Alkene Groups Research Articles

Application of Pyrolysis for the Evaluation of Organic Compounds in Medical Plastic Waste Generated in the City of Cartagena-Colombia Applying TG-GC/MS.

In this study, the thermal degradation and pyrolysis of hospital plastic waste consisting of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP) were investigated using TG-GC/MS. The identified molecules with the functional groups of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aromatics, phenols, CO and CO2 were found in the gas stream from pyrolysis and oxidation, and are chemical structures with derivatives of aromatic rings. They are mainly related to the degradation of PS hospital waste, and the alkanes and alkenes groups originate mainly from PP and PE-based medical waste. The pyrolysis of this hospital waste did not show the presence of derivatives of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, which is an advantage over classical incineration methodologies. CO, CO2, phenol, acetic acid and benzoic acid concentrations were higher in the gases from the oxidative degradation than in those generated in the pyrolysis with helium. In this article, we propose different pathways of reaction mechanisms that allow us to explain the presence of molecules with other functional groups, such as alkanes, alkenes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, aromatics and permanent gases.

Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Betulin Cycloolefin Derivatives by Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring-Closing Metathesis.

The combination of ring-closing metathesis with betulin enables the design and synthesis of novel biomolecules representing a library of triterpenoid derivatives for potential pharmacological research. In this work, cyclic olefin betulin derivatives were attempted to be prepared by the combination of ring-closing metathesis with betulin. Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide coupling reaction allowed the transformation of betulin into two types of linear olefin derivatives that have different methylene spacer lengths between the olefin and ester groups. Subsequently, betulin-based cycloolefins were synthesized by ring-closing metathesis using Grubbs first-generation catalyst. The influence of different parameters including solvents, temperature, catalysts, and catalyst loading on ring-closing metathesis was investigated. Cytotoxicity results indicated that these betulin-based olefin derivatives, derived from renewable bioresources, have potential applications in the biomedical field.

Chemical Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle Compounds using Red Algae (Fucus vesiculosus) in Freeze Dry Methods

The nanoparticle green synthesis method is an alternative method for synthesizing nanoparticles or nanomaterials. The nanoparticle green synthesis method is a synthesis method that forms metal nanoparticles using natural materials such as plants as bioreductor. Red algae contain active ingredients that are the potential as antioxidants and anti-aging. Fucus vesiculosus is one of the red algae species with bioactive as an anti-aging and antioxidant compound. This study aims to synthesize, characterize and determine the antioxidant activity of F. Vesiculosus nanoparticles compounds. Characterization for nanoparticle compounds is Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The antioxidant activity test used the DPPH method. The results of the SEM characterization of nanoparticles showed the results of the formation of spherical particle surfaces known as a spherical formation. SEM-EDX shows several constituent elements of silver nanoparticles F. vesiculosus, namely C, O, Na, Mg, Cl, and K. Characterization silver nanoparticles using PSA measuring the particle size are 74.06 nm at 99.5% distribution. Characterization of silver nanoparticles using XRD showed crystalline character. The FTIR pattern shows the functional groups of alkenes, aromatic rings, ethers, amines/amides, alkenes, and alkanes. The antioxidant test results showed that the inhibition concentration for ascorbic acid was 1.13 ppm, silver nanoparticles F. vesiculosus 177.6 ppm, F. vesiculosus crude extract 1335 ppm, and respectively, ascorbic acid > silver NP > crude extract F. vesiculosus. The test results show that the antioxidant activity of the nanoparticle compounds increased from the very weak into the strong category. Keywords: antioxidant activity, Fucus vesiculosus, Nanoparticle.

