Alkali Retention Research Articles

Valorization of old corrugated container to dissolving pulp

As an alternative raw material for various cellulose derivatives, the current research studied the processing of old corrugated container (OCC) in the subsequent stages of homogenization (soda cooking) and purification (bleaching with hypochlorite). The properties were characterized in four different categories including chemical composition or purity, accessibility, reactivity, and structural features. Alkali delignification and a bleaching sequence of HEHEHEA were selected for homogenization and purification of pulp followed by characterization of the pulp properties. The dissolving pulp exhibited the following properties: yield, 78%; cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content, 90.5%, 7.76%, and 0.3%, respectively; alpha cellulose, 70%. Pulp reactivity measured with two experiments showed Fock reactivity value of 85.67% as well as iodine sorption value (ISV) of 94.95 g/g; accessibility represented by two tests of water retention (WRV) and alkali retention capacity (ARC) with 6.87 for the first and 6.1% for the latter, degree of polymerization (DP), 913.4; crystallinity index, 76.95%; and brightness, 72.87%. FTIR spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) isotherms were utilized to examine the modifications of OCC to dissolving pulp. The results indicated that the dissolving pulp produced from OCC as a raw material is suitable for DP applications of cellulose derivatives.

Review of Wood Biomass Cyclone Burner

Despite the technology for wood biomass combustion being much more advantageous when compared to traditional burners, such as the Stoker or fluidized burner, there has been scant research on the topic of wood biomass cyclone burners. The purpose of this paper is to review biomass cyclone burner technology, which includes theory, design, and combustion, in terms of the chemistry and properties of wood biomass, emission related to NOx and CO, and application of the burner, such as co-firing with coal and gasification firing. The design factors for type 2 cyclone burners have been identified through the following three dimensionless numbers: swirl intensity (S), Strouhal number (St), and Reynolds number (Re). The lowest CO and NOx of type 2 cyclone burners have been sought for pulverized and non-pulverized wood biomass. The benefits of the co-firing of wood biomass in a cyclone burner with coal, have been presented in respect to combustion efficiency, alkali retention, and the amount of K and Na. The results evidently reveal the reduction in clinker and slag generation, which are the biggest concern to wood biomass combustion. The recent results of gasification studies using type 2 cyclone burners are compared, in terms of producer gases and syngases (H2, CO, CO2, CH4).

Effect of mechanical harvesting on the chemical composition and combustion behaviour of shrub biomass

Shrub lands are an important source of genetic resources and raw materials for a bioeconomy-based future. The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of mechanical harvesting on the chemical composition and the combustion quality properties of typical shrub formations in the Mediterranean area, whose prevailing species are broom, rockrose and gorse.Above ground, shrub biomass was collected manually and mechanically and its main properties and chemical composition were compared. Its combustion behaviour was predicted by using fuel indices related to emissions, deposit build-up and ash melting. The predictions were evaluated after performing combustion tests with mechanically harvested shrub pellets.The chemical composition and combustion behaviour of the biomass differed greatly depending on the prevailing species. Mechanised harvesting can cause the ash content and the levels of several elements, particularly Si, to increase through the inclusion of soil particles, which influence combustion behaviour. The Si/(Ca+Mg) index appears to be a good indicator to predict the slagging tendency of these fuels. However, the K+Na+Zn+Pb index could not accurately predict aerosol emissions and ash deposition. The information provided by this index should be complemented by using the Si/K index, which considers the influence of Si on alkali retention.

