Alkaline Detergent Research Articles

Corrosion resistance and cleanability of glazed surface

AbstractThis work aimed to study the effect of surface properties on the corrosion resistance and cleanability of glazed surface. The samples were zircon‐containing raw glaze, zirconium‐based frit glaze, double‐glazed transparent glaze, and raw glaze coated with TiO2 film. The corrosion resistance of the samples in acidic, alkaline, and household detergent solutions was investigated by the changes in contact angle and surface roughness. Besides, the cleanability of the samples before and after corrosion was also compared. It was found that the corrosion resistance of a glaze was affected by the presence of crystals and their distribution, while the corrosion resistance of TiO2 film was closely related to itself and the nature of the substrate. The cleaning test showed that although adding a layer of transparent glaze reduced the surface roughness, it did not improve the cleanability. The TiO2 film had excellent cleaning performance, especially after ultraviolet light irradiation, but it had weak alkali corrosion resistance. Therefore, a zirconium‐based frit glaze is the right choice for sanitary ware in terms of durability and easy cleaning.

Citrobacter diversus-derived keratinases and their potential application as detergent-compatible cloth-cleaning agents.

Currently, poultry farming is one of the sectors that have a significant impact on the global economy. In recent years, there has been an increase in the production of broilers, inflicting this segment of the industry to generate tons of keratin due to huge disposal of chicken feathers. This points to the need to degrade these chicken feathers, as they have emerged as a major threat to the environment. Thus, in this study we aimed to identify keratinases that are produced by the bacterium Citrobacter diversus and further investigate the biochemical characteristics of these keratin-degrading enzymes. In a submerged medium, the bacterium was capable of degrading chicken feathers almost completely after 36h of fermentation. We found a maximum caseinolytic activity at pH9-10.5 and 50-55°C, and keratinolytic activity at pH8.5-9.5 and 50°C. Thus, given its stability at higher temperatures, upon incubation of this enzyme extract for 1h at 50°C, it showed approximately 50% of the keratinolytic and 100% of the caseinolytic activity. Further, under pH stability for 48h at 4°C, the enzyme extract maintained greater residual activity in the pH range 6-8. Caseinolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA and PMSF, whereas the keratinolytic activity was inhibited only by EDTA. Additionally, due to its alkaline activity and detergent compatibility, this enzyme extract could improve washing performance when added to a commercial detergent formulation. Using application tests, we could demonstrate a potential use of this bacterial enzyme extract as an additive in detergents to remove egg stains from cloth.

Life under Extreme Conditions: Aeropyrum pernix and Pernisine

Life under Extreme Conditions: Aeropyrum pernix and Pernisine

New approach for the removal of mature biofilms formed by wild strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food contact surfaces in an Iberian pig processing plant

One of the main objectives of the food industry is to guarantee food safety by providing innocuous food products. Therefore, this sector must consider all the possible biotic or abiotic contamination routes from the entry of raw materials to the release of the final product. Currently, one important problem in this regard is the presence of biofilms on food contact surfaces which can transmit pathogens such as L. monocytogenes. In industrial conditions biofilms are found in a mature state, so it is essential that when carrying out removal effectiveness studies in vitro the tests are realized with models that produce these structures in a similarly mature state. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative treatment (i.e. enzymatic detergent that include natural antimicrobial agents) and a conventional treatment (i.e. chlorinated alkaline) for the elimination of mature L. monocytogenes biofilms. The results showed a cell detachment from the formed mature biofilms with an effectivity of between 74.75%–97.73% and 53.94%–94.02% for the enzymatic treatment and the chlorinated alkaline detergent, respectively. On a qualitative level, it was observed that the dispersion in the structure was much higher for the enzymatic treatment than for the chlorinated alkaline, which continued to show obvious structure integrity. All this leads to the conclusion that treatments with an enzymatic detergent have a significantly greater impact on the removal of mature L. monocytogenes biofilms, although a further disinfection process would be needed, enhancing even more the treatment effectivity. This may imply that the industrial approach to addressing this problem should be modified to include new perspectives that are more effective than traditional ones.