Docking-migration: a powerful tool for radical-mediated difunctionalization of alkenes

<p indent="0mm">Alkene difunctionalization supplies a robust tool for the conversion of simple alkenes to complex molecules by simultaneously installing two different functional groups to alkenes. In particular, radical-mediated difunctionalization of alkenes has received extensive attention from synthetic chemists, because of the inherent features of mild reaction conditions and high product diversity. By taking advantage of designed bifunctional reagents, in which a radical donor and a migrating group are tethered by a linker, the docking-migration process proceeding through consecutive radical addition to alkene and intramolecular functional group migration provides an efficient strategy for alkene difunctionalization. The approach demonstrates broad scope of alkene substrates that activated and unactivated alkenes as well as complex alkenes are suitable substrates. This account summarizes the progress from our group in alkene difunctionalization relying on the docking-migration strategy.

Driving a Third Generation Molecular Motor with Electrons Across a Surface.

Excitation of single molecules with electrons tunneling between a sharp metallic tip of a scanning tunneling microscope and a metal surface is one way to study and control dynamics of molecules on surfaces. Electron tunneling induced dynamics may lead to hopping, rotation, molecular switching, or chemical reactions. Molecular motors that convert rotation of subgroups into lateral movement on a surface can in principle also be driven by tunneling electrons. For such surface-bound motor molecules the efficiency of motor action with respect to electron dose is still not known. Here, the response of a molecular motor containing two rotor units in the form of overcrowded alkene groups to inelastic electron tunneling has been examined on a Cu(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum at 5 K. Upon vibrational excitation, switching between different molecular conformations is observed, including conversion of enantiomeric states of chiral conformations. Tunneling at energies in the range of electronic excitations causes activation of motor action and movement across the surface. The expected unidirectional rotation of the two rotor units causes forward movements but with a low degree of translational directionality.

Production, Application, and Efficacy of Biodefoamers from Bacillus, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, Comamonas spp. Consortium for the Defoamation of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Activated sludge (AS) treatment systems’ major limitation is the nuisance foaming at the surface of the aeration basin in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This foam can be stabilized by biofoamers and surfactants in the wastewater to be treated. In order to control foam, synthetic defoamers are used; however, these defoamers are toxic to the environment. This study aimed to optimize the production of biodefoamers by quantifying foam reduction efficiency and foam collapse by the isolate pervasive to poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). Before their identification and characterization, nine bacterial isolates were isolated and assessed for foam reduction efficiency. These organisms produced minute biodefoamers under various conditions generated on the response surface methodology (RSM). The isolates that produced biodefoamers with high foam reduction efficiency and at a lower foam collapse rate were Bacillus, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, and Commamonas spp. consortia. At 4% (v defoamer/v PSW), the crude defoamers produced by the consortium had 96% foam reduction efficiency at 1.7 mm/s foam collapse rate, which was comparable to 96% foam reduction efficiency and 2.5 mm/s foam collapse rate for active silicone polymer antifoam A/defoamer by Sigma-Aldrich, a synthetic defoamer. At 2.5 mm/s, all of which were achieved at pH 7 and in less than 50 s. The application of the biodefoamer resulted in sludge compacted flocs, with filament protruding flocs observed when a synthetic defoamer was used. The biodefoamer showed the presence of alkane, amine, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, which indicated a polysaccharide core structure. The 1H NMR analysis further confirmed that the biodefoamers were carbohydrate polymers. This study reports for the first time on the efficiency and comparability of a biodefoamer to a synthetic defoamer.

