Alkyl Polyglucoside Research Articles

Effects and mechanisms of surfactants on physical properties and microstructures of metakaolin-based geopolymer

In this study, the effects of five different ionic and nonionic surfactants on the physical properties and microstructures of a metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) were investigated. It is the first comprehensive comparative study of the effects of sodium lauryl sulfonate (SLS), alkyl polyglycoside (APG), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sucrose fatty acid esters (SE), and stearic acid (STA) on MKG. Viscosity, densities, apparent water absorption, and compressive strength were measured, and pore structures, micro-defects, and gels observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). In the MKG slurry, a high affinity of surfactants to liquid-air interfaces increased viscosity and promoted the generation of bubbles. Based on both the ionic types and molecular configurations of the surfactants, stronger adsorption of a surfactant on the surface of the metakaolin resulted in better dispersion of metakaolin particles and a denser microstructure of the MKG. The surfactants with weaker adsorption (SLS and APG) caused higher porosity, a larger pore size, and more micro-defects, while those with stronger adsorption (BAC, SE, and STA) led to relatively lower porosity and denser microstructures. Density, water absorption, and compressive strength were closely related to the total intrusion porosity of the MKG. The mechanisms underlying surfactant adsorption to the surface of metakaolin are proposed.

Emulsions with alkyl polyglucosides as carriers for off-label topical spironolactone – safety and stability evaluation

Androgens play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne. Being an anti-androgen drug with many side effects, spironolactone has recently been used in dermatology as a topical therapy for acne. Off-label drug use in dermatology is common, although those drugs are basically available as compounded formulations; the choice of a proper vehicle is often neglected in that case. Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) are a FDA certified class of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-free surfactants produced from the renewable resources. Following the preformulation tests, two different APG emulsifiers were used in this study to stabilize emulsions as carriers for topical spironolactone. Assessment of the physical stability of emulsions per se and after incorporation of 5% of spironolactone was performed using polarization microscopy, electrical conductivity and pH measurements. The skin irritation profile and moisturizing potential was assessed in vivo on human volunteers. APG-based emulsions per se and with 5% of spironolactone showed acceptable skin irritation profiles and significant potential for skin hydration, which is important in acne treatment. Good physical stability and satisfying preliminary safety profile of all investigated samples were also obtained showing that moisturizing APG-based emulsions could be promoted as vehicles for off-label topical spironolactone.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ЭКОТОКСИЧНОСТИ И ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ КЛАССОВ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ НЕИОНОГЕННЫХ ПАВ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ПРИ ОЧИСТКЕ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ В ПРОЦЕССЕ КАПИЛЛЯРНОГО КОНТРОЛЯ ДЕТАЛЕЙ АВИАЦИОННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ (обзор)

A review of modern classes of nonionic surfactants used for cleaning metal surfaces is carried out. The following aspects are considered: efficiency of cleaning metal surfaces, ecotoxicity, biodegradability, impact on human health. The most promising class of surfactants – alkyl polyglycosides (APG) – for cleaning metal surfaces, including in the process of capillary control, has been determined. It is noted that APGs have shown high efficiency in removing even such contaminants as denatured protein and burnt corn starch from metal surfaces. In addition, APGs have the highest emulsifying ability among industrial surfactants, which effectively affects the reduction in surfactant consumption when cleaning the surfaces.

Dermofarmaceutske emulzije na bazi alkil poliglukozida kao nosači za spironolakton-teksturna analiza

Acne vulgaris is a chronic dermatological disease that affects the pilosebaceous unit; androgens play an important role in its pathogenesis. Acne therapy can be either systemic or topical, usual in the treatment of mild and moderate forms of acne. Spironolactone (SP) is an anti-androgen drug with potential to reduce the sebum secretion; in order to avoid systemic side effects, it could be used topically in acne treatment. Nowadays, more and more attention is being paid to the textural profile of dermopharmaceutical emulsions, which is normally influenced by their colloidal structure; texture analysis is performed in order to predict behavior of the emulsion systems in real-time conditions during manufacturing and application; the latter is closely related to ensuring patients' compliance and the positive outcome of the therapy. We formulated emulsions stabilized with different natural alkyl polyglucoside (APG) emulsifiers (Cetearyl glucoside and cetearyl alcohol and Arachidyl glucoside and arachidyl behenyl alcohol) as vehicles for 5% topical SP. Parameters obtained by texture analysis were firmness and cohesiveness. The study showed that SP affected the texture of APG-based emulsion; different APG-based emulsions showed satisfying textural characteristics per se after incorporation of 5% SP, which could imply their satisfying applicative characteristics on the skin with acne. APGs could be used as stabilizers of emulsion vehicles for topical SP. Dermoemulsion with Arachidyl glucoside and arachidyl behenyl alcohol, more lypophillic emulsifier, is a more acceptable carrier for 5% SP due to a better textural profile.