Application of express methods for detection of slaughter animals’ meat adulteration by treatment with alkaline detergents and disinfectants

The article presents the application of the developed patented express methods, which have reliability in tests of 99.9%, and can be used to control dangerous chemical factors to detect adulteration of meat of slaughter animals with sodium bicarbonate solution and alkaline detergents and disinfectants at production facilities and both meat and meat products. According to these express methods, the number of samples for processing the meat of slaughter animals with a solution of sodium bicarbonate using an alcoholic solution of chrome dark blue (0.5%): beef (n = 2), pork (n = 2) due to the application of meat ≤ 5.0% and beef (n = 4), pork (n = 4) — ≥ 5.1%; for treatment with alkaline detergents when using an alcoholic solution of bromothymol blue (0.04%): beef (n = 3) due to the application on the surface of meat ≤ 5.0% and pork (n = 4) and goat (n = 4) — ≥ 5.1%; for treatment with alkaline disinfectants when using an alcoholic solution of rosolic acid (0.25%): goat (n = 4) due to the application on the surface of meat ≤ 5.0% and beef (n = 5) and pork (n = 4) — ≥ 5.1%; for treatment with alkaline disinfectants when using an alcoholic solution of chrome dark blue (0.3%): beef (n = 5) and pork (n = 4); for treatment with alkaline detergents when using an alcoholic solution of bromocresol green (0.01%): pork (n = 5), beef (n = 4) and lamb (n = 3)

Investigation of the Physiology and Architecture of Salmonella enteritidis Biofilms Under Alkaline Conditions

Formation of bacterial biοfilms is an important survival strategy in multiple adverse environments. It is often affected by the nature of the attachment surface, the bacterial strain and the surrounding physicochemical conditions. The effect of low pH on biofilm formation has been well studied, in contrast to the alkaline range. The aim of this project was tο study the effect of alkaline stress on the formation οf biοfilm by Salmonella enteritidis and to examine the biofilm architecture patterns under different conditions, by use of confocal microscopy. The optimal pH for Salmonella biofilm formation was found to be pH 7.0, while pH 10.0 (adjusted by use of sodium hydroxide) reduces it significantly (p-value = 0.015). Planktonic cell growth was hindered due to the alkaline pH, yet the number of viable cells remained high. In addition, the effect on biofilm formation was stronger when the alkaline stimulus was applied during stationary phase (9 h after inoculation). When the pH was adjusted to 10 by use of a commercial alkaline detergent (sodium carbonate or washing soda) similar results were observed. Finally, the biofilm architecture at pH 7.0 was characterized by small cell clusters, whereas at pH 10.0 a slightly thinner layer of individual cells was observed. These findings indicate that although most cells survive the alkaline stress, their ability to form biofilm is impaired at alkaline pH, potentially leading to new disinfectant strategies involving alkaline reagents.

Bioprospecting Psychrotrophic Bacteria for Serine-Type Proteases from the Cold Areas of Western Himalayas.

The aim of present study was to analyze the prevalence of protease diversity among psychrotrophic bacteria in Lahaul and Spiti of the Western Himalayas. A total of 459 bacteria were screened and protease activity was observed in 150 isolates at 5°C. Furthermore, 55 isolates showed protease activity up to pH 10 at 5°C. Based on the hydrolytic zone, 22 isolates were selected for protease quantification. The protease activity varied from 58-377UmL-1 at 10°C, 49-396UmL-1 at 28°C and 31-407UmL-1 at 37°C. Similarly, protease activity ranged from 36-353UmL-1 at pH 7, 40-306UmL-1 at pH 9 and 33-304UmL-1 at pH 10. The isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and showed phylogenetic relationship to Arthrobacter belonging to the class Actinobacteria, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Paenibacillus, and Planomicrobium to Bacilli, and Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Stenotrophomonas to Gammaproteobacteria. Zymogram analysis revealed variations in protease isoforms ranging from 20 to 250kDa which were strongly inhibited in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, thus indicated serine-type nature. The extensive number of serine proteases among these bacteria was confirmed by annotating genomes of the reported genera for prevalence of protease isoforms. The properties of proteases including low-temperature activity with alkaline stability and detergent compatibility suggested their suitability as bio-additives in laundry.