Cytotoxicity Study of Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Aloe vera, Honey, and Gymnema sylvestre Leaf Extract.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained importance in the field of biomedical research and diagnostics due to their unique physicochemical properties. This study aimed to synthesize AuNPs using Aloe vera extract, honey, and Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract. Physicochemical parameters for the optimal synthesis of AuNPs were determined using 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mM of gold salt at varying temperatures from 20 to 50 °C. X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate the crystal structure of AuNPs, which came out to be a face-centered cubic structure. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the size and shape of AuNPs between 20 and 50 nm from the Aloe vera, honey, and Gymnema sylvestre, as well as large-sized nanocubes in the case of honey, with 21-34 wt % of gold content. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of a broadband of amine (N-H) and alcohol groups (O-H) on the surface of the synthesized AuNPs that prevents them from agglomeration and provides stability. Broad and weak bands of aliphatic ether (C-O), alkane (C-H), and other functional groups were also found on these AuNPs. DPPH antioxidant activity assay showed a high free radical scavenging potential. The most suited source was selected for further conjugation with three anticancer drugs including 4-hydroxy Tamoxifen, HIF1 alpha inhibitor, and the soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Inhibitor 1 H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Evidence of the pegylated drug conjugation with AuNPs was reinforced by ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. These drug-conjugated nanoparticles were further checked on MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells for their cytotoxicity. These AuNP-conjugated drugs can be a good candidate for breast cancer treatment that will lead toward safe, economical, biocompatible, and targeted drug delivery systems.

Insightful Improvement in the Design of Potent Uropathogenic E. coli FimH Antagonists

Selective antiadhesion antagonists of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) type-1 Fimbrial adhesin (FimH) are attractive alternatives for antibiotic therapies and prophylaxes against acute or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by UPECs. A rational small library of FimH antagonists based on previously described C-linked allyl α-D-mannopyranoside was synthesized using Heck cross-coupling reaction using a series of iodoaryl derivatives. This work reports two new members of FimH antagonist amongst the above family with sub nanomolar affinity. The resulting hydrophobic aglycones, including constrained alkene and aryl groups, were designed to provide additional favorable binding interactions with the so-called FimH "tyrosine gate". The newly synthesized C-linked glycomimetic antagonists, having a hydrolytically stable anomeric linkage, exhibited improved binding when compared to previously published analogs, as demonstrated by affinity measurement through interactions by FimH lectin. The crystal structure of FimH co-crystallized with one of the nanomolar antagonists revealed the binding mode of this inhibitor into the active site of the tyrosine gate. In addition, selected mannopyranoside constructs neither affected bacterial growth or cell viability nor interfered with antibiotic activity. C-linked mannoside antagonists were effective in decreasing bacterial adhesion to human bladder epithelial cells (HTB-9). Therefore, these molecules constituted additional therapeutic candidates' worth further development in the search for potent anti-adhesive drugs against infections caused by UPEC.

Exploration of the Antifungal Activity of Zn&lt;sub&gt;0.2&lt;/sub&gt;Fe&lt;sub&gt;2.8&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;/ Ag Ferrofluids with Double Surfactants and Sunflower Seed Oil as Dispersion Medium

Candidiasis is an infection caused by the fungus C. albicans. Ferrofluid Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag is the best candidate to overcome the problem of infection caused by this fungus. In addition to the safe ingredients used, its ability to create ROS and maintain stability has the potential to be an excellent antifungal agent. The purpose of this study was to create a new ferrofluid with double surfactants for the antifungal C. albicans. Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag ferrofluids were synthesized using a bottom-up method, starting from the synthesis of Zn0.2Fe2.8O4 nanoparticles, Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag nanocomposites, to the synthesis of Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag ferrofluids. Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag powder was characterized using XRD and SEM to determine the particle structure and morphology. Meanwhile, Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag ferrofluids were characterized using FTIR and antifungal activity tests to determine the functional group and zone of inhibition against the growth of the fungus C. albicans. The results of the characterization analysis showed that Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag nanoparticles had good crystallinity, with a crystallite size of Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag of 11.32 nm and an Ag crystallite size of 7.00 nm. SEM characterization showed that Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag nanoparticles had agglomeration with the average particle size distribution of 443 nm. The functional groups detected by FTIR confirmed the success of the ferrofluid synthesis Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag where spinel functional groups, olefin groups, and functional groups S=O were formed. The results of the antifungal activity test showed that Zn0.2Fe2.8O4/Ag ferrofluids were relatively active as an antifungal agent, with a diameter of the C. albicans growth inhibition zone of 9.63 mm.

Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Ethylene Copolymerization with Polar Comonomer.