Improvement of hydraulic and mechanical properties of dicalcium silicate by alkaline activation

The belitic clinker, consisting essentially of large amount of C2S phase, is becoming increasingly important for its ability to reduce the environmental impact by the moderate release of CO2 from the cement plant and for economic reasons linked to its low energy consumption. In this paper we are interested in the mechanism of alkali retention (NaOH or KOH) by Belite dicalcium silicate Ca2SiO4 (ß and α′ forms) during hydration and to the nature of the formed C-S-H. The synthesized powder, from silicon oxide and calcium carbonate, was hydrated with a water/solid ratio = 0.4 by weight. The isothermal calorimetry analysis is perfected by using a microcalorimeter. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the mineralogy of hydrated samples during different curing times of 7, 28 and 90 days. The mechanical properties have also been correlated to the structural nature of C-S-H. The results showed that hydration of the Belite in the presence of alkaline activators causes an acceleration of hydration compared to the Belite sample hydrated with water, which also leads to the production of C-S-H phases and hydrates of calcium silicate hydrate containing sodium C-(N)-S-H and potassium C-(K)-S-H. A structural correlation has been involved to establish the retention mechanism of sodium and potassium through the calcium silicate hydrates.

Residual Capability of Alkali Binding by Hydrated Pozzolanic Cements in Long‐Service Concrete Structures

An experimental procedure was developed and applied to cement pastes made with two different pozzolanic cements (CEM IV/B (P) and CEM IV/B (V)) in order to ascertain the existence of a residual capability of alkali binding by long‐term hydrated pozzolanic cements and, at the same time, to evaluate the alkali retention capability and the concentration of OH− ions in the pore solution of such cementitious matrices. The developed procedure consisted of accelerated curing of cement paste specimens (150 days at 60°C and 100% RH), subsequent leaching tests at 60°C for 30 days by using deionized water or basic solutions (NaOH or KOH at different concentrations) as leaching media, and correlation of the leaching test results with a simple mass balance equation for sodium and potassium ions. The developed procedure was found to be appropriate for evaluating both the pore liquid alkalinity and the alkali retention capability by long‐term hydrated pozzolanic cement pastes. A residual capability of alkali binding was also identified for both tested pozzolanic cements, thus indicating their potential ability to prevent (CEM IV/B (V)) or minimize (CEM IV/B (P)) the risk of deleterious expansion associated with alkali‐aggregate reaction in long‐service concrete structures, like concrete dams.

Investigation of Vaporization of Alkali Metals from Solidified Gasifier Slags by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry

One problem in coal gasification is the release of alkali species, which can cause fouling and corrosion. Depending on their composition, slags have a high potential for alkali retention. Therefore, the vapor pressures of alkali species (Na, K) over four real solidified gasifier slag samples were determined over the temperature range 1134 to 1591 K by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS). In addition, the residues from the KEMS investigations were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) to determine the phase composition of the samples and map the alkali distribution. A strong correlation between the composition of the slags in terms of amount of acidic oxides (SiO2, Al2O3) and basic oxides (CaO, FeO) and the volatility was determined. The volatility results showed that higher acidic oxide content leads to higher alkali retention capability. The XRD and SEM/EDX analysis of the KEMS residues showed that an anorthite type phase contains more Na than all the other phases in the equilibrium.

Splitting tendency of cellulosic fibers. Part 2: Effects of fiber swelling in alkali solutions

The splitting tendency of lyocell fiber in aqueous alkali solutions like KOH, NaOH, LiOH and TMAH was investigated. Up to 5 M concentration of alkali solutions, cation type is important on splitting of lyocell. Above 5 M concentration, cation type is no more relevant to splitting of lyocell. At 1 M of alkali solutions, alkali retention value (ARV) and split number increase in the order of KOH<LiOH<NaOH<TMAH. It was proposed that lyocell is swollen homogeneously inside fiber above 5 M alkali concentration, so that when force is applied on fiber, no split occurs in lyocell fiber since there isn’t enough internal stress inside of the fiber. Different concentrations of each type of alkali result in the same ARV for the fiber, but their alkali distribution inside fiber is the decisive point for splitting of lyocell fiber, so that for each alkali type different split numbers are observed. Depending on alkali concentration and alkali type, maximum splitting of a fiber into 15–20 fibrils could be observed.