Washer disinfector and alkaline detergent efficacy against C. difficile on plastic bedpans

Clostridioides difficile is a major cause of infectious antibiotic resistant diarrhea. C. difficile spores are shed in patient stool, are hearty and difficult to kill. Bedpans are often used by patients with C. difficile infections and require proper handling and cleaning or disposal to prevent the transmission of C. difficile spores and other infectious microorganisms into the environment. Disposable bedpans are often used for convenience, which has consequences from an environmental sustainability perspective. This study evaluates the ability for a washer-disinfector device (WD) to efficaciously clean and disinfect C. difficile spores and Escherichia coli from bedpans for sanitary reuse. A commercially available WD device was evaluated for both efficacy and thermal disinfection against C. difficile spores and Escherichia coli using one disinfection cycle per test. Bedpans were not rinsed or dumped prior to placement in the WD. Bedpans were sampled using swabs. Microorganisms were eluted from the swabs and log-kill was calculated. The average log-kill for C. difficile spores was 3.99 and >7.69 for E. coli. Thermal disinfection results showed an average log kill of 4.31 for C. difficile and >7.23 for E. coli. The WD was efficacious against both C. difficile spores and E. coli when used according to manufacturer's instructions for use, suggesting a viable alternative to disposable bedpan waste management.

Influence of detergents and sodium hypochlorite on Yarrowia lipolytica biofilms in utensils used in industrial production of colonial cheese

The formation of microbial biofilms in materials used in the industrial production of dairy may lead to deterioration of these foods. Yarrowia lipolytica biofilms are widely found in dairy products and can modify the final characteristics of these products. Thus, this study investigated the effectiveness of hygienization by detergents and sodium hypochlorite on the formation of Y. lipolytica biofilms in different utensils usually employed during industrial cheese production, like polypropylene, hoses, and nylon/polyethylene. The utensils were sanitized using solutions of mild and alkaline detergents, and sodium hypochlorite, according to the cheese industry Standard Operation Procedure. Results showed that in all coupons there was biofilm formation with Y. lipolytica isolates. The contact angle measurements were favored to promote the adhesion of the biofilm in the evaluated surfaces. Even after treatment with sanitizers, a significant survival rate of planktonic cells was observed in all coupons tested. These results indicate that Y. lipolytica biofilms show a significant ability to adhere to polypropylene, presenting an important impact on the quality of colonial cheese.

Effects of pre-corrosion, water and detergent contamination on rolling contact fatigue

The effects of pre-corrosion, water and detergent contamination in Shell Turbo 32 (T32) mineral oil on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of rollers were experimentally investigated using a home-made ball-on-roller tester. The tested roller samples were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). The results show that the fatigue life of the rollers is reduced by all test conditions where the negative effect is enhanced with increasing the pre-corrosion time, from surfactant detergent to water contamination and to alkaline detergent. Microscopic analysis indicates that spalls on the rolling contact track are mainly surface initiated.

The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) channel model of cyclic-buildup biofilm and traditional biofilm: The impact of friction, and detergent on cleaning and subsequent high-level disinfection.

To evaluate the efficacy of detergent and friction on removal of traditional biofilm and cyclic-buildup biofilm (CBB) from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) channels and to evaluate the efficacy of glutaraldehyde to kill residual bacteria after cleaning. PTFE channels were exposed to artificial test soil containing 108 CFU/mL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, followed by full cleaning and high-level disinfection (HLD) for five repeated rounds to establish CBB. For traditional biofilm, the HLD step was omitted. Cleaning with enzymatic and alkaline detergents, bristle brush, and Pull Thru channel cleaner were compared to a water flush only. Carbohydrate, protein, viable count, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were analyzed and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed. In the absence of friction, cleaning of traditional biofilm and CBB was not effective compared to the positive control (Dunn-Bonferroni tests; P > .05) regardless of the detergent used. ATP, protein, and carbohydrate analyses were unable to detect traditional biofilm or CBB. The AFM analysis showed that fixation resulted in CBB being smoother and more compact than traditional biofilm. Friction during the cleaning process was a critical parameter regardless of the detergent used for removal of either traditional biofilm or CBB. Glutaraldehyde effectively killed the remaining microorganisms regardless of the cleaning method used.