The synthesis of polar functionalized polyolefin (PFP) offers improvement in mixing properties, polymer surface, and rheological properties with the potential of upgraded polyolefins for modern and ingenious applications. The synthesis of PFP from metal-based catalyzed olefin (non-polar in nature) copolymerization with polar comonomers embodies energy-efficient, atom-efficient, and apparently an upfront methodology. Despite their outstanding success during conventional polymerization of olefin, 3rd and 4th group (early transition metal)-based catalysts, owing to their electrophilic nature, face challenges mainly due to Lewis basic sites of the polar monomers. On the contrary, late transition metal-based catalysts have also made progress, in recent years, for PFP synthesis. The recent past has also witnessed several advancements in the development of dominating palladium-based catalysts while their lower resistance towards ligand functional groups has limited the practical application of abundant and cheaper nickel-based catalysts. However, the relentless efforts of the scientific community, during the past half-decade, have indicated rigorous progress in the development of nickel-based catalysts for PFP synthesis. In this review, we have abridged the recent research trends in both early as well as late transition metal-based catalyst development. Furthermore, we have highlighted the role of transition metal-based catalysts in influencing the polymer properties.

Soft Hydroxyapatite Composites Based on Triazine-Trione Systems as Potential Biomedical Engineering Frameworks.

Composites of triazine-trione (TATO) thiol-ene networks and hydroxyapatite (HA) have shown great potential as topological fixation materials for complex bone fractures due to their high flexural modulus, biocompatibility, and insusceptibility to forming soft-tissue adhesions. However, the rigid mechanical properties of these composites make them unsuitable for applications requiring softness. The scope of these materials could therefore be widened by the design of new TATO monomers that would lead to composites with a range of mechanical properties. In this work, four novel TATO-based monomers, decorated with either ester or amide linkages as well as alkene or alkyne end groups, have been proposed and synthesized via fluoride-promoted esterification (FPE) chemistry. The ester-modified monomers were then successfully formulated along with the thiol TATO monomer tris [2-(3-mercaptopropionyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate (TEMPIC) and HA to give soft composites, following the established photo-initiated thiol-ene coupling (TEC) or thiol-yne coupling (TYC) chemistry methodologies. The most promising composite shows excellent softness, with a flexural modulus of 57 (2) MPa and εf at maximum σf of 11.8 (0.3)%, which are 117 and 10 times softer than the previously developed system containing the commercially available tri-allyl TATO monomer (TATATO). Meanwhile, the surgically convenient viscosity of the composite resins and their excellent cytotoxicity profile allow them to be used in the construction of soft objects in a variety of shapes through drop-casting suitable for biomedical applications.

Synthesis and Surface Attachment of Molecular Re(I) Complexes Supported by Functionalized Bipyridyl Ligands.

Eleven 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligands functionalized with attachment groups for covalent immobilization on silicon surfaces were prepared. Five of the ligands feature silatrane functional groups for attachment to metal oxide coatings on the silicon surfaces, while six contain either alkene or alkyne functional groups for attachment to hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces. The bpy ligands were coordinated to Re(CO)5Cl to form complexes of the type Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl, which are related to known catalysts for CO2 reduction. Six of the new complexes were characterized using X-ray crystallography. As proof of principle, four molecular Re complexes were immobilized on either a thin layer of TiO2 on silicon or hydrogen-terminated silicon. The surface-immobilized complexes were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the dark and for one representative example in the light. The CO stretching frequencies of the attached complexes were similar to those of the pure molecular complexes, but the CVs were less analogous. For two of the complexes, comparison of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction performance showed lower CO Faradaic efficiencies for the immobilized complexes than the same complex in solution under similar conditions. In particular, a complex containing a silatrane linked to bpy with an amide linker showed poor catalytic performance and control experiments suggest that amide linkers in conjugation with a redox-active ligand are not stable under highly reducing conditions and alkyl linkers are more stable. A conclusion of this work is that understanding the behavior of molecular Re catalysts attached to semiconducting silicon is more complicated than related complexes, which have previously been immobilized on metallic electrodes.