Determination of CO2 gas hydrates surface tension in the presence of nonionic surfactants and TBAC

The gas hydrates formation, in spite of its disadvantages, has some advantages such as separating, transferring and storing gas. Therefore, determining the appropriate promoters for the gas hydrates’ formation is as important as selecting an appropriate inhibitor. One of the effective promoters is tetra-n-butyl ammonium chloride (TBAC). Due to TBAC non-destructive environmental effects and its extraordinary effect on the thermodynamics of gas hydrates, this salt is one of the most widely used promoters. TBAC was discussed in the context of hydrate structure formation and Alkyl Poly Glucoside (APG) as a nonionic surfactant, because of its characteristics like biodegradability, emulsifiers and reasonable prices. In this study, the surface tension between Co2 hydrates was determined at constant temperatures and pressures with different concentrations. For this purpose, the classical nucleation theory has been used. The experimental data show that at constant temperature, the induction time is reduced by increasing TBAC concentration and adding APG. Also, the surface tension value reduces significantly due to adding APG, which this reduction has led to an upward trend with increasing temperature. Finally, the surface tension values obtained from the developed method were compared by presented correlations.

Preparation of Porous Materials Derived from Waste Mussel Shell with High Removal Performance for Tableware Oil

In this work, carbonized mussel shell powder (CMSP) was modified by alkyl polyglucosides (APG) and rhamnolipid (RL) to render porous biomass a lipophilic surface, which was innovatively utilized as an environmentally friendly tableware cleaning material. The modified method was two-step hydrotherm-assisted synthesis. A contact angle meter was used to determine the surface hydrophobic property of modified samples (MTAR). The pore and the surface structure of CMSP and MTAR were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD, FTIR and XPS. The effect of removing oil was tested by gravimetric method. The results showed that the surface of MTAR was more porous and fluffier than CMSP, and the specific surface area is increased by 16.76 times. The results showed that when calcining CMSP at 1000C, the oil removal rate of the synthesized MTAR is the best, and the decontamination rate can reach 87.05%. This research aims to develop a green and environmentally-friendly tableware cleaning material, solve environmental problems, and make full use of waste, which is very conducive to environmental protection.

Curcumin-loaded high internal phase emulsions stabilized with lysine modified lignin: a biological agent with high photothermal protection and antibacterial properties.

Bacterial infections and multidrug resistance can seriously endanger the health and lives of humans, therefore the development of novel and efficient antibacterial strategies and drugs is urgently needed. Herein, a series of highly biocompatible lysine modified enzymatic hydrolysis lignins (EHL-Lys-x) were synthesized using the Mannich reaction. The sterilizing efficiency of EHL-Lys-2.0 against S. aureus and E. coli at 20 mg mL-1 is 93% and 50%, respectively, which is 26% higher than pure EHL. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed that the adsorption and adhesive force between EHL-Lys-x and bacteria increase with the increased amount of grafting of Lys on EHL owing to the increase of the electrostatic interaction between the EHL-Lys-x and bacteria, which results in an improvement in the antimicrobial activity of EHL-Lys-x. Subsequently, EHL-Lys-x combined with alkyl polyglucoside (APG) was used to stabilize the high internal phase emulsion containing curcumin (HIPEs-cur). The dispersed phase fraction of HIPE-cur is 87 vol%, which is the highest internal phase reported to date in the medical research area. The highest residual levels of curcumin in HIPEs are 60-fold, 3-fold and 5-fold compared to that in bulk oil after treatment with UV radiation, thermal emittance and after storage, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of HIPEs-cur against S. aureus and E. coli were found to be 1.56 and 6.25 mg mL-1, respectively, which are far higher than that of pure EHL-Lys-x. This strategy not only increases the chemical stability and bioavailability of curcumin, but also provides a novel method for the application of lignin in biomedical science.

