Alkyd Paints Research Articles

Chemical curing in alkyd paints: An evaluation via FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies

A study aimed at determining the time necessary for an alkyd paint to attain chemical curing is presented. In particular, the object of our investigation was an oil paint made by Winsor & Newton, namely French ultramarine (PB29) in the Griffin Alkyd “fast drying oil colour” series. Using this paint, we prepared several mock-ups on glass. These were left in the laboratory at room temperature in a piece of furniture with glass doors for a total of 70days. Samples were taken at different times, and the changes in their composition were monitored by means of FT-IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic analyses. Since the cross-linking reactions involved in the formation of the pictorial film mainly affect the amount of carbon–carbon double bonds, we monitored the decrease in allyl, diallyl and vinyl protons and carbons. The data obtained from the use of both techniques led us to conclude that, in our particular experimental conditions, the chemical curing of the paint layer is reached within the first 70days, thus establishing the beginning of the ageing phenomena.

Corrosion behaviour of steel/55%Al–Zn alloy/paint systems exposed to natural and artificial environments

AbstractThe corrosion performance of steel/55%Al–Zn alloy sheets pre‐treated with 5% Fe (NO3)3 + 15% H3PO4solution, and then coated with acrylic (AC), alkyd (AQ), vinyl (VL), solvent‐based epoxy (ES) or waterborne epoxy (EA) corrosion‐inhibiting primers + a barrier topcoat alkyd paint was studied. Exposure conditions included weathering chambers and natural atmospheres (La Plata‐Argentina and San Luis‐Potosí, México). The panels' behaviour was evaluated through visual inspections and EIS measurements. Their results allowed inferring that: (1) most of the painting systems have a satisfactory performance during their exposure to the accelerated weathering chamber or the natural atmospheric stations and (2) the correlation between them allowed explaining some problems arising in service. This information will allow extending the useful life by adjusting the painting system formulation.

Alkyd paints in art: Characterization using integrated mass spectrometry

Alkyd resins have been commonly used as binders in artist paints since the 1940s. The characterization of alkyds in samples from artworks can help to solve attribution and dating issues, investigate decay processes, and contribute to the planning of conservation strategies. Being able to assess the components of industrially formulated paint materials and to differentiate between different trademarks and producers is extremely interesting and requires multi-analytical approaches.In this paper we describe the characterization of commercial alkyd paint materials using a multi-analytical approach based on the integration of three different mass spectrometric techniques: gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with a tandem quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (HPLC–ESI-Q-ToF), and flow injection analysis (FIA) in the ESI-Q-ToF mass spectrometer.GC/MS was successful in determining the fatty acid and aromatic fractions of the resins after hydrolysis; HPLC–ESI-Q-ToF analysis enabled us to identify the triglycerides (TAGs) and diglycerides (DAGs) profile of each resin, and FIA analysis was used as a rapid method to evaluate the presence of possible additives such as synthetic polymers.

“Picasso in The Metropolitan Museum of Art”: An Investigation of Materials and Techniques

The 2010 exhibition “Picasso in The Metropolitan Museum of Art” presented the unparalleled opportunity to examine the working methods and materials of Pablo Picasso's paintings in the museum's collection, 34 works in total, covering a span of over 60 years. All paintings were comprehensively examined and studied using infrared reflectography and x-ray radiography. The paintings with paint surfaces that visually presented qualities associated with alkyd, enamel, or house paints were analyzed. Four paintings presenting such significant characteristics emerged from the group and are the focus of this study. Pigment and binding media analyses indicated the possible use of non-traditional artist's paints but not necessarily house, alkyd, or enamel paints. Picasso's infinite creativity was reflected in his experimental nature with materials. Specifically, his manipulation and alteration of the oil medium, which directly impacted the appearance and handling properties of the paint, must be taken into account. Ultimately, the results of this study illustrate the difficulty in identifying house, boat, or other non-traditional artist's paints by visual examination alone and the challenges of their analytical characterization. Our analyses showed the presence of traditional artist's materials of the time period but did not definitively identify chemical markers of house or other non-traditional artist's paints.