Photo‐Patternable Stretchable Semi‐Interpenetrating Polymer Semiconductor Network Using Thiol–Ene Chemistry for Field‐Effect Transistors

AbstractStretchable polymer semiconductors are an essential component for skin‐inspired electronics. However, the lack of scalable patterning capability of stretchable polymer semiconductors limits the development of stretchable electronics. To address this issue, photo‐curable stretchable polymer blends consisting of a high‐mobility donor–acceptor conjugated polymer and an elastic rubber through thiol–ene chemistry are developed. The thiol–ene reaction can selectively cross‐link the rubber with alkene or vinyl groups without damaging the electronic properties of the conjugated polymer. The conjugated polymer chains embedded in the elastic polymer matrix induce a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN). The thiol–ene‐cross‐linked network provides great solvent resistance and enhances stretchability for the embedded conjugated polymer. The well‐defined patterned film with a feature size of ≈10 µm can be obtained using UV light at 365 nm through conventional photolithography processes. Furthermore, the SIPN‐based transistors show increased mobilities from 0.61 to 1.18 cm2 V−1 s−1 when applying the strain from 0% to 100%. Moreover, the hole mobility can still maintain at 0.87 cm2 V−1 s−1 after 1000 strain‐and‐release cycles at the strain of 25%. This study sheds light on the molecular design of photo‐curable polymer semiconductors for the mass production of stretchable circuits.

Vat 3D printing of full-alginate hydrogels via thiol–ene reactions towards tissue engineering applications

Different synthetic strategies are explored to functionalize alginate with thiol and alkene groups. In this way an innovative full-alginate ink for digital light processing printers, based on the more biocompatible thiol–ene chemistry, is proposed.

Antibacterial, Antioxidant Potency, and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Dried Powdered Leaves and Flowers of Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense (Schweinf.).

Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense is a plant mainly used to treat diarrhoea, rheumatism, nervous disorders, and wounds in African traditional medicine. The objective of the current work was to establish antibacterial, antioxidant potency, and chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves and flowers of Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense. The oils were isolated by steam distillation. Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12393), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATTC 19606), Salmonella enteritidis (NCTC12023), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), and Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 49766) was carried out by agar disk diffusion and microtiter broth dilution methods. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were examined by different methods, DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays. Chemical characterization was performed using gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and quantification of phenolics and flavonoids by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium nitrate, respectively. The oils showed potential antibacterial activity with mean zone of inhibition ranging from 20.67 ± 0.33 to 32.00 ± 1.00 mm at 100% oil concentration against the tested bacteria. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in all the tested microorganisms were in the range from 250 to 15.6250 μg/ml. The essential oils derived from the leaves revealed varied antioxidant activity levels with the different methods of assay. The IC50 of values obtained from the three methods, DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 were ˃1000 μg/ml, 0.31 μg/ml, and 12.33 μg/ml, respectively. Caryophyllene (22.1%) and 2, 3, 4-trimethylhexane were the major chemical components of the essential oils derived from the leaves and flowers, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy of the essential oils from the leaves and flowers showed similarity at peaks for hydroxyl, unsaturated olefinic, and amine functional groups. Further findings indicated that the total phenolic and flavonoid contents essential oils derived from leaves were 130.4 6 ± 10.5 mg GAE/g dry weight and 0.911 ± 0.04 mg CE/g dry weight, respectively. It was therefore concluded that essential oils from the leaves and flowers of H. revolutum subsp. keniense have compounds that have antibacterial and antioxidant potency.