Synthesis of alkyl polyglycosides using SO3H-functionalized ionic liquids as catalysts.

An effective process for synthesis of alkyl polyglycosides (APG) was developed using SO3H-functionalized ionic liquids (SFILs) as catalysts. Four SFILs, [PSmim][HSO4], [PSmim][pTSA], [PSPy][HSO4] and [PSPy][pTSA], were designed and synthesized for APG synthesis. The results indicated that [PSmim][HSO4] shows the best catalytic performance among these four SFILs, which has a great agreement with the order of their acidities. When the [PSmim][HSO4] was used as catalyst, the reaction time could be decreased from 24 h to 8 h, and molar ration of n-octanol to glucose could be decreased from 5 : 1 to 3 : 1 under the optimization reaction conditions. In addition, the [PSmim][HSO4] could be easily regenerated and recycled at least 5 times with slight decrease in catalytic activity. Moreover, the catalytic mechanism of [PSmim][HSO4] was further investigated by molecular simulation. The high catalytic activity of [PSmim][HSO4] is attributed to hydrogen bonds between [PSmim][HSO4] and glucose and n-octanol, which could accelerate the protonation of glucose and removal of hydrogen ions from the hydroxyl in n-octanol.

From water-rich to oil-rich gelled non-toxic microemulsions.

Gelled non-toxic microemulsions have great potential in transdermal drug delivery: the microemulsion provides an optimum solubilizing capacity for drugs and promotes drug permeation through the skin barrier, while the gel network provides mechanical stability. We have formulated such a gelled non-toxic microemulsion consisting of H2O - isopropyl myristate (IPM) - Plantacare 1200 UP (technical-grade alkyl polyglucoside with an average composition of C12G1.4) - 1,2-octanediol in the presence of the low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) at an oil-to-water ratio of φ = 0.50. The study at hand aimed to develop gelled non-toxic microemulsions that can contain both oil- and water-soluble drugs and are either water- or oil-based, depending on the application. To accomplish this, we varied the oil-to-water ratio from being water-rich to oil-rich, i.e. 0.2 ≤ φ ≤ 0.8. Phase studies were carried out along the middle phase trajectory, and a suitable LMWG was identified for all φ-ratios. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that the structure can be tuned from water- to oil-continuous by adjusting the amount of 1,2-octanediol and φ-ratios. The existence of the gel network was visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) at three different φ-ratios. We found that all systems from φ = 0.35 to φ = 0.80 form strong gels with nearly the same rheological behavior, while the system with φ = 0.20 is a much weaker gel. We attribute this behavior on the one hand to the microemulsion microstructure and on the other hand to the solvent-dependent gelation properties of DBS, which can be described by the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs).

An experimental investigation of liquid CO2-in-water emulsions for improving oil recovery

Dissolving CO2 in crude oil results in a significant oil viscosity reduction, but CO2 injection suffers from poor sweep efficiency because of high CO2 mobility. In this study, the emulsions by mixing liquid CO2 with water was made to enhance oil recovery (EOR) by means of reducing CO2 mobility. The morphology and stability of different CO2 emulsions were investigated. The results suggested that a liquid CO2-in-water (C/W) emulsion stabilized by alkyl polyglycoside (APG) was generated at 299.15 K; and the emulsion with water cut of 30 vol% and APG concentration of 3.0 wt% exhibited the optimal stability which was applied in slim tube experiments. Compared with pure CO2, the higher density and viscosity of the C/W emulsion at ambient temperature implied a lower CO2 mobility in displacement. In the slim tube experiments, the displacement results of CO2 injection and C/W emulsion injection were compared and discussed at 363.15 K, and two crude oils were used to study the effect of crude oil properties on oil recovery. Up to 15% of additional oil recovery was obtained by the C/W emulsion flooding compared with the pure CO2 injection at 13 MPa and 363.15 K and it decreased with increasing pressure. Meanwhile, the differential pressure behavior and displacement velocity across the slim tube suggested that the C/W emulsion could have a lower relative permeability and decreased CO2 mobility in porous media. There was an interesting discovery that emulsification of crude oil could be an instrumental factor of the C/W emulsion in EOR. Furthermore, the flooding results of two crude oils indicated that the C/W emulsion injection has a better performance for the heavier crude oil in the slim tube experiments. The enhanced oil recovery suggested that the C/W emulsion could be a potential EOR method for heavy crude oil reservoirs.