Development of a water detritiation facility for JET

A water detritiation facility, based on a world-wide adopted combined electrolysis catalytic exchange (CECE) process, for the JET active gas handling plant is described. A research and development programme is presented. The programme includes the testing of structured inert packing with an incorporated hydrophobic catalyst for increased throughput of a liquid phase catalytic exchange (LPCE) column, a vapour phase catalytic exchange (VPCE) process for reduction of tritium inventory in the alkali electrolyser and a column of high effectiveness for alkali retention.

Alkali retention/separation during bagasse gasification: a comparison between a fluidised bed and a cyclone gasifier

Biomass fuelled integrated gasification/gas turbines (BIG/GTs) have been found to be one of the most promising technologies to maximise electricity output in the sugar industry. However, biomass fuels contain alkali metals (Na and K) which may be released during the gasification processes and cause deleterious effects on the downstream hardware (e.g. the blades of gas turbines). Much research has therefore been focused on different kinds of gas cleaning. Most of these projects are using a fluidised bed gasifier and includes extensive gas cleaning which leads to a high capital investment. Increasing alkali retention/separation during the gasification may lead to improved producer gas quality and reduced costs for gas cleaning. However, very little quantitative information is available about the actual potential of this effect. In the present work, comparative bench-scale tests of bagasse gasification were therefore run in an isothermal fluidised bed gasifier and in a cyclone gasifier to evaluate which gasification process is most attractive as regards alkali retention/separation, and to try to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the retention. The alkali retention in the fluidised bed gasifier was found to be in the range of 12–4% whereas in the cyclone gasifier the alkali separation was found to be about 70%. No significant coating of the fluidised bed's bed material particles could be observed. The SEM/EDS and the elemental maps of the bed material show that a non-sticky ash matrix consisting of mainly Si, Al and K were distributed in a solid form separated from the particles of bed material. This indicates the formation of a high temperature melting potassium containing silicate phase, which is continuously scavenged and lost from the bed through elutriation.

Alkali retention in hot coal slag under controlled oxidizing gas atmospheres (air–CO 2)

Many technical high temperature processes including coal conversion face problems of alkali vaporization and subsequent condensation of alkali-rich phases. Most alkali-rich phases cause hazardous reactions with a subsequent corrosion of high temperature refractories or construction materials. A reduction of the alkali emission to flue gases would improve the durability of these materials. The alkali retention of coal slag in varying gas atmospheres was studied under controlled gas atmospheres. Samples of ashed coal were treated with gas atmospheres in the range from air to pure CO 2 for short time intervals of 45–50 min. The residue of the experiments was a homogeneous slag that was quenched. The chemical composition of the experimental slag was quantified using wavelength dispersive electron probe microanalysis. The experiments showed that the concentrations of Si, Ca and Fe in the slag were not affected by varying gas atmospheres and temperature. Alkali concentrations show a strong dependence on temperature. The potassium loss increases by 25% over a temperature range from 1350°C to 1450°C. The alkali retention is influenced by the gas atmosphere. The highest retention of alkalis is achieved in pure air. This effect can be attributed to an increased polymerization of the siliceous slag by ferrous iron. At pure CO 2 atmospheres the alkali retention displays a second maximum. This effect is most probably due to an accelerated melting already during the heating process of the ashed coal. The rapid melting decreases the time for vaporization and improves the fixing of alkalis into the slag. The results have implications for high temperature processes in coal conversion, ceramics industry and glass industry.

Laboratory Investigation of Combination of Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer Technology for Daqing EOR

Summary Alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) formulas were developed for the Daqing oil field, Peoples Republic of China, with two surfactants from the U.S. (Petrostep B-100 and a blend of TRS-18 and TRS-40) and one Chinese surfactant (PS-D2). Each ASP solution gave interfacial tension (IFT) values in the range of 1 × 10−3 mN/m. Rheologic studies with polyacrylamide polymers indicate that solution viscosity decreases with alkali addition, as does the pseudoplasticity of the solution. Addition of surfactant to the alkali/polymer solution increases the solution viscosity with no slope change in the viscosity-vs.-shear-rate plot. Incremental oil recovery was higher than that with waterflood; 20% original oil in place (OOIP) for 0.2-PV ASP injection and 33% OOIP for 0.3-PV ASP injection in Daqing core. Surfactant and alkali retention were both &amp;lt; 1 mg/g sand. The positive results of this laboratory study provided a fluid formula for a pilot ASP flood in the Daqing oil field.