Jack Chambers’ mixed media paintings from the 1960s and 1970s: Painting technique and condition

This study describes the examination and analysis of four mixed media paintings from the 1960s and 1970s by Canadian artist Jack Chambers (1931–1978). The documentary evidence about his materials and methods is summarized and compared with the results of analysis of multilayer paint samples. The combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allowed the components of the paint media to be characterized: ortho-phthalate alkyd resins, iso-phthalate alkyd resins, drying oils, dammar, Pinaceae resin, and turpentine were identified in varying proportions. Many pigments and fillers were identified by FTIR and Raman and are enumerated. The effect that Chambers’ complex technique has had on the aging and degradation of the paintings is discussed. The severe cracking of the paint layers in one of the four paintings may be the result of a high proportion of dammar and turpentine diluent mixed with the alkyd paint and may also be related to the type of alkyd resin medium. Different history and environmental conditions may also be factors.

Synthesis of novel hyperbranched polymers featuring oxazoline linear units and their application in fast‐drying solvent‐borne coating formulations

ABSTRACTNovel acid‐terminated hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) containing adipic acid and oxazoline monomers derived from oleic and linoleic acid have been synthesized via a bulk polymerization procedure. Branching was achieved as a consequence of an acid‐catalyzed opening of the oxazoline ring to produce a trifunctional monomer in situ which delivered branching levels of >45% as determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The HBPs were soluble in common solvents, such as CHCl3, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide and were further functionalized by addition of citronellol to afford white‐spirit soluble materials that could be used in coating formulations. During end group modification, a reduction in branching levels of the HBPs (down to 12–24%) was observed, predominantly on account of oxazoline ring reformation and trans‐esterification processes under the reaction conditions used. In comparison to commercial alkyd resin paint coatings, formulations of the citronellol‐functionalized hyperbranched materials blended with a commercial alkyd resin exhibited dramatic decreases of the blend viscosity when the HBP content was increased. The curing characteristics of the HBP/alkyd blend formulations were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis which revealed that the new coatings cured more quickly and produced tougher materials than otherwise identical coatings prepared from only the commercial alkyd resins. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3964–3974

Treatment of chemical warfare agents by combined sodium percarbonate with tetraacetylethylenediamine solution

Treatment of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) including soman (GD), mustard (HD) and VX by combined sodium percarbonate and tetraacetylethylenediamine (SPC/TAED) solution was investigated. The optimal pH value for the degradation of HD and VX were about 7.5–9.0 and 8.5–9.5, respectively. The decontamination efficiency of GD increased as the pH value increases. To obtain a decontamination percentage of >99%, the molar ratio between active oxygen and CWAs needed to be at least 3, 2, 10 for GD, HD and VX, respectively. The SPC/TAED aqueous solution was used to effectively decompose CWAs in the temperature range between 0°C and 45°C. As indicated by the products analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and ion chromatography (IC), the degradation of GD was revealed to be a perhydrolysis process; oxidation of C and S atoms and elimination of HCl were involved during the degradation of HD, while VX degradation process was through oxidation of C, S and N atoms and cleavage of CC, CN, CS and PS bonds. The porous and non-porous materials (e.g., concrete, alkyd paint coating, glaze floor, etc.) contaminated by CWAs could be decontaminated by the SPC/TAED aqueous solution.

Elektroniese eienskappe van die Mn(asas)<sub>3</sub>-kompleks: 'n Sikliese voltammetrie- en berekeningschemiestudie

Electronic properties of Mn(acac)3 complex : a cyclic voltammetry and computational chemistry study Tris(acetylacetonato) Manganese(III) is a catalyst in alkyd paint. In this study, the electronic properties of Mn(acac)3 are determined by means of electrochemistry and computational chemistry. The optimised geometrical and electronic structure of Mn(acac)3 is calculated by means of computational chemistry, and electrochemistry is applied to measure the following reactions:MnIII(acac)3 - e- ⇆ MnIV(acac)3 MnIII(acac)3 + e- ⇆ MnII(acac)3

Investigating Effect of Conventional and Nano Zinc Pigments on Air-Drying Property of Palm-Stearin-Based Alkyd Resin Paints

Air-drying white paint based on palm stearin alkyd resin was prepared with conventional and nano-ZnO and ZnS pigments. The effects of used pigments on air-drying time and some physical-mechanical characteristics of the paint were investigated by comparing them with conventional counterparts. It was found that ZnS has little effect on the drying time of alkyd paints, and the time of paint drying does not depend very much on the volume concentration of this pigment. ZnO pigments had outstanding effects on drying time and physical–mechanical properties of the air-drying paints, but the best result was observed for paints containing nano–ZnO. Zinc-containing pigment systems, if composed of the nano-type, provide excellent results.