Toxicity Evaluation of Household Detergents and Surfactants Using Zebrafish

There are concerns regarding the toxicity of household detergents to humans and aquatic organisms. There are various types of surfactants, which are the main components of detergents, and each detergent product has a different formulation. Therefore, high-throughput technologies capable of analyzing a large number of samples rapidly and accurately are required for research on detergent toxicity. In this study, image analysis techniques were used to quantify the locomotor activities from captured images using larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). When the 135-min time-lapse imaging was completed, the damage to the body of the animals was examined using a microscope. Additionally, we determined the animal survival and LC50. Nonionic decyl glucoside (APG-C10), one of the alkyl polyglucosides (APGs), exhibited the lowest toxicity, whereas linear alcohol ethoxylate (LA-9) exhibited the highest toxicity. AOS (α-olefin sulfonate), LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), and APG-600 showed moderate toxicity between LA-9 and APG-C10. Commercial detergents exhibited various degrees of toxicity, and there was a linear relationship (R2 = 0.776) between locomotor activity and survival percentage of animals.

Factors influencing the stability of natural gas foam prepared by alkyl polyglycosides and its decay rules

By using alkyl polyglycoside (APG) as foaming agent and natural gas as gas phase, the natural gas foam system was prepared, and the influence of alkyl chain length, metal cation valence and concentration, and polymer types on the foam stability was studied. By completely observing the volume and time required for the foam drainage liquid under different conditions, a foam drainage kinetics model was established. The drainage rate constant, the maximum drainage rate and its occurrence time during the foam drainage process can be acquired by derivation of the fitting function. The Arrhenius equation was adopted to fit the drainage rate constant at different temperature, and the drainage activation energy is obtained. The drainage process of foam was further analyzed from the perspective of kinetics. Moreover, the changes in geometric geometrics such as bubble number, particle size distribution frequency and the average diameter of the bubble in the decay process under different conditions was counted. According to the mathematical relationship between the average diameter and time, the Ostwald ripening rate and gas molecule diffusion constant are calculated. Finally, through the investigation of the interface properties and the micromorphology of the solution, the reasons for the above rules are explained. The research shows that: 1) the increase of the alkyl chain length of APG within a certain range (8–10.9) is beneficial to the improvement of the foam stability, and the continuous increase of chain length (10.9–12) is adverse to the foam stability, 2) the increase in the salinity of prepared water and the metal ions valence enhances the foam stability to a certain extent, 3) DG is more stable to APG foam than XG and KYPAM-6s. This study enriches the stability rules of APG foam with natural gas as the gas phase under different conditions, and provides ideas and methods for quantitatively analyzing the foam decay process from the perspectives of kinetics and statistics, which provides theoretical support for the application of natural gas foam in enhance oil recovery.

Formulation of Gelled Non-toxic Bicontinuous Microemulsions Stabilized by Highly Efficient Alkanoyl Methylglucamides

Gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsions have a great potential for transdermal drug delivery as the microemulsion facilitates the solubilization of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, while the gel network provides mechanical stability and thus an easy application on the skin. In our previous study, we formulated a gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsion: we gelled the system H2O-isopropyl myristate (IPM)-Plantacare 1200 UP (C12G1.4)-1,2-octanediol with the low molecular weight organogelator 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS). However, a large amount of Plantacare 1200 UP (12 wt %) is needed to form a bicontinuous microemulsion. To solve this problem, we studied a new class of surfactants, namely, alkanoyl methylglucamides (MEGA), which have been rarely used for the formulation of microemulsions. The phase behavior of microemulsions stabilized by MEGA-8/10, MEGA-12/14-PC, and MEGA-12/14-HC was compared with that of systems stabilized by alkyl polyglucosides. We found that even with 2 wt % MEGA-12/14-HC, a bicontinuous microemulsion can be formed, which is 1/6 of the amount of Plantacare 1200 UP. The bicontinuous microstructure of the non-toxic microemulsion H2O-IPM-MEGA-12/14-HC-1,2-octanediol was confirmed by small-angle neutron scattering. Furthermore, the phase boundaries remained unchanged when gelled by DBS. The rheological properties of the gel were studied by oscillatory shear rheometry. Finally, freeze-fracture electron microscopy images show the coexistence of gel fibers and bicontinuous oil and water domains. These results suggest that the new gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsion is an orthogonal self-assembled system.