Coal alkali retention in a slagging combustor

Combustion tests and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the coal alkali retention and volatilization in the slagging combustor. The test results have indicated that 45–64% of alkali introduced in the coal feed were retained with slag in the fuel-rich primary combustion zone. The laboratory alkali volatilization study further suggested that the vapour phase alkalis are only present in significant concentration at temperatures above 1204 °C (2200 °F). Less than 50% of sodium and 30% of potassium are released from coal over the operating temperature range of 1427–1538 °C (2600–2800 °F) found in slagging combustors. Cleaning coal with hot water and dilute acid removed water-soluble alkalis and lowered the volatilization of sodium from 49 to 20% and potassium from 19 to 4% at temperatures up to 1538 °C (2800 °F). Inactive alkalis of coal stay with thermally degraded clays after combustion.

Thermodynamic activity of Na2O in Na2O-CaO-SiO2, Na2O-MgO-SiO2, and Na2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 melts at 1400°C

A gas phase equilibration technique was used to generate Na2O isoactivity data at high-silica compositions in the systems Na2O-CaO-SiO2, Na2O-MgO-SiO2, and Na2O-CaO-SiO2-(10 and 20 wt pct) A12O3 at 1400 °. Loga Na 2 O values referenced to pure liquid Na2O at 1400 ° as standard state ranged from about −8.0 to −7.0. Silica activities were calculated in the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system using the Gibbs-Duhem equation. Richardson’s model for ideal mixing of basic oxides in silica was applied to the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system. The model shows best fit when cationic mixing is assumed to occur on divalent sites. The alkali retention in slags has been described using a defined “sodium capacity”. The temperature variation of alkali retention was estimated, and the resulting sodium capacity was used to evaluate alkali stability in blast furnace slags.

Neutrality regulation mechanisms in rats receiving sulfonic ion exchange resin.

SummaryRats receiving sulfonic acid resin respond by increasing their urinary output of acid phosphate and ammonia, but not in amounts sufficient to compensate for their fecal alkali loss. Those receiving moderate amounts of potassium resin show little change in acid-base balance, while those on high potassium resin intakes show a partially compensated alkali retention. The net fecal alkali loss amounts to 2.4 meq per g resin fed, but a large part of this represents increased phosphate absorption, presumably due to the binding of calcium and/or magnesium by the resin. There is suggestive evidence that some of the extra alkali appearing in the feces as a result of resin ingestion is not in direct combination with the resin, and this may have some bearing on the problem of neutrality regulation.

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF MASSIVE QUANTITIES OF SODIUM BICARBONATE ON THE ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM AND ON RENAL FUNCTION