Fatty acid composition of melon (Colocynthis vulgaris Shrad) seed oil and its application in synthesis and evaluation of alkyd resins

The high cost and environmental problems associated with the use of petroleum - based monomers for synthesis of binders can be solved by the use of locally sourced vegetable oils as precursor for synthesis of binders. The polymers from the latter are biodegradable and cheaper than petroleum polymers. The GC-MS result revealed that melon seed oil contains octadec - 14, 17 - dienoic acid (56.86%) as the most abundant fatty acid. Four sets of alkyd samples formulated by varying the percentage of melon seed oil contents were synthesised according to the alcoholysis-polyesterification process. The effect of oil lengths and oil quality on properties such as the drying schedule, hardness, gloss, colour, and chemical resistance of the alkyds were evaluated. Short oil alkyd of crude and refined oil possessed the best hardness, drying time and resistant to 5% brine solution. These properties were comparable to those of the soya alkyd paints.

Interfacial Modification of Clay Nanotubes for the Sustained Release of Corrosion Inhibitors

Long-lasting anticorrosive coatings for steel have been developed on the basis of halloysite nanotubes loaded with three corrosion inhibitors: benzotriazole, mercaptobenzothiazole, and mercaptobenzimidazole. The inhibitors' loaded tubes were admixed at 5-10 wt % to oil-based alkyd paint providing sustained agent release and corrosion healing in the coating defects. The slow 20-30 h release of the inhibitors at defect points caused a remarkable improvement in the anticorrosion efficiency of the coatings. Further time expansion of anticorrosion agent release has been achieved by the formation of release stoppers at nanotube ends with urea-formaldehyde copolymer and copper-inhibitor complexation. The corrosion protection efficiency was tested on ASTM A366 steel plates in a 0.5 M NaCl solution with the microscanning of corrosion current development by microscopy inspection and studying paint adhesion. The best protection was found using halloysite/mercaptobenzimidazole and benzotriazole inhibitors. Stopper formation with urea-formaldehyde copolymer provided an additional increase in corrosion efficiency as a result of the longer release of inhibitors.

Identification of Non-Volatile Components and Volatile Organic Compounds in Wet Building Materials

The major volatile components in two solvent-based paints, two thinners, and four adhesives have been identified by a method involving pre-treatment by solvent dilution, filtration, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The non-volatile components in these wet building materials have been determined by infrared spectroscopy. The results have shown the major volatile organic compounds in one-component polyurethane varnish and alkyd paint thinner to be nonane, decane, undecane, xylene, ethylbenzene and ethyltoluene. The main film-forming matter in cement floor paint has been identified as styrenated acrylic emulsion, with the volatile components being mainly butyl acetate, decane and benzene series. The basic substances in these adhesives were polychloroprene, styrene butadiene carboxylated latex, or polyvinyl acetate emulsion. The primary volatile compounds in two adhesives were methyl acetate, and many branched-chain and normal alkanes, while those in the other two adhesives were toluene and benzene.

High performance alkyd paints based on platy kaolin for corrosion protection of steel

Calcination of kaolin presents an easy route to obtain high performance and eco-friendly anticorrosive filler. The objective of the present work was to prepare a new ecologically friendly inorganic filler, based on thermal treatment of kaolin to be used as an anticorrosive. This work studied the corrosion protection of medium oil-modified alkyd paints based on thermally treated kaolin at different temperatures. Paints were formulated with different pigment volume concentrations (PVCs) and critical pigment volume concentrations (CPVCs). The prepared paints were formulated with increasing content of kaolin, with PVC ranging from 10 to 30%. The physical and chemical properties of kaolin were evaluated at different temperatures. Particle shapes of thermally treated kaolin were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The physico-mechanical properties of dry films, water vapor transmission and their corrosion properties using accelerated laboratory corrosion test were tested. The thermal treatment of kaolin enhanced both the oil absorption and the alkalinity. This led to alkyd results in saponification and consequently passivation of the substrate. Good wetting with alkyd resin gave homogeneous films without defects which resisted water and oxygen permeation and protected steel against corrosion. The results revealed that thermally treated kaolin at 400°C was the best at protecting steel substrates for all PVCs.

