based on a multi-scale analysis of data from the All-Russian Population Census in 2020. It is shown that the idea of the South of Russia as a multiethnic territory rooted in scientific discourse is generally justified (for Russians in the census population – 60.4% with an average for Russia – 71.7), but should be adjusted for regional and municipal taxonomic levels. Thus, out of 15 federal subjects localized in the South of Russia, in 7 the proportion of the numerically predominant ethnic group exceeds 75%, which illustrates their predominant mono-ethnicity (these regions occupy 61% of the territory of Southern Russia, concentrating 67% of its population and 73% of the GRP). The situation is similar in 239 (out of 341) municipalities (urban districts, municipal districts and municipal districts), including such important urban centers as Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd, Stavropol, Sevastopol. The territorial, residential and economic structure of the South of Russia is shifted, as a result, in favor of regions and municipalities with a clear “ethnic coloring” (including “Russian” in 5 subjects of the Russian Federation and half of municipalities), which allows us to consider the South Russian macroregion as an asymmetric combination of mono- and multiethnic territories.

Арктические регионы России в межрегиональных миграционных связях

To understand current and predict future migration, it is necessary to consider historical trends in migration connectivity of important Arctic regions with other constituent entities of Russia. The article aims to examine migration links between the Arctic and other regions using data from the All-Russian population censuses and statistics on interregional migration of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2007–2010 and 2017–2021. The conducted analysis revealed a decrease in migration mobility of the population, especially in the Russian Arctic. Eight out of nine Arctic regions are characterised by a negative net migration. To describe population localisation, a three-component model was proposed: centres of gravity, regions with independence of mutual localisation, and regions with normal localisation. This model is valid for all Russian regions; additionally, there is a direct connection between in – and out-migration. Analysis of the variation of localisation coefficients showed that migration flows from the Arctic regions have already formed, and incoming flows are more dynamic. The paper proposed a new approach to measuring the stability of migration flows over time based on assessing the coefficient of variation. The regions of the Russian Arctic were classified according to the stability of migration flows: regions with stable migration flows, with mobile migration flows and with unstable migration flows. Statistical analysis of such stability confirmed their stabilisation during the studied period. A hypothesis about the influence of the remoteness of regions on the stability of migration flows was tested, the dependence was observed only within 2 thousand kilometres between regional capitals. The findings present trends of lifelong and long-term migration between the Arctic and other Russian regions and outline the main strategic management directions in the field of interregional migration.

Spatial characteristics of ethnic group localisation in St. Petersburg

Amid ongoing globalisation, large cities are becoming increasingly attractive to migrants, resulting in a more multiethnic population composition, which underscores the growing importance of studying interethnic relations in metropolises. This work aims to explore the spatial localisation of ten ethnic groups residing in St. Petersburg: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Tajiks and Moldovans. Using the ethnic concentration coefficient, the study examines the territorial heterogeneity of settlement among the city’s largest ethnic diasporas to identify patterns in residential choice. The data on national composition are derived from all-Russian population censuses. Most national minorities are distributed rather evenly across the city, but the Jewish and Georgian communities are notably concentrated in the central district of St. Petersburg. At the same time, the migration restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic not only decreased the size of the Uzbek and Tajik diasporas, thereby normalising their gender and age distribution but also led to a more even dispersion of these ethnic groups across the city. Currently, there is no evident correlation between the spatial concentration of most ethnic groups in St. Petersburg and their level of social well-being.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ ЭТНИЧЕСКОГО ФАКТОРА НА ИТОГИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫХ ВЫБОРОВ (2003–2021) В ВОСТОЧНОЙ СИБИРИ4

Eastern Siberia, which is considered by the author as comprising the republics of Buryatia, Sakha (Yakutia), Tyvaand Khakassia, the Transbaikal and Krasnoyarsk territories, the Irkutsk region, is characterized by a mosaic ethnic composition. Thereare distinguished large nations, living mainly in the republics, and small nations, residing in small areas in different territories of themacro region. The former, due to their large numbers, are able to influence election results, which is expressed in high turnout andpolitical preferences oriented toward support for the ‘party in power’ and its leader – the current president. However, in the last presidential election (2018) and State Duma election (2021), we noted a decrease in the close relationship between the share of indigenouspeoples and turnout as well as voting for the United Russia and Vladimir Putin. This article aims to analyze the dynamics of turnout in general elections to the State Duma from 2003 to 2016 in comparisonwith the last election campaign of 2021 and presidential elections in 2012–2018 as well as the dynamics of the number of votes for theparties and the presidential candidates (Vladimir Putin and Vladimir Zhirinovsky). The research materials included the 2020 AllRussian Population Census, actually conducted in 2021, and the GAS-Elections database of the Central Election Commission of theRussian Federation. The study applied cartographic and statistical methods; a special method of correlation analysis was used to establish the closeness of the relationship between the indicators.An analysis of turnout dynamics showed a decrease in turnout at the 2021 elections to the State Duma compared to the 2003–2016 average, as well as at the 2018 presidential elections compared to the 2004–2012 level. The latest election campaign to the StateDuma demonstrated an increase in support for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and a decrease in the ratings of theUnited Russia and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia in Eastern Siberia. In the presidential elections, there is noted a positivetrend in votes for Vladimir Putin in constituent entities of the Russian Federation with predominantly Russian population and its declinein some constituent entities created according to the national-ethnic principle (the Republic of Sakha) as well as territories formedbased on this principle (Aginsky Buryatsky District of the Transbaikal Territory), etc.

TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING COMPLEX AS AN OBJECT OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA

One of the significant objects in the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia is the settlement and housing complex, historically formed and resulting from the influence of physical and geographical conditions, ethnic traditions, socio-cultural interaction. Currently, the problem of its preservation, study, and use as a tourist object is urgent. The article examines the key problems in this area; it pays attention to the formation of legislation regulating preservation of cultural objects, as well as their importance in forming youth patriotism.
 
 The purpose of the research is to study the role of a traditional settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture, the place of rural settlements in preserving national languages and traditions of peoples, development of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation.
 
 Materials and methods. The research used the methods of historical science: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, historical-genetic ones. From the traditional methods of ethnography, the methods of field observation and survey were used. Also, general scientific methods were used in the framework of the study: the descriptive-narrative one, analysis, generalization ones. The article is based on regulatory and legal sources, materials of Internet publications, the results of the All-Russian Population censuses, information collected by the authors during field expedition ethnographic surveys.
 
 Results. The role of a settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture was studied, its tourist potential was determined. The problem of preserving traditional settlements, dwellings and outbuildings is currently relevant for many peoples, in connection with which a number of state programs and support measures have been developed to address this issue. A settlement and housing complex is of great interest not only to researchers, but also to tourists, so its inclusion in their routes has become an effective way to attract public attention to preserving traditional buildings. The practice of constructing ethnoparks, ethno-villages, ethnographic museums in the open air with a complex of housing structures and outbuildings has become very relevant at present time. No doubt that their creation requires extensive involvement of accumulated ethnographic materials. Ethnic culture and national languages are mostly preserved in rural areas, which largely determines the need to develop serious support measures by the state in the field of protecting villages with a view to their further large-scale functioning in our country.
 
 Conclusions. The use of various sources made it possible to achieve the goal of the study. Preserving the traditional settlement and housing complex of villages is extremely significant, since it is in them that the languages and traditions of peoples are still transmitted from generation to generation, ethnic characteristics are reproduced. Each object of cultural heritage contains a certain layer of information, which is an effective bond of the society and the state, which is of great importance in forming a sense of belonging to the history of the region and the country as a whole, the value spiritual and moral attitudes of young people.

New Tatar Settlements in Lower Tara Area in Last Third of 19th Century: Foundation History, Population Structure, and Livelihoods

The article is dedicated to the history of the establishment of the villages of Malye Murly in the Tarsky District and Molodtsovo in the Muromtsevsky District of the Omsk Region, founded by Tatars during the period of mass migrations to Siberia. These villages no longer exist. The paper introduces documents from regional archives into scholarly discourse. Materials from the First All-Russian population census of 1897 have been analyzed to study the age, gender, and ethnic composition of the inhabitants. The article reconstructs the economic activities of the settlers. The authors conclude that the village of Malye Murly (also known as Novo-Murlinskaya) was established by Tatars from Ust-Tarskaya in the 1870s, while Molodtsovo (also known as Molodtsovsky settlement) was settled by residents of the Chipliarovski yurts prior to 1897. It is reported that both settlements lasted for about a century. Evidence suggests that the inhabitants of both settlements engaged little in agriculture; they had more developed livestock practices but lacked sufficient land resources, as the best lands were occupied by older settlements or belonged to the state. The authors conclude that in their formative stages, these settlements exhibit similar characteristics to another Tatar village, Mamshenkino in the Bolsherechensky District of Omsk Region, which was also founded during this period and whose residents eventually dispersed.

The Institute of Multi-Generational Family as a Reserve of Demographic Development in Russia

Negative demographic trends have actualized the search for Russia's demographic development reserves. The article defines the concept of “demographic development reserve” and highlights the authors' approach to studying multigenerational households as an institution providing potential reserves for marriage and family relations reinforcement. The purpose of the study is to identify the prevalence of multigenerational households in Russia, the nature of interaction between generations in families under the conditions of nuclearization and the role of generational solidarity as a demographic development reserve. The authors' conclusions are based on the data of All-Russian population censuses (1989, 2002, 2010 and 2020), as well as the results of author's sample studies (international sociological research “Family and Family Policy: A Generational Perspective”, All-Russian sociological research “Demographic well-being of Russia. National demographic report”, regional sociological research “The life of a multigenerational household in conditions of self-isolation”, All-Russian sociological research “Student family of Russia”). As a result of the structure of households’ analysis based on population census data were identified several trends. Firstly, increasing number of people living alone. Secondly, reduction in number of families consisting of several married couples. Thirdly, reduction in the number of children in the family along with an increase in the proportion of large families, etc. According to authors' sociological research the proportion of those who believe that young families (as well as children over 18 years old) should live separately from their parents is increasing. Most of parents help their children who have already created families and live separately. They help in raising grandchildren, paying for housing, buying things, providing financial assistance, etc. Children growing up and their parents to retiring change the situation. Adult children begin to provide assistance to their elderly parents (care during illness, household help, monetary assistance, etc.). It can be stated that solidarity (a stable relationship and the connection of several generations of a family) is an instrument for supporting the economic and social well–being of Russian families regardless of residence type (separately in one or different localities or jointly).