Case Reports1 January 1943STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF MASSIVE QUANTITIES OF SODIUM BICARBONATE ON THE ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM AND ON RENAL FUNCTIONREPORT OF A CASE WITH REMARKABLE TOLERANCE*JOSEPH B. KIRSNER, M.D., Ph.D., WALTER LINCOLN PALMER, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.JOSEPH B. KIRSNER, M.D., Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, WALTER LINCOLN PALMER, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-18-1-100 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptINTRODUCTIONAlthough considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of alkalosis during the alkali treatment of peptic ulcer, this complication does not occur in most patients so treated. Recent studies1have indicated that therapy may be continued for many years without significant alteration either in the acid base balance or in renal function. Berger,2Jeghers and Lerner,3and others occasionally have observed patients in whom the prolonged use of large quantities of sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate caused no apparent untoward effects. This remarkable tolerance to alkalis is particularly well illustrated by the following case in which the ingestion...Bibliography1. KIRSNERPALMER JBWL: Alkalosis complicating the Sippy treatment of peptic ulcer. An analysis of 135 episodes, Arch. Int. Med., 1942, lxix, 789. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. BERGER EH: Importance of kidney function in alkalosis, Northwest Med., 1937, xxxvi, 125. Google Scholar3. JEGHERSLERNER HHH: The syndrome of alkalosis complicating the treatment of peptic ulcer: Report of cases with a review of the pathogenesis, clinical aspects, and treatment, New England Jr. Med., 1936, ccxiv, 1236. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. PETERSVAN SLYKE JPDD: Quantitative clinical chemistry, Vol. 2, Methods, 1931, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 835, 283, 796, 367. Google Scholar5. VAN SLYKE DD: Observations on the course of different types of Bright's disease and resultant changes in renal anatomy, Medicine, 1930, ix, 257. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. STADIEROSS WCEC: Micro method for determination of base in blood and serum and other biological materials, Jr. Biol. Chem., 1925, xlv, 735. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. PALMERVAN SLYKE WWDD: Studies of acidosis. IX. Relationship between alkali retention and alkali reserve in normal and pathological individuals, Jr. Biol. Chem., 1917, xxxii, 499. CrossrefGoogle Scholar8. ELLIS AW: Disturbance of the acid base equilibrium to the alkaline side, alkalemia, Quart. Jr. Med., 1924, xvii, 405. CrossrefGoogle Scholar9. HARROP GA: Production of tetany by intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate: report of adult case, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 1919, xxx, 62. GRANT, S. B.: Tetany—a report of cases with acid base disturbance, Arch. Int. Med., 1922, xxx, 355. MORSE, J. L.: An unusual case of alkalosis and impairment of the excretory power of the kidneys, New York Med. Jr., 1920, cxii, 965. Google Scholar10. PETERSVAN SLYKE JPDD: Quantitative clinical chemistry, Vol. I., Interpretations, 1931, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 974. Google Scholar11. KIRSNERPALMER JBWL: The rôle of chlorides in alkalosis following the administration of calcium carbonate, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1941, cxvi, 384. CrossrefGoogle Scholar12. HOAGWEIGELETALAMOMARPLESWOODWARD LACEHEK: Effect of therapeutic doses of sodium bicarbonate on the kidneys, Jr. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therap., 1933, xlvii, 233. Google Scholar13. KIRSNER JB: The effect of the prolonged administration of large quantities of sodium bicarbonate on the kidney of the dog, Arch. Path., 1941, xxxii, 76. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: JOSEPH B. KIRSNER, M.D., Ph.D.; WALTER LINCOLN PALMER, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Chicago, Illinois*Received for publication June 21, 1941.From the Frank Billings Medical Clinic, the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byAcute toxicity from baking soda ingestion5: Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Sodium CarbonateEFFECT OF MASSIVE SODIUM BICARBONATE INFUSION ON RENAL FUNCTIONEFFECT OF MASSIVE SODIUM BICARBONATE INFUSION ON RENAL FUNCTION 1 January 1943Volume 18, Issue 1Page: 100-104KeywordsBicarbonatesCalciumCarbonatesIngestionPeptic ulcersSodium ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1943 PDF downloadLoading ...

The quantitative determination of the alkali retention in growth

In a report made last year1 on acid base metabolism in infants, a method was proposed for measuring the retention or the loss of alkali in the body. The method consists in determining the equilibrium or balance of all the acid and basic radicals. The values are computed in terms of normal solutions and the excess of base retention or excretion can then be stated in terms which are a common denominator for all of the elements in mineral metabolism. It is necessary to determine the acids and bases in the food, urine and feces. The results calculated in terms of normal solutions are then totaled.By suitable methods of titrating the urine and stools, approximately the same values are obtained as by the method of analyzing the individual elements. The work will be reported in extenso in a forthcoming number of the American Journal of the diseases of Children, including methods and protocols.The metabolism experiments show that for an infant, A, weighing 9 kilos, and one, B, weighing 51/2 kilos, fed on cow's mi...