Modelling the effect of various factors on the condition of pavement marking

Poorly maintained pavement marking might certainly contribute to road accidents. The cost of road accidents is estimated to be 10–25 billion Canadian dollars annually. Accordingly, it is necessary for municipalities to develop a strategic cost-effective plan in order to renew and restripe pavement markings. Therefore, the objective of the present research is to model the effect of various factors on pavement marking conditions. Data on Alkyd paint pavement marking material are collected from the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Since the collected data from municipalities in Canada always include input variables and fail to provide output variable(s) (e.g. condition), an unsupervised neural network (UNN) model is first developed to generate the condition of pavement marking (output). Then, regression and neurofuzzy models are developed based upon the results of UNN model. The developed models are validated in which they show satisfactory results. A sensitivity analysis is performed to show the effect of changing the input variables on the developed models’ output(s).

Discriminating Amino Resin Paints From Alkyd Resin Paints with Two Kinds of Pigments in Automotive Coatings in Forensic Analysis by FTIR Spectroscopy

The analysis of automotive coatings is important to forensic scientists, especially in the investigation of hit-and-run accidents. Amino resin paints, alkyd resin paints, and polyurethane paints are all popular automotive coatings. In this study, FTIR was employed to investigate these coatings, particular in amino resin paints. IR spectra were tentatively interpreted. The indicative peaks distinguishing amino resin paints (1550 cm−1) and alkyd resin paints (1600 cm−1/1580 cm−1) were summarized. Two kinds of alkyd resin paints (with the Pigment Scarlet Powder and with the Toluidine Red), which were frequently confronted in cases and might readily be read as amino resin paints in IR spectra, were studied and interpreted. The indicative peaks (1619 cm−1, 776 cm−1 and 1674 cm−1, 1494 cm−1) were selected to discriminate these two kinds of alkyd resin paints from amino resin paints and avoid an incorrect certificate of authenticity. The data in this study can help the forensic scientists identify these three paints accurately, especially in the cases with the interference of the pigments.

Corrosion protection of cold-rolled steel with alkyd paint coatings composited with submicron-structure types polypyrrole-modified nano-size alumina and carbon nanotubes

Abstract This paper is focused on studying corrosion protection of cold-rolled steel with alkyd paint coatings comprising nano-size alumina and either polystyrene-sulphonate (PSS) modified or sulphonated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) supported polypyrrole (PPy). Single layer coatings (in thickness of 40 ± 5 μm) comprising PPy deposited alumina and PSS modified MWCNT supported PPy afforded viable protection during the 1 M sodium chloride test. The coatings containing PSS modified and weakly sulphonated MWCNTs (at volume fractions of 9.9 × 10−4 and 2.5 × 10−4) with PPy volume fractions of 3.5 × 10−3 and 2.5 × 10−3 provided effective corrosion prevention during the 1 M sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid solution tests. While inhibitor particles were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, corrosion products formed at the paint–steel interface were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Apart from the electron microscopy observations, rheology study of three-dimensional structure of the inhibitor particles was performed in dispersions at similar compositions to those used for the paint formulations. Thus, protection mechanism relating to both types of immersion tests is discussed in terms of properties of the inhibitor particles and their microstructure in the coatings.

An In-Situ Phosphating Coating Catalyzed by Phenylphosphonic Acid on AA6061

In order to solve the problems of that exist in traditional multi-stage phosphating process (such as error-prone operation, cost and waste), a novel in-situ phosphating coating (ISPC) system was developed. This was achieved by predispersing an optimum amount of in-situ phosphating reagent (ISPR) into the paint formulation. The corrosion protection performance of the ISPC comprised of alkyd ready-mixed paint catalyzed by phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) as in-situ phosphating reagent (ISPR) was investigated using electrochemical measurement and salt water immersion (SWI) test. The results indicated that adding 2% phenylphosphonic acid in alkyd ready mixed paint system can obviously improve the corrosion protection performance of the paint coating cured at 50°C for 8h.