Preparation and characterization of an environmentally friendly compound chemical agent for road dust suppression in a copper mine

AbstractThe dust on mine road surfaces endangers the health of workers, causing mechanical damage to equipment, and polluting the environment. Existing dust inhibitors have low dust suppression efficiency, weak persistence, are expensive. In this study, an environmentally friendly and efficient compound chemical dust suppressant for transportation road dust in a copper mine was developed. On the basis of testing the physical and chemical properties of the dust samples, the best ratio of dust inhibitor was determined using an orthogonal experiment with sodium polyacrylate, sodium carbonate, polyethylene glycol, and alkyl polyglycoside as raw materials, and using anti‐evaporation, hygroscopicity, permeability, pH, and viscosity as the evaluation indexes. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and dust removal simulation experiments were conducted. The results show that the optimum formulation of the dust suppressor is 0.08% sodium polyacrylate, 15% sodium carbonate, 2% polyethylene glycol, and 0.15% alkyl glycoside. The SEM experimental results show that the dust samples sprayed with dust suppressor form a network structure from a microcosmic perspective that is conducive to dust suppression. The dust removal efficiency of the whole dust in the laboratory was 96.89% and that of the respirable dust was 86.24%, which proves that the dust suppressor has a good dedusting effect.

Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Nanoparticle, TBAC and APG on Storage Capacity of CO2 Hydrate Formation

In this study, the effect of various concentrations of alkyl polyglycoside (APG), aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3), and tetra-n-butyl ammonium chloride (TBAC) on the storage capacity of CO2 hydrate formation are investigated. For this aim, a laboratory system is developed. The experiments are carried out in the pressure range of 25 to 35 bar and the temperature range of 275.15 K to 279.15 K. The Experimental results showed that by increasing the system pressure at constant temperature, the storage capacity increased by 48% in average. Decreasing the system temperature at constant pressure increased the storage capacity by 23% in average. Adding APG to the system at constant temperature and pressure increases the storage capacity by 75% in average, while adding nanoparticles of aluminum oxide increases the storage capacity by 5% and TBAC 38% in average. For statistical analysis of laboratory data, Design Expert software and Response Surface test design method and Quadratic model are employed and a mathematical relationship is developed with R2 = 0.9987 to estimate CO2 storage capacity in hydrates. The optimum amount of storage capacity equal to 137.476 has been reached at 34.558 bar, 276.085 K, 2.825 Wt% of TBAC, 956.733 ppm APG, 2.436 Wt % Al2O3.

Experimental investigation, binary modelling and artificial neural network prediction of surfactant adsorption for enhanced oil recovery application

Throughout the application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), surfactant adsorption is considered the leading constraint on both the successful implementation and economic viability of the process. In this study, a comprehensive investigation on the adsorption behaviour of nonionic and anionic individual surfactants; namely, alkyl polyglucoside (APG) and alkyl ether carboxylate (AEC) was performed using static adsorption experiments, isotherm modelling using (Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Temkin models), adsorption simulation using a state-of-the-art method, binary mixture prediction using the modified extended Langmuir (MEL) model, and artificial neural network (ANN) prediction. Static adsorption experiments revealed higher adsorption capacity of APG as compared to AEC, with sips being the most fitted model with R2 (0.9915 and 0.9926, for APG and AEC respectively). It was indicated that both monolayer and multilayer adsorption took place in a heterogeneous adsorption system with non-uniform surfactant molecules distribution, which was in remarkable agreement with the simulation results. The (APG/AEC) binary mixture prediction depicted contradictory results to the experimental individual behaviour, showing that AEC had more affinity to adsorb in competition with APG for the adsorption sites on the rock surface. The adopted ANN model showed good agreement with the experimental data and the simulated adsorption values for APG and AEC showed a decreasing trend as temperature increases. Simulating the impact of binary surfactant adsorption can provide a tremendous advantage of demonstrating the binary system behaviour with less experimental data. The utilization of ANN for such prediction procedure can minimize the experimental time, operating cost and give feasible predictions compared to other computational methods. The integrated workflow followed in this study is quite innovative as it has not been employed before for surfactant adsorption studies.