SOME INDICES’ DETERMINATION OF RAW AND PASTEURIZED COW MILK BY UKRAINIAN MANUFACTURERS USING UNIQUE EXPRESS METHODS

According to the Regulation (EC) of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union No. 852/2004 and No. 853/2004 “Оn the hygiene of foodstuffs” dated April 29, 2004, Ukrainian producers of both pasteurized and raw cow's milk should be guided by regulatory acts, in particular, DSTU 2661:2010 “Drinkable cow’s milk. General technical conditions” and DSTU 3662:2015 “Cow’s milk-raw. Technical conditions”, which are harmonized to the requirements of the EU, and are regulating the safety and quality of milk for adhering to the proper sanitary and hygienic requirements of their primary production and industrial processing, and use modern, effective developed and tested rapid control methods of milk and dairy products for their falsification. Taking into account that today the falsification of milk as pasteurized and raw is not a rare occurrence, it is especially important to develop and introduce new express methods for the detection of various chemical reagents in dairy products that impair their quality and can affect their safety. We have developed simple, effective, reliable express methods: the determination of the number of somatic cells in milk by using Reagent N; detection of milk falsification by sodium bicarbonate using an alcoholic solution of bromocresol green with a mass concentration of 0.01%; as well as by alkaline detergents using an alcoholic solution of bromotymol blue with a mass concentration of 0.02%. Determination of the number of somatic cells in cow's milk by express method using Reagent N gave a 99.8% confidence in qualitative indices. The colour and consistency of milk varies, depending on the number of somatic cells – from liquid with bright orange to the formation of a jelly-like clay dark-raspberry colour which is easily removed from the hole of the dairy plate. An express method for detecting falsification of milk by sodium bicarbonate has the following advantages over existing commonly used methods: the results are specific, with a reliable qualitative index of 99.9%, consisting in changing the colour of the circular layer of milk, depending on the amount of baking soda added to it. In the absence of sodium hydro-carbonate, the colour of the circular layer of milk has a dark green colour, and if it is present, it acquires a dark blue-green colour of varying intensity. The express method of the milk falsification determining by alkaline detergents is easy to implement, and its results give specific qualitative indicators of 99.9%. Depending on the amount of alkaline detergents added to the container with milk (up to 1, 5, 10%), the milk acquires a blue colour varying intensity.

Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Profiles of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria Challenged with Disinfectants Commonly Used During Poultry Processing.

Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that survive cleaning and disinfection during poultry processing are a public health concern because pathogens that survive disinfectants have greater potential to exhibit resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants after their initial disinfectant challenge. While the mechanisms conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) after exposure to disinfectants is complex, understanding the effects of disinfectants on Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm states is becoming increasingly important, as AMR and disinfectant tolerant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in the food chain. This review examines the modes of action of various types of disinfectants commonly used during poultry processing (quaternary ammonium, organic acids, chlorine, alkaline detergents) and the mechanisms that may confer tolerance to disinfectants and cross-protection to antibiotics. The goal of this review article is to characterize the AMR profiles of Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm state that have been challenged with hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) in order to understand the risk of these disinfectants inducing AMR in surviving bacteria that may enter the food chain.

The efficacy of a simulated tunnel washer process on removal and destruction of Clostridioides difficile spores from health care textiles

Research on reducing Clostridioides difficile spore contamination of textiles via laundering is needed. We evaluated the sporicidal properties of 5 laundry chemicals and then determined the ability of a peracetic acid (PAA) laundry cycle to inactivate and/or remove spores from cotton swatches during a simulated tunnel washer (TW) process. In phase I, spore-inoculated swatches were immersed in alkaline detergent, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, or PAA for 8 minutes. In phase II, inoculated swatches were passed through a simulated 24-minute TW process employing 5 wash liquids. Spore survivors on swatches and in test chemical fluids in both studies were enumerated using standard microbiologic assay methods. In phase I, hypochlorite solutions achieved >5 log10 spore reductions on swatches and >3 log10 reductions for wash solutions. PAA achieved minimal spore reduction in the wash solution (0.26 log10). In phase II, the PAA equilibrium-containing process achieved a >5 log10 spore reduction on swatches. In wash solution tests, the cumulative spore reduction peaked at >3.08 log10 in the final module. Sodium hypochlorite as a laundry additive is sporicidal. The cumulative effects of a TW process, coupled with a PAA bleach agent at neutral pH, may render textiles essentially free of C difficile spore contamination.