The Cloud Spinner (review)

Reviewed by: The Cloud Spinner Jeannette Hulick Catchpool, Michael . The Cloud Spinner; illus. by Alison Jay. Knopf, 2012. 32p. Library ed. ISBN 978-0-375-97011-5 $19.99 Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-375-87011-8 $16.99 R 6-9 yrs. A young boy spins clouds into thread-golden thread from morning clouds, white from afternoon, and crimson from evening-then weaves the thread into cloth. When the king sees the beautiful cloth, he requests a scarf from the boy, then goes on to demand more and more clothing made from this special fabric. The boy resists, but the king insists, clearly not understanding the message that the boy sings as he works: "Enough is enough and not one stitch more." Fortunately, the king's daughter has been paying attention, and when the king's greedy consumption of the fabric results in the disappearance of all the clouds and consequently the much-needed rain, she brings the clothes back to the spinner so that they can be reverted to clouds. Kids may not see the connection to current environmental and social issues without adult guidance, but they will likely respond well to the folkloric structure of the tale and to the youth of the hero and heroine. Piquant turns of phrase (the cloth is "a twist and twirl of gold and white and crimson, soft as a mouse's touch and warm as roasted chestnuts") add flavor to the story. Jay's slightly surreal alkyd paint and crackle varnish illustrations, infused with subtle golden light and varied in composition and layout, lend additional whimsy to the text. Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Utilisation of industrial waste for ferrite pigments production

AbstractPreliminary results of research focused on the utilisation of specific waste from metallurgical and mining activities to obtain ferrite pigments are presented. As a source of iron in the spinel-type ferrites with the general structure MFe2O4 (where M is a bivalent metal such as Ca and Zn), three types of industrial wastes were used: metallurgical slag from the production of non-ferrous metals and two types of AMD (acid mine drainage) sludge: one of natural origin (Fe-sediment) and the second one synthetically prepared from AMD (Fe-precipitate). This waste was homogenised by ZnO and CaCO3 in various stoichiometric ratios n(Ca): n(Zn): n(Fe) and calcined at the temperature of 1000–1095°C. Mineralogical (XRD) analysis of the metallurgical slag pigments confirmed the formation of zinc ferrite and hematite only (Ca from reaction components entered into other phases). The ferric component of the AMD sludge (Fe-precipitate and Fe-sediment) formed a mixture of zinc ferrite, calcium ferrite, and hematite while increased calcination temperature supported the ferritic structure formation. Prepared pigments have no considerable colour differences; they were in brown colour tones. Pigments from the AMD sludge were more dark brown coloured than those from slag. Pigments were applied in an alkyd-resin paint and consequently basic anticorrosive tests were performed. Pigments obtained from metallurgical slag showed better anticorrosive properties than those from AMD. However, because of high Pb content in pigments from the slag (0.67–1.10 mass % Pb in pigments), utilisation of these pigments in coatings is problematic. Ferrite pigments from the AMD sludge, mainly that with zinc ferrite, have promising application in anticorrosive paints but optimisation of the preparation process is required.

Acyl-substituted ferrocenes as driers for solvent-borne alkyd paints

Ferrocenes bearing acyl substituents in the cyclopentadienyl rings [Fe(η 5-C 5H 4COR)(η 5-C 5H 5)] and [Fe(η 5-C 5H 4COR) 2] (R = CH 3, CF 3 and Ph) were examined as new driers for solvent-borne alkyd binder. All studied ferrocenes were found to be active catalysts for cross-linking reaction of the alkyd. These iron(II) compounds give solid polymeric films with hardness and drying time comparable to the commercial cobalt(II) drier. Acetyl- and benzoyl-substituted ferrocenes show an excellent synergic effect with the cobalt drier giving hard polymeric films within short drying time. The kinetics of the alkyd autoxidation was followed by FTIR spectroscopy. Spin-trapping ESR technique has proven the important role of the ferrocenium cation upon decomposition of hydroperoxides by ferrocene-based driers. The peroxy and alkoxy radicals, appearing in drying process, were resolved by the new spin trap methyl- N-mesityl nitrone.