Exploring biochemical profile, antioxidant activity and structural properties of Bulgur prepared from traditional and autoclave methods

ABSTRACT The objective of the current research is to explore the nutritional, structural, and sensorial properties of bulgur prepared from different wheat cultivars. For the purpose, three different wheat cultivars, i.e., Dilkash-2020, Akbar-2019, and Anaj-2017, were procured and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics using respective methods. In addition, structural properties of product (bulgur) were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Results elucidated that physicochemical characteristics of Dilkash-2020 were significantly (p ≤ .05) higher as compared to Akbar-2019, followed by Anaj-2017. Moreover, autoclave technique retained the nutritional profile of bulgur as compared to traditional cooking methods. It is observed that protein (12.7 ± 0.04%), fibers (12.5 ± 0.07%), minerals contents and antioxidant activity were significantly improved in bulgur (Dilkash-2020) processed through autoclave. Additionally, autoclave method retained the nutritional profile and antioxidant activity of bulgur. The mineral composition of bulgur revealed that calcium content in bulgur ranged from 368 ± 0.02–532 ± 0.00 mg/kg, potassium (745 ± 0.05–948 ± 0.03 mg/kg), iron (30 ± 0.04–53 ± 0.01 mg/kg) and sodium (168 ± 0.03–318 ± 0.11 mg/kg). In FTIR spectra, different phytochemical groups were identified especially alkene, halo, alcohol, organic-nitro, carbon aromatic and thiol groups. Furthermore, sensorial scores of bulgur prepared from autoclave were also higher than traditional method. In addition, overall acceptability of Dilkash-2020 bulgur was higher as compared to other varieties. Conclusively, wheat Dilkash-2020 has significant potential for bulgur production and autoclave is an effective method to retain the nutritional profile of bulgur.

A Green Synthesis of Acetyl Eugenol by Sonochemical Method and Potential as Anti-Inflammatory In-Vitro

&lt;p&gt;Clove oil is an essential oil from the clove plant (&lt;em&gt;Syzygium aromaticum&lt;/em&gt;) containing eugenol compounds. One of the properties of eugenol is as an anti-inflammatory with a mechanism of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and neutrophil chemotaxis. Several derivatives of eugenol have active compounds that have been developed into new drug compounds as anti-inflammatory such as acetyl eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate). This study aims to determine the % yield of acetyl eugenol produced from synthesis using ultrasonic 0.0323 mol of eugenol added to Erlenmeyer, and 0.25 mol of 10% sodium hydroxide was added. The mixture was put in a sonicator for 15 minutes and heated at 60&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;C. Then, 0.0974 mol acetic anhydride was reacted with DCC, added to the mix and sonicated with time variations (60, 80, and 100 minutes). The chemical structure was elucidated using FTIR, ATR, and GC-MS. The synthesized % yield is 32.75%. Based on the interpretation data from FTIR, 3405 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; is an O-H group (free phenol), 1405 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;is an alkene group (C=C) aliphatic, and 1560 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; is an aromatic compound with the presence of a C=C aromatic bond. The presence of the (C-O) ether group is indicated in the wave number at 1301 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The C=O ester bond in the ester group is shown at 1700 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. GC-MS shows that the synthesized compound has a molecular ion with m/z = 206. According to the molecular weight of acetyl eugenol of 206 g/mol, it can be concluded that acetyl eugenol was successfully synthesized. The most stable ionic fragment, 37, has a molecular weight of m/z = 164. The activities of anti-inflammatory, acetyl eugenol compounds at 400 concentration ppm get % inhibition of 32.20%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Standard"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Involvement of the -C(O)-CH=CH- linker chain in different π interactions in crystalline chalcones, (2E)-phenyl-C(=O)-CH=CH-benzene derivatives. Importance of anti-parallel layered motifs in benzyloxy substituted compounds