Https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_88261.html

Effluents containing heavy metals are hazardous to human health and the environment even at low concentrations. It is costly and unsustainable to use conventional methods to remove heavy metals from dilute effluents. Microalgal biomass owing to its high metal biosorption capacity, is a promising alternative biosorbent for treating dilute heavy metal solutions. However, the application of freely suspended algal biomass for metal removal has a number of drawbacks such as small particle size, low chemical resistance, low mechanical strength, and difficulty in separation of biomass and effluent. The present article reviews the techniques used to address these drawbacks. It also discusses the key factors affecting biosorption efficiency including initial concentration of metal ions, contact time, solution pH, solution temperature, biosorbent concentration, agitation rate, and competing ions. Biomass cross-linking with appropriate agents such as polysolfane, formaldehyde, or chlorohydrin could improve mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and separation of the biomass from the effluent. However, cross-linked biomass usually shows low sorption capacity and slow rate of metal uptake. These disadvantages could be minimized by using physical and/or chemical pretreatments prior to biomass cross-linking. Alkaline detergent, sodium hydrogen carbonate without autoclaving, sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate plus autoclaving, or supercritical carbon dioxide at mild conditions are among the most effective pretreatments. Apart from liberating more latent metal binding sites on the biomass, supercritical CO2 could also improve the porosity of the biomass thereby improving sorption rate of the cross-linked biomass. High sorption capacity and rapid metal uptake will allow substantial reduction in size of biosorption columns, which will consequently improve the economic and sustainability features of algal-based metal biosorption processes.

Investigating the effect of alkaline stress on biofilm formation by Salmonella enteritidis

Bacterial biofilm formation is an important survival strategy in multiple environments. It is affected by the attachment surface, the bacterial strain and the surrounding environment. In Salmonella enteritidis, a biofilm-forming foodborne pathogen, the molecular biofilm regulators act as on-off controls between the sessile and the planktonic population, while the exact underlying formation mechanism still remains unclear. The aim of this project is to study the effect of alkaline environment on the formation of Salmonella biofilms and to examine the architecture of biofilm produced under alkaline conditions, by use confocal microscopy. Neutral pH was found to be the optimal pH for Salmonella biofilm formation, while pH 10 significantly reduces it (P-value=0.015). However, cell viability remains high at pH 10, which suggests that the pathogen can easily survive the alkaline stress. Biofilm morphology at pH 7 is characterized by thick cell clusters, whereas at pH 10 it is characterised by thin layers of individual cells. These findings can help us understand how Salmonella enteritidis survives under highly alkaline conditions, potentially leading to the design of new and more effective disinfection strategies involving highly alkaline detergents.

Безпечність та якість м’яса забійних тварин за обробки мийними лужними засобами

The main task of today is to accelerate the provision of scientific advice by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, including the process of assessing risks, especially chemical, in the implementation of foodstuffs, the introduction of national quality and safety control systems for food, including slaughtered meat, and the regulation of methods of analysis to identify the content of contaminants in food. When carrying out state risk-oriented controls in supermarkets, stores should prevent the occurrence of a chemical hazardous factor in the sale of slaughtered animals - beef, pork, mutton and meat of goat. Prevention of economically motivated slaughter of slaughtered animals is the process of managing the protection of the supply chain from any unfair trade in economically justified fraud. In trade networks for the sale of beef, pork, mutton, meat of goat, it is necessary to apply the TACCP and VACCP approaches to prevent intentional contamination of them with chemical reagents, which leads to a decrease in the nutritional value of products. These integrated approaches will ensure that the consumer is provided with a safe and genuine food. When conducting government risk-oriented controls in supermarkets, stores must prevent the occurrence of a chemical hazard in the sale of slaughtered animals. Prevention of economically motivated slaughter of slaughtered animals is the process of managing the protection of the supply chain against any unfair trade in economically justified fraud. The treatment of alkaline washers detergents of chilled meat of slaughtered animals for sale in supermarket was established for 3–4 days of sale at temperatures of (4±2) °C and relative humidity of 85 %: in 8 beef samples, 9 pork samples, 5 lamb samples and 4 meat of goat samples. The technique of establishing falsification was based on the use of an alcohol solution of bromocresol green with a mass concentration of 0.01%, which was applied to the surface of muscle tissue with an area of ​​2.0x2.5 cm in the amount of 0.1-0.2 cm3 and after 1-2 seconds set to green - in the absence of alkaline detergent treatment (negative reaction) or blue - with alkaline detergent treatment (positive reaction). Research has shown that the stability of color intensities due to falsification of the meat of slaughtered animals by treatment with alkaline detergents was 99.9 %. Influence of alkaline detergents on the quality and safety of chilled meat of slaughtered animals for 3–4 days of realization at temperature (4±2) °C and relative humidity of 85% was determined the content of microorganisms in the superficial layers of the muscles was significantly decreased: in beef - 2.50 times (p 0.001), pork - 2.40 (p 0.001), mutton - 2.33 (p 0.001), meat of goat - 1.86 times (p 0.001); value is likely increased towards the pH value 7.0: in beef - 1.13 times (p 0.001), pork - 1.14 (p 0.001), mutton - 1.16 (p 0.001), meat of goat - 1.30 times (p 0.001); NMAOAM content decreased significantly: in beef - 1.11 times (p 0.001), pork - 1.09 (p 0.05), meat of goat - 1.07 times (p 0.05), and in mutton tended to decrease NMAOAM content by 1.07 times, but the difference was not likely. Risk-oriented controls must be exercised in accordance with applicable national and international laws when selling meat to slaughtered animals in supermarkets, shops to prevent falsification by chemical reagents, including cleaning alkaline solutions. To implement safe and quality slaughtered meat in supermarkets - beef, pork, lamb, goat, and compliance with proper sanitary and hygienic requirements, to carry out state risk-oriented control of chemical risk determination, to evaluate it and to prevent its development and tested express method, which is 99.9% reliable, control of raw meat for falsification by alkaline detergents using alcohol solution of bromocresol green flax with a mass concentration of 0.01%.