Development of a Gypsum Foaming Agent Based on Alkyl Polyglucosides

Abstract The formulation of gypsum foaming agents using alkyl polyglucosides (APG) as main surfactant was studied. The foaming behavior of the foam compound system and the stability of the foam were determined by experiments. The foaming property of APGs with various carbon chain lengths and of APGs in mixtures with other surfactants, such as cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAB), sodium lauryl amphoacetate (SLA) and sodium alcohol ether sulphate (AES) was investigated. The influence of some polymers used as foam stabilizers, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was also examined. Foaming times, foaming stability and bleeding ratio change were tested in order to investigate the properties of foaming and foam stability. Results indicated that the best foam performance was obtained by the composition based on APGs mixed with SLA and PVA. The optimal condition was as following: m(APG0810): m(APG1214): m(SLA) = 4: 1: 2, and PVA accounted for 10% (w/w) of total. After 1 minute, the foam multiplier was 4.35. Due to the improved mix system, it remained at 3.65 even after 15 min, with a mass fraction of 0.2%, a stirring speed of 1800 rpm and a stirring time of 3 min.

Study of the Synthesis of Branched Chain Alkyl Polyglucosides from Guerbet Alcohol in an Acid/Phase Transfer Catalyst System and Their Properties

Abstract The synthesis of branched-chain alkyl polyglucosides (APG) from 2-butyl-1-octanol, a Guerbet alcohol, in an acid/phase transfer catalyst (PTC) system was studied. Under optimized conditions the conversion rate of this reaction was 98.4% and the selectivity 16.5:1 (APG to polysaccharide, w/o). The APG was characterized by HPLC, LC/MS and 1HNMR. The surfactant properties showed that the wetting time was 17.9 s, and the emulsification time of a 0.15% aqueous solution with soybean oil was 22 min 44 s and with liquid paraffin 11 min 05 s. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 5 · 10−4 mol/L, and the surface tension was 25.87 mN/m with a 1% aqueous solution. It is a low foaming surfactant.

A novel preflush to improve shear bond strength at cement-formation interface and zonal isolation

The effective removal of filtercake during the oil-well cementing job is of utmost importance for the reduction of well integrity problems during well drilling and production activities. Poor removal of filtercake will lead to a failure in the ability of the cement to provide zonal isolation at the cement-formation interface (CFI), during completion and for the well's lifetime. Several chemical mechanisms (chelating agents, acids, enzymes, and oxidizers) have been widely employed to remove filtercake. Nonetheless, at certain circumstances, these strategies have drawbacks that can adversely impact oil-well productivity.This research introduces a novel preflush (KV-IIA as well as KV-IIB) developed in the laboratory to transform the water-based filtercake at CFI into cement-based materials to enhance shear bonding. KV-IIA solution contained 16% CaCl2, and 1% Alkyl Polyglucoside (APG-1214), while KV-IIB fluid comprised 1% Alkyl Polyglucoside (APG-0810), 12% NaOH, 15% Na2SiO3 and water. Simulated wellbores (SWB) with porosity and permeability of 18% and 150 ′ 10−3 μm2 respectively, were also used.The results showed the Reynold numbers for the preflushes KV-IIA and KV-IIB were 46,509 and 29,660 respectively. Since Reynold numbers are greater than 4000 value, the flow regime in the annulus is turbulent. The reactions among H3AlO42− and H3SiO4− from alkali-dissolved reaction, Ca2+, Na+ and H3SiO4− in the KV-II solution, and Ca2+ and OH− from cement slurry form the natrolite and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) with different silicate-calcium ratio. Based on that, the wellbore shear bond strength (SBS) and the cementing quality were improved. Analysis of the FTIR demonstrated that the CFI of the specimens tested produced additional cement binder material which resulted in increased bonding strength. The results of this work are anticipated to provide insights into the bond strengthening mechanisms in water-based mud that could help cementing specialists customize the preflushes to enhance the rock-cement bonding for better annular sealing to ensure a long-term zonal isolation.

Synthesis and Properties of Alkyl Polyglycoside Polyoxypropylene Ethers

Abstract A series of alkyl polyglycoside polyoxypropylene ethers (APGPE-n) has been prepared by propoxylation of alkyl polyglycoside (APG). The structure, the physical and application properties of...