X-ray crystallographic, Hirshfeld surface and PIXEL study is reported on five benzyloxy substituted compounds, namely (E)-3-[2 methoxy‑5-benzyloxyphenyl]-1-(2‑hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-ene-1-one, compound 1, (E)-3-[2,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-ene-1-one, compound 2, (E)-3-[2,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1-(2‑hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-ene-1-one, compound 3, (E)-3-[2,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1-(2‑hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-ene-1-one, compound 4, and (E)-3-[2,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1-(2‑hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-ene-1-one, compound 5. All five compounds exhibit intramolecular O—H(hydroxyl)···O(carbonyl) classical hydrogen bonds, (E)-arrangements about the olefinic bond and near planar chalcone cores, with the interplanar angles between chalcone rings A and B all less than 10°. The phenyl groups in the benzyloxy substituents make much greater interplanar angles with the chalcone core rings, A and B. The linker units, -C(O)-CH=CH-, between the terminal phenyl rings in the chalcone cores, exhibit electronic delocalization as indicated by the bond lengths being between single and double bonds. Motifs having molecules aligned in antiparallel arrangements in layers, with perpendicular distances between the two layers of ca.3.5 Å are amongst the most important motifs. The molecular slippage of the antiparallel molecules in these motifs varies significantly, which results in different functionality, e.g., the terminal phenyl rings, or segments in the linker unit, such as the carbonyl or the olefinic groups, in one layer being suitably placed to interact with functionality in the other. This series of motifs illustrate a great range of slippage distances which is reflected in the variety of interactions present in the motifs, including off-set, face-to-face π···π, π(CO)···π, π(CO)···π(CO) and π(C=C)···π(C=C) interactions. PIXEL calculations reveal the important motifs and their energies, and generally indicate the much greater importance of the dispersive contribution than Coulombic and polarization contributions to the overall energies of these molecules.

Isolation and Characterization of Flavonoid Naringenin and Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Biological Efficacy of Water Lilly (Nymphaea mexicana Zucc.).

Despite its limited exploration, Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. can be beneficial if pharmacology, isolation, and biological evaluation are given attention. It is an aquatic species that belongs to the family Nymphaeaceae. The thrust area of the work was the extraction, isolation, and biological evaluation of different extracts of the N. mexicana Zucc. plant. The primary goal of this research was to assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the extracts and to isolate the target naringenin compound. Comparative FT IR analysis of different extracts of this plant revealed the presence of functional groups of plant secondary metabolites, including polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, esters, amines, glycosides, alkanes, alkaloids, fatty acids, and alcohols. Moderate free radical scavenging potential has been achieved for the various extracts via reducing power and DPPH assays. While cytotoxic activity was evaluated by colorimetric and lactate dehydrogenase cell viability tests on potent cancer cell lines. Lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A-549), and breast cells (MC-7) were treated with MeOH extract. The antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains was evaluated using Gram-positive and -negative cultures, where maximum and minimum inhibition zones were recorded for different strains, including 1.6-25.6 μg/mL for Streptococcus aureus, using the agar well diffusion method. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of N. mexicana Zucc. was evaluated in a nitrite radical scavenging assay with high concentrations of secondary metabolites, which are important against human pathogens and other diseases.

An In Vitro Study of the Antifungal Efficacy of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in biomedical applications due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The objective of the present study was to determine the antifungal activity of ZnO NPs against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The turbidity test results showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect of ZnO NPs on S. cerevisiae as the growth inhibition increased from 7.04 ± 0.64 to 70.30 ± 3.19% as the concentration of ZnO NPs increased from 5 to 150 μg/mL. The scanning microscopy images evidenced the morphological alterations such as regional invagination, pitting, cracks, wrinkles, and cell wall rupture in the yeast cells treated with ZnO NPs. In addition, the FTIR spectrum revealed the possible involvement of hydroxyl, alkene, amides, carbonyl, and phosphate groups from polysaccharides, polypeptides, phospholipids, and ergosterol of the yeast cells wall for binding of ZnO NPs on the cell surface. The present study has demonstrated the antifungal activity of ZnO NPs on S. cerevisiae through growth inhibition and the morphological damages resulting from the treatment of ZnO NPs.