Polysaccharide-hydrolysing enzymes enhance the <em>in vitro</em> cleaning efficiency of Nanofiltration membranes

The development of biofilm on the surface of filtration membranes is the main fouling component of water filtration systems. Chemical cleaning is only partially effective in removing biofilm components from the membrane surface. In order to identify opportunities to improve the efficiency of commercial cleaning solutions used in nanofiltration, we compared the in vitro efficacy of different commercial treatments, with or without the addition of polysaccharidases, to clean fouled membrane samples. The treatments were tested at two stages of biofilm development corresponding to 80 (D80) and 475 (D475) days of filtration in an industrial plant. The cleaning efficiency was evaluated by comparing the ATR-FTIR spectra before and after cleaning. At D80 and D475, all cleaning solutions led to a reduction of infrared signals from the biofilm. At D80, enzymatic alkaline detergent (AEDT) treatment was significantly more effective than alkaline detergent (ADT) treatment in removing proteins, but no significant difference in efficacy between the two treatments was observed for polysaccharides. The addition of polysaccharidases to AEDT did not bring any significant efficiency gain. At D475, ADT and AEDT treatments had the same efficacy, but the addition of polysaccharidases to the AEDT treatment significantly increased the removal of polysaccharides and proteins from the membrane surface. In conclusion, polysaccharidases can increase the in vitro efficacy of a commercially available alkaline enzymatic detergent cleaning solution against sufficiently developed biofilms. These results pave the way for the development of new cleaning solutions containing polysaccharide degrading enzymes for the cleaning of membranes used in the production of drinking water. Further experiments are needed to characterize the mechanism of this polysaccharidase effect and to confirm this increase in cleaning efficiency in an industrial context.

Gastric Transposition for Severe Refractory Esophageal Stenosis After Corrosive Esophagitis Induced by Alkaline Detergent

Gastric Transposition for Severe Refractory Esophageal Stenosis After Corrosive Esophagitis Induced by Alkaline Detergent

Optimization of the CIP system enzyme stage for effluent reduction

Milk is one of the main foods and possesses considerable nutritional richness. In this sense, the consumption of industrialized food products has increased significantly and with this it is important to know and improve the processes of hygiene of the industry. Clean in Place (CIP) is a useful technology for cleaning equipment and pipes because it avoids dismantling and is made up of several steps, such as cleaning with alkaline detergent, rinsing, applying acid, rinse, sanitize and rinse. The objective of this work was to evaluate the water consumption and the consequent generation of effluent in the alkaline detergent rinsing stage using constant flow and pulsed flow rates and also to propose an optimal configuration of the pulsed flow to minimize the consumption of water and effluent generated. The tests were conducted in a CIP system prototype and executed based on a central composite planning (CCP) changing the variables amplitude, period and duration of the high part. The response surface technique was used to evaluate the effects of each variable on water consumption. It was verified that there is an optimum condition for the operation of the rinse in pulsed form with amplitude 1.5 L / min, period 138 seconds and duration of the high part of 53 seconds. In addition, it has been found that the rinse with pulsed flow produces an economy of approximately 14.52% in relation to the constant